MXPA97006306A - Superboroor structures in the form of h - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to absorbent materials in the form of sheets for water and aqueous solutions, containing, A) at least one synthetic and / or natural polymer swellable with water, and B) at least one synthetic and / or natural polymer soluble in water , which as a sheet-like matrix has the superabsorbent component A) incorporated or bound with a defined distribution. The absorbent materials in the form of a sheet have a greater capacity to absorb water and aqueous liquids, especially under the action of a load. They are prepared by forming a sheet-like matrix with the synthetic and / or natural soluble polymer B) and this is covered with the synthetic and / or water-swellable natural superabsorbent with water A), for example by spreading a matrix solution B) on a flat surface, sprinkle this with component A) and then dry the structure in the form of an as-maintained sheet. This type of absorbent materials in sheet form are used in hygienic articles, as components in natural or synthetic floors, as insulating material for pipes and ducts, especially cables constructions, as absorbent components and liquid storage in packaging materials, as a part in pieces of clothing as well as warehouse for the controlled release of an active principle

Description

SUPERABSORBENT STRUCTURES IN SHEET FORM DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to absorbent structures in sheet form for water and aqueous solutions, to the process for the manufacture of those absorbers as well as their use. The sheet-shaped absorbers offer the possibility of fixing superabsorbent polymers (SAP) in the form of powder or granules with the desired distribution on one or more surfaces. This fixation is then performed optimally for later use in diapers for babies and incontinent adults, in cable coatings, as fertilizers, in packaging for the food industry, for animal hygiene, as ap plies for wounds and in wipes cleaners To obtain a distribution of a superabsorbent polymer in powder form and its fixation, optimal for its later purpose of use, different possibilities have been described. Patent document EP 212618 Bl discloses diaper constructions in which polymers are distributed with a given grain size distribution in a layer of cellulose fibers. However, this construction is not stable enough in terms of the distribution of the superabsorbent polymer, especially the distribution of the SAP superabsorbent polymer.

REF: 25353 during transport in an undesired manner, whereby a non-uniform absorption is caused for example in a diaper. Another possibility for fixing the superabsorbent polymers in powder form in a given distribution is described in EP 425 269 A2, according to which the SAP adheres to water insoluble thermoplastic fibers. The adhesion of the SAP to the fibers is carried out in a way that the fused fibers of the surface are brought into contact with the superabsorbent polymer. The fibers on their side are fixed to each other in the same way. The disadvantage of this method is that the absorption capacity of the superabsorbent polymer in powder form is not fully utilized. A part of the SAP is coated by the thermoplastic material and is then not reached by water or aqueous solutions. EP 547 474 Al discloses a process for the preparation of absorbent materials, in which superabsorbent polymers are distributed. The absorbent materials thus obtained have an absorption capacity, which is smaller than the corresponding portion of the SAP included in the material, this is due to the selection of the materials used and the manufacturing processes used, a part of the SAP is blocked. The type of the matrix material used is also ted, because the melting point of that material must be above the decomposition temperature of the SAP. The document EP 303 445 Al describes a flat absorbent structure, in which an SAP containing water t * is fixed to a carrier. The use of this structure is ted to a patch as a reserve of medication. The JP request no. 75-85462 describes a process for the manufacture of superabsorbent sheets of polymers grafted with starch, which is linked to water-soluble polymers film-forming. As an indispensable third constituent, a material that serves as a base material is mentioned in this document. The superabsorbent polymer is fixed with soluble film-forming polymers on the base material. EP 604 730 A1 describes structures containing SAP that disintegrate with water. Dispersible polymers and softeners are mentioned as indispensable components together with SAP. In no way do they comply with the structures manufactured according to that request, with the requirements of a defined arrangement of a superabsorbent in a matrix, since the procedure described in that document as extrusion, mixed or combined are totally inadequate. After disintegrating the planar structure described, particles of the matrix material which is also not soluble in water remain in addition to the superabsorbent. The task of the present invention is therefore to prepare a superabsorbent sheet with a defined arrangement of superabsorbent polymer taking full advantage of the swelling capacity of the superabsorbent polymer, this is without limiting the absorption capacity. Another task of the present invention is to find a manufacturing process according to which said sheet can be manufactured in a simple and inexpensive manner. Furthermore this sheet should not be fixed to a lower base, as described in the Japanese application no. 75-85462, so that the use of that sheet remains universal. The task is solved by means of an absorbent structure in the form of a sheet for water or aqueous liquids containing A) at least one synthetic and / or natural polymer swellable with water, and B) at least one synthetic and / or natural polymer soluble in water. water, the component A being incorporated or bound in the matrix component in the form of sheet B. By means of this combination the reception capacity of the superabsorbent polymer is not reduced, since the matrix dissolves on contact with water or aqueous liquids and therefore swelling of the SAP is not avoided. By means of this embodiment it is possible to control the speed of reception of water or aqueous liquids of the absorbent according to the invention, in addition the flexibility of such an absorbent body according to the intended use can be adjusted. Suitable base for the matrix are both synthetic water-soluble film-forming polymers such as polyvinyl alcohols, polyalkyl allyl ether, polyglycol ether, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates and their derivatives and copolymers as well as film-forming polymers, soluble in natural water, such as guar gum, alginates, agar agar, xanthan gum, pectin and starches among others, as well as chemically modified raw materials such as ether and / or ester and / or hydrolysates and / or oxidation products of polysaccharides or proteins such as cellulose, amylose, wheat starch or paste as well as copolymerized and / or polymerized grafted based on natural or synthetic polymers. The selection of the matrix material does not depend on the intended end use. By means of the matrix material the flexibility of the superabsorbent sheet can be varied over a wide range. In the above matrix the flexibility of the superabsorbent sheet can be modified also by means of additives such as softeners or plasticizing agents such as 2-ethylhexanol, glycerin and phthalic acid ester, however it can also be modified with fillers such as gypsum, pigments and fibers. The base of the SAP used can also be a synthetic material such as a polymer and / or water-swellable copolymer with water based on (meta) acrylic acid, (meta) -acylnitrile, (meta) -acrylamide, vinyl acetate, pinylpyrrolidone , vinylpyridine, (anhydride) maleic acid, (anhydride) itaconic acid. fumaric acid, vinylsulfonic acid as well as the salts, the amides, the N-alkyl derivatives, the N, N-dialkyl derivatives and the polymerizable acid esters, as well as a material of natural origin such as guar flour products, cellulose of carboxymethyl, xanthan, alginates, gum arabic, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, starches and starch derivatives as well as partially crosslinked products, can also be mixtures or copolymerized or graft polymerized of the aforementioned components. Preferred materials are partially neutralized partially crosslinked polymers and copolymers of acrylic acid and acrylamide, polymerized grafted from starches, as well as crosslinked starches and cellulose derivatives. Suitable products are, for example, types FAVOR "" and Stockosorb "* from Chemischen Fabrik Stockhausen GmbH.

The grain distribution of the superabsorbent polymer in the form of powder used can vary within wide limits, grains in the range of 0.1 μin to 20,000 μm are considered. Those fractions of grain that are in the range of 1 μm to 50000 μm are preferred. In particular, those fractions of grain that are in the range of 20 to 1000 μm are preferred. The grain fraction in the SAP, which is taken to the sheet, will be governed essentially according to the intended end use. While in diapers grain fractions of approximately 500 μm are used, grain fractions of approximately 10000 μm are used in the field, 100 μm or smaller grain sizes are used in the cable industry. The preparation of the superabsorbent sheet is carried out according to the invention by means of the combination of the aforementioned components. Then a viscous solution of the water-soluble polymer on a flat surface such as a metal foil, silicone coated paper or a PTFE film is applied by means of a suitable method such as spraying, applying with brush and spatula. This surface can be a uniform flat structure or also the surface of a sphere. The water-soluble polymer is then sprinkled on the sheet with a superabsorbent polymer. The product thus obtained is dried at the appropriate temperatures, ie at temperatures between the temperatures usually used during freeze drying and 300 ° C, preferably at temperatures between 50 ° C and 240 ° C, optionally under reduced pressure. drying the leaf structure can also use microwave techniques or freezing techniques In the course of the sheet-shaped absorbent structure, especially during drying, chemical and physical bonds may eventually occur between the matrix material B and the absorbent component A. As an example of a chemical bond, mention may be made of the esterification reaction that may take place between the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups Physical links are for example by means of knotting or hooking the polymer molecule in the surface area of the polymer. component A or by the changed effect of the functional groups of the polymer molecule in the component A and B. After drying, the leaf-shaped superabsorbent structure of the auxiliary surface used is dissolved. Another preferred manufacture of the superabsorbent sheet is made according to the invention by sprinkling with a SAP a film or other sheet formed with the matrix material and the mixture subsequently wetted with water or an aqueous solution or a different solvent mixture, or by sprinkling with a wetted SAP a film or other sheet formed with the matrix material and finally that sheet is dried. Another preferred fabrication of the superabsorbent sheet is carried out according to the invention, sprinkling with a SAP a film or other sheet formed with the matrix material and the mixture is heated to soften the matrix material. The sheet thus formed can be calendered in order to better fix the superabsorbent polymer in the matrix. The condition for this procedure is that the matrix material used has thermoplasticity. A preferred fabrication of a sheet-shaped absorbent structure according to the invention is carried out by extruding the matrix material. The SAP is introduced before, during or after the extrusion of the matrix material into one. shape. adequate (in terms of grain size and addition stage). The defined arrangement of the SAP on a flat surface can be achieved by extruding the matrix material with the SAP into fibers and subsequently arranging the fibers on a flat surface with a suitable process (air stream, blow-by).

A defined arrangement of this type is easy to perform during the manufacturing stage when using a template or - by means of a sprinkling order during the i >; application of superabsorbent polymer powder. By stacking several layers of superabsorbent, absorbent structures of defined shapes can be constructed, which can therefore have different absorption gradients. Optionally, the leaf structure according to the invention can also be formed directly during the preparation of the flat matrix. The proportion of the superabsorbent polymer and the matrix can be modified over wide ranges, it can be the matrix: SAP-1: 1000 to 100: 1 ratio. Preferred are the matrix: SAP ratios of 1: 100 to 10: 1, matrix proportions: SAP -1: 25 to 2: 1 are especially preferred. While high concentrations of SAP and low matrix concentrations are usually desired in the construction of diapers, low concentrations of SAP are often preferred in other applications in plant containers or as food packaging. The SAP / Matrix ratio is essentially governed by the intended end use. The thickness of the absorbent sheet can also be modified by the amount of the matrix used as well as by the granulation and the amount of SAP used. It can be found between 0.2μm and 30,000μm, those flat sheets having a thickness of 1 to 6000μm are preferred, especially thicknesses of the flat sheets between 20μ, and 2u00μm are preferred. Also the thickness of the absorbent flat sheet must be adapted to the final intended use. Thus the thickness of the flat sheet to be used in diaper constructions or in feminine hygiene, should be as small as possible, to increase the comfort of the diaper wearer. In flat sheets which are provided for the deposition of preparations, a greater thickness can lead to a desired delay in the release of the deposited material. Surprisingly it was now determined that these flat sheets have an absorption capacity for water or aqueous solutions, which corresponds to the portion of the superabsorbent material used. There are no losses in the reception capacity of the superabsorbent, which are to be expected due to the presence of the matrix material. This is valid both for the total absorption as well as for the retention (absorption with subsequent pressure) as well as for the absorption during the application of pressure (Absorption under Load). Furthermore, it was surprisingly determined that the rate of absorption of water or aqueous solutions of these flat sheets depends on the proportion of the matrix material to the superabsorbent polymers. The absorption rate can also be controlled by means of the SAP / matrix ratio and naturally also by the material type of. matrix and this is such that a larger matrix portion leads to a reduction in the absorption rate. The flat sheets or superabsorbent sheets according to the invention meet the requirements of a defined order of the superabsorbent polymer on a flat sheet, which is advantageously usable in hygienic articles. The defined order advantages of the superabsorbents in sanitary articles are described in patent EP 212 618 Bl and show that the loading of liquids in a diaper is not uniform. Therefore, positions with higher and lower SAP concentrations are required in a diaper. Test methods: Test of the BTT te r bag To determine the absorption capacity, the TBT test was carried out. As a test solution (as long as it is not stated otherwise) a solution of 0.9% NaCl is used. A piece of material containing approximately 0.2g of SAP is used as the absorbent sheet. That piece is weighed with err a tea bag. The tea bag is then placed for a defined time in the test solution. After a five minute drip time, the tea bag is weighed empty (determination of the maximum TBT), then the tea bag is placed in a centrifuge (commercial laundry centrifuge, 1400 rpm). Then it is reweighed (determination of TBT retention). By means of several tests with the same material and different immersion times, the absorption can be determined as a function of the immersion time (absorption rate) of the super absorbent planar structure for water or aqueous solutions. The liquid absorption was calculated for 1 g of leaf, 1 g of the SAP used or 1 m of leaf. Absorption bai <;? load (A, UL) To determine the capacity of absorption of liquids under pressure, the "Absorption under Load "(Absorption under load), as described in EP-A-0 339 461. Contrary to these indications, a round piece of the superabsorbent body of the size of the inside diameter of the AUL crucible was used as the test substance. The absorption of liquids was calculated for either 1 g of the body for 1 g of the SAP used or for 1 m of the body.

Description of the figures: Figure 1 Dusting template 1 (clear area) open part of template 2 (dark area) closed part of the template Figure 2 Diaper construction 1 nonwoven sheet of poly (propylene) coating and poly film (ethylene) 2 Protection against run-off with incorporated rubber threads 3 Poly (propylene) coating fleece 4 Poly (ethylene) film on the back 5 Cellulose fiber core wrap 6 Core containing the superabsorbent structure in sheet form The invention will be explained below with the help of the following examples. Examples 1-3 A highly viscous solution of 25 g of vinyl "205 (water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol) and 75 g of deionized water is prepared.A part of that solution (see table) is spread uniformly on a sheet (Teflon film) ) of 270 cm The sheet thus formed is sprinkled with approximately 30 g of the superabsorbent FAVOR ^ SXM 100 (slightly neutralized partially cross-linked polyacrylate) and then dried for 5 minutes at a temperature of 180 ° C. The brush is then removed with a brush. non-fixed part of the superabsorbent Flexible superabsorbent sheets are obtained that can be easily removed from the surface (Teflon film) Table 1: The table shows the dependence of the absorption rate with the matrix: SAP ratio, which decreases the matrix portion increases the absorption rate. (the TBT values marked with * refer to the amount of superabsorbent used, the other TBT values refer to the weight of the sheet] Example 4 Proceed as in Example 2, however a solution of 1 g of Mool " r4 / 88 (water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol from Hoechst AG) and 3 g of water was applied on a surface of 476 cma After processing (see examples 1-3) a flexible film with a superabsorbent portion of 189 g is obtained / m2, the portion of MowiolMf4 / 88 is 21 g / m2 TBT: max / ret [1 / m2] [l / m2] = 9.4 / 5.8; AUL (2 * 10aPa) = Example 5 Proceed as in Example 4, however, Mowior "5/88 (water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol from Hoechst AG) is used instead of Mool®4 / 88. After processing (see examples 1-3) a flexible film with a super absorbent portion of 144 g / m2, the TBT portion: max / ret [l / m2] / [l / m2] = 7.2 / 4.4, AUL (2 * 103Pa) = 4.41 / m2 Example 6 A solution of 200 g of deionized water, 50g of glyc erina and lOg of guar seed flour (type 104 of the cia. Roeper) is stirred until a homogeneous solution is obtained. The solution is spread over a surface of 3000 cm2 and sprinkled with 100 g of FAVOR ^ SXM 100. The sheet is dried for 4 hours at 75 * C, then removed with a soft brush. An absorbent sheet with moderate flexibility is obtained with an SAP portion of 200 g / m2. Example 7 The procedure is as in Example 6, however carboxymethyl cellulose (WaloselBr40000 type from Wolf Ealsrode company) is used instead of guar seed flour. It is also dried for 30 minutes at 130 ° C. The sheet thus obtained is flexible and has an SAP portion of 180 g / m2. Example * 8 The procedure is as in Example 7, but instead of carboxymethyl cellulose Acrkonz ^ BN (anionic emulsion polymer, non-crosslinked, soluble based on acrylic acid derivatives of Chemischen Fabrik Stockhausen GmbH) is used. Correspondingly the Acrakonz ^ BN concentration is used a correspondingly high amount (24 g) of that product.The obtained sheet is flexible and has an SAP portion of 240 g / m2. Table 2: The table shows the dependence between the absorption speed and the type of matrix materials used.

One square meter of a polyvinyl alcohol film (Reel L 336; W / 0 1483 from Aquafilm Ltd. Co., thickness 20 μm) is sprayed with 50 ml of a 50% solution of water and 50% ethyl alcohol and finally sprinkle 400 g of FAV0R "" SXM 100. The powder is pressed lightly on the surface. - Finally it is dried for 5 minutes at 120 ° C. The unfixed portion of SXM 100 is separated with a vacuum, leaving 113 g / m2. TBT: ax / ret [l / m2] / [l / m2] = 5.7 / 3.5; AUL (2 * 10iPa) = 3.51 / m2 Example 10 One square meter of a polyvinyl alcohol film (Reel L 336; W / 0 1483 from Aquafil Ltd. Co., 50μm thickness) is sprayed with 50 ml of a solution 50% water and 50% ethyl alcohol and finally 400 g of FAVOR ^ SXM 100 is sprinkled. The powder is pressed lightly on the surface. Finally it is dried for 5 minutes at 120 * C. The unfixed portion of SXM 100 is separated with a vacuum, leaving 179 g / m2. TBT: max / ret [l / m2] / [l / m2] = 8.9 / 5.5; AUL (2 * 10 ^) = »5.41 / m2 Example 11 A solution of 2 g of vinyl 205, 2 g of glycerin and 6 g-dβ-water are distributed on a Teflon film with a surface area of 14 * 44 cm. Then a template is placed (see figure 1). The free surfaces are sprinkled with 9 g of Favor SXM100. The surface is dried for 5 minutes at 140 ° C in a drying cabinet with air circulation. Then it is sprayed with a solution of 0.25g of Vinol 205, 0.25g of glycerin and 1.5g of water.

Finally, it is dried again under the aforementioned conditions. The sheet thus obtained is separated from the Teflon film. It is flexible and shows an absorption capacity that corresponds to that of the superabsorbent used. Example 12 Example 11 is repeated, however glycerin is not used. The obtained leaf is hard, fragile and not very flexible. It shows an absorption capacity that corresponds to that of the superabsorbent used. Example 13 A solution of 2 g of Vinol 205, 2 g of glycerin and 6 g of water is distributed on a Teflon film with a surface area of 14 * 44 cm. Then a template is placed (see figure 1). The free surfaces are sprinkled with 6 g of Favor SXM 100. The sheet is dried for five minutes at 140 ° C in a drying cabinet with air circulation. Then it is sprayed with a 0.25g solution of Vinol 205, 0.25g glycerin and 1.5g of water. Then the template is placed again. The flat surfaces are sprayed with 4.5g Favor SXM 100. It is then dried again under the aforementioned conditions. The spraying, template placement and sprinkling steps of SAP are repeated again with 2.5g of SAP.

Finally it is sprayed and dried again. The obtained sheet is separated from the Teflon film. It is flexible and shows an absorption capacity that corresponds to the / superabsorbent placed in all spatial directions. Example 14 One square meter of a polyvinyl alcohol film (Reel L336; W / O 1483 from Co. Aquafilm Ltd., thickness 20 μm) is sprinkled with 50 g of FAVOR ^ SXM 100. The powder is pressed lightly on the surface. Then a second film of the same material is placed. The sheet is covered with a Teflon film and ironed with a plate (calibrated at 180 ° C) for long enough for the PVA films and superabsorbent to have melted. The absorption capacity of the sheet corresponds to the amount of SAP used. Example 15 With the film prepared in Example 13, a diaper is constructed in accordance with the invention. The PE film used and the polypropylene cover fleece are materials for the production of diapers. The sheet prepared in example 13 is used as core (6). Example 16 10 * l5cm of the sheet described in example 2 are placed on a packing tray and covered with a commercial kitchen napkin (Kleenex). A frozen chicken (-850 g) is placed on the napkin. All thawing water (duration of the test 18 h) was absorbed by the sheet according to the invention. Example 17 Example 12 repeats without template, and is used instead of Favors, stockosorb 400 (lightly cross-linked copolymer based on acrylamide). Strips with a size of 1 * 7.5 cm were cut from this sheet. Eight of the strips are completely buried in a cylindrical pot containing soil (10 cm high, 8.5 cm diameter). The soil remained humid for 5 days. The film had then dissolved, the SAP was found in a proper placement on the ground for the cultivation of plants. EXAMPLE 18 Example 1 is repeated without template, however instead of Favors the same amount of the superabsorbent tank preparation mentioned in Example 9 of PCT / EP93 / 01060 is used. 1 cm2 of the sheet thus obtained is placed in a tea bag. The tea bag is hung for 1 hour in 50ml of a 0.2% common salt solution. After one hour the common salt solution is renewed.Also after the fifth cycle shows the blue coloration of the common salt solution a release of the active ingredient. Example 19 A sheet prepared according to example 10, according to the procedure described in example 14, is pressed onto a fabric, of the type used for cable coating. The binding of the sheet according to the invention to the fabric has a higher mechanical strength, the tissue band has not lost its flexibility, the absorption corresponds to the SAP portion. Figure 1 shows the template shown in example 11. Figure 2 shows the diaper construction of example 15. It is noted that in relation to this date, the best method known by the applicant to carry out the aforementioned invention, it is the one that results from the present description of the invention. Having described the present invention as above, the content of the following is claimed as property:

Claims (24)

1. CLAIMS 1.- Absorbent material in the form of a sheet for water and aqueous solutions, containing A) at least one synthetic and / or natural polymer swellable with water, and B) at least one synthetic and / or natural polymer soluble in water, being the component A incorporated or bound in the matrix component in the form of sheet B.
2. 2. Absorbent material in the form of a sheet according to claim 1, characterized in that the component A is an acid-based polymer and / or copolymer ( meta) -acrylic, (meta) -acylnitrile, (meta) -acrylamide, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, vinylpyrrolidone, vinylpyridine, maleic acid (anhydride), itaconic acid (anhydride). fumaric acid, vinylsulfonic acid the amides, the N-alkyl derivatives, the N, N-dialkyl derivatives and the esters of these polymerizable acids.
3. 3. Absorbent material in the form of a sheet according to claim 1, characterized in that component A is a natural lightly crosslinked polymer or a polymer of natural origin such as guar seed flour, carboxymethyl cellulose, xanthan, alginates, gum arabic , chitin, chitosans, agar agar, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, starches and starch derivatives or a mixture of these.
4. 4. Absorbent material in the form of a sheet according to claim 1, characterized in that the component A is a mixture of two or more of the components mentioned in claims 2 and 3.
5. 5.- Absorbent material in the form of a sheet of according to claim 1, characterized in that component B is a polymer and / or copolymer based on (meta) -acrylic acid, (meta) -acrylonitrile, (meta) -acrylamide, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, vinylpyrrolidone, vinylpyridine , (anhydride) maleic acid, (anhydride) itaconic acid. fumaric acid, vinylsulfonic acid the amides, the N-alkyl derivatives, the N, N-dialkyl derivatives and the esters of these polymerizable acids.
6. 6. Absorbent material in sheet form according to claim 1, characterized in that the component B is a soluble natural polymer or a polymer of natural origin such as guar seed flour, carboxymethyl cellulose, xanthan, alginates, gum arabic, chitin , chitosan, agar agar, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, starches and starch derivatives or a mixture of these.
7. 7. Absorbent material in the form of a sheet according to claims 1,5,6, characterized in that the component B is a mixture of the components according to claims 5 and 6.
8. 8.- Absorbent material in the form of a sheet of according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the ratio B: A = 1: 1000 to 100: 1, the proportions B: A = 1: 100 to 10: 1 are preferred, especially B: A-1: 25 is preferred. to 2: 1.
9. 9. Absorbent material in the form of a sheet according to one of claims 1-9, characterized in that the components A and B have only partially reacted.
10. 10. Absorbent material in sheet form according to one of claims 1-9, characterized in that the components A and B are coupled to each other in a purely physical manner.
11. 11. Absorbent material in the form of a sheet according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has the form of a film, a sheet, a foil or a rolled sheet, a laminate or any other layered product.
12. 12. Process for the manufacture of an absorbent material in the form of a sheet according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that a sheet-like matrix is formed of at least one synthetic and / or natural soluble polymer (B) and with this is coated with a synthetic and / or natural polymer swellable with water (A).
13. 13.- Procedure according to the claims 12, characterized in that a) a solution of component B in water or an aqueous solution is prepared, b) that solution extends on a flat surface, c) this flat surface is sprinkled with component A and d) the sheet-like structure obtained is dried.
14. 14.- Procedure according to the claim 13, characterized in that steps b and c are repeated several times with intermediate drying.
15. 15. Method according to claims 13-14, characterized in that the absorbent material in the form of a sheet is finally treated according to steps b and d of claim 13.
16. 16. Process according to the claim 13-15, characterized in that the solution of component B is extended by means of brush application, with spatula, by spraying, pouring, emptying or pouring.
17. 17.- Procedure according to the claim 12, characterized in that a) a film of component B is brought into contact with a material of component A, b) a component suitable for component B is added, which dissolves in the film but does not dissolve it and c) dries Forged product.
18. 18.-? Process according to claim 17, characterized in that first a suitable solvent is added for component B and then sprinkled with component A.
19. 19. Process according to claim 17 or 18, characterized in that steps a, b are repeat several times.
20. 20. Method according to claims 17 to 19, characterized in that the absorbent material in sheet form before or after the last drying is covered with a film of component B.
21. 21. Process according to claims 17 to 19, characterized in that the solvent of component B is extended by means of brush application, with spatula, by spraying, pouring, pouring or plaster.
22. 22. Process according to claim 13, characterized in that a) a solvent suitable for component B is mixed with component A b) a film of the component is brought into contact with that mixture and c) the product thus obtained is dried.
23. 23. - Method according to claim 22, characterized in that stages a, b are repeated several times.
24. 24. Method according to claim 22 or 23, characterized in that the product obtained in step c is finally covered with a film of component B. 25.- Method according to claims 22 to 24, characterized in that the solvent for component B extends over component A by means of spraying, emptying, flattening or plaster. 26. Method according to claim 13, characterized in that a) a film of component B is sprinkled with a polymer of component A and b) the polymer according to claim 2 to 4 is fixed to the film thermally and / or by Pressure. 27. Method according to claim 26, characterized in that the product obtained in stage b) before a heat treatment is covered is another film of component B. 28.- Method according to claim 25, characterized in that the product obtained in step b) after the heat treatment is covered with a film. 29. Method according to claim 26 or 27, characterized in that the steps of the process are repeated as frequently as desired. 30. Process for the preparation of an absorbent material in the form of a sheet according to claim 1 to 11, characterized in that the somponent A is insorporated in the component B when it is extruded. 31.- Acceptance procedure with claims 13 to 30, characterized in that when sprinkling component A a template is used which allows the defined arrangement of component A in component B. 32.- Use of the water and liquid absorbent sheet Aqueous according to one of the claims 1 to 11 in hygienic articles in sanitary and medical sampo for the absorption of water and body fluids. 33.- Use of the absorbent sheet of water and aqueous liquids according to one of claims 1 to 11 directly or as a component in natural and / or synthetic soils for the cultivation of plants or for the transport and storage of plants and parts thereof. plants. 34.- Use of the absorbent sheet of water and aqueous liquids according to one of claims 1 to 11 as an insulating material blocking the water for pipes and conduits, especially for electrically and electrically conductive cables. 35.- Use of the absorbent sheet of water and aqueous liquids according to one of the claims 1 to 11 as insulating material blocking the water for construsions in espesial for exterior walls. 36.- Use of the absorbent sheet of water and aqueous liquids according to one of claims 1 to 11 directly or as an absorbent and / or liquid storage component in packaging materials. 37.- Use of the absorbent sheet of water and aqueous liquids according to claims 1 to 11 as part of garment pieces. 38.- Use of the absorbent sheet of water and aqueous liquids according to claims 1 to 11 as a warehouse to control the release of an astive principle. 39. Chemical-technical products containing a composition according to claims 1 to 11 or prepared according to claim are claims 12 to 14. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to absorbent materials in the form of sheets for water and aqueous solutions, which are A) less than one synthetic and / or natural polymer swellable with water, and B) at least one synthetic and / or natural polymer soluble in water , which as a sheet-like matrix has the superabsorbent component A) incorporated or bound with a defined distribution. The absorbent materials in the form of a sheet have a greater capacity to absorb water and aqueous liquids, especially under the action of a load. They are prepared by forming a sheet-shaped matrix are the synthetic and / or natural soluble polymer B) and this is covered with the synthetic superabsorbent and / or natural hinshable are water A), for example by extending a matrix solution B) on a flat surface, sprinkle this with the agent A) and then dry the structure in sheet form thus obtained. This type of absorbent materials in the form of sheets are used in hygienic articles, somo somponentes in natural or synthetic floors, as insulation material for pipes and condustos, especially sables and sontrussiones, somo somponente absorbent and storage of liquids in packaging materials, such as part in pieces of clothing as well as warehouse for the controlled release of an astive principle.