KR20240077174A - Composition for coating electron transport layer of perovskite solar cell and perovskite solar cell manufactured using the same - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides a composition for coating the electron transport layer of a perovskite solar cell and a perovskite solar cell manufactured using the same.

Description

Composition for coating electron transport layer of perovskite solar cell and perovskite solar cell manufactured using the same}

The present invention relates to a composition for coating the electron transport layer of a perovskite solar cell and a perovskite solar cell flexi-fabricated using the same.

Solar cells are an assembly that converts solar energy into electricity, and have been attracting attention as next-generation energy and have been studied for a long time. High photoelectric efficiency has been reported based on various materials such as silicon, CIGS, and perovskite. The solar cells that are currently commercialized and most widely used are silicon-based solar cells, which account for more than 90% of the solar cell market. Silicon solar cells include crystalline silicon solar cells and amorphous silicon solar cells. Crystalline materials have the disadvantage of high manufacturing costs, but are widely commercialized due to their high energy efficiency. However, amorphous materials have problems with difficult processing technology, high equipment dependence, and low efficiency, so little research and development has been conducted recently.

Meanwhile, perovskite-based solar cells utilize materials that have a perovskite crystal structure by combining inorganic and organic materials, and have the characteristic of having a very special structure that exhibits insulator, semiconductor, and conductor properties as well as superconductivity. These organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells are inexpensive to manufacture and can be produced as thin films through a solution process, so they have recently been in the spotlight as next-generation thin film solar cells. Perovskite solar cells are sequentially stacked with a substrate (glass), a transparent electrode (transparent anode), a hole transport layer (HTL), a light absorption layer (Perovskite), an electron transport layer (ETL), and a metal cathode. It is a structured structure. The efficiency of perovskite-based solar cells is rapidly increasing through research and development, and high photoelectric efficiency has been reported.

However, in the case of a single-junction solar cell as described above, it can only absorb solar energy in a limited wavelength range, and degradation losses occur in solar energy below the bandgap, making it impossible to obtain efficiency higher than the S-Q limit efficiency. There is a problem that does not exist. To compensate for the shortcomings of single-junction perovskite-based solar cells, research on multi-junction tandem solar cells is underway.

In a multi-junction tandem solar cell, the upper cell with a large band gap absorbs solar energy in the low wavelength range, and the lower cell with a low band gap absorbs solar energy in the high wavelength range, reducing loss and producing solar energy in the wide wavelength range. Since solar energy can be used, high efficiency of more than 30%, which cannot be achieved with a single-junction, can be achieved. In particular, perovskite silicon tandem solar cells have small and large band gaps, respectively, which are advantageous for optical operation, so research is active.

Meanwhile, when operating a solar cell, most of the energy excluding light conversion efficiency is emitted as heat, and outdoors, solar cells can generate heat of 85°C. However, perovskite solar cells are mostly made of organic and inorganic materials and have low thermal conductivity, making it difficult to dissipate heat. If heat dissipation efficiency decreases, problems such as a decrease in photoelectric efficiency may occur as the solar cell operating temperature increases, and perovskite solar cell materials are vulnerable to heat, which may lead to stability problems. .

Accordingly, there is a need to improve heat dissipation performance for commercialization of perovskite solar cells.

KR 10-2018-0083823 A

One embodiment of the present invention to solve the problems of the prior art described above has the effect of increasing the efficiency of perovskite solar cells by improving the heat dissipation efficiency by improving the thermal conductivity of the electron transport layer, and is easy to dissipate heat. A composition for coating an electron transport layer capable of producing a perovskite solar cell with excellent stability and a perovskite solar cell manufactured using the same are provided.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a tandem solar cell manufactured using the perovskite solar cell.

The technical problem to be achieved by the present invention is not limited to the technical problem mentioned above, and other technical problems not mentioned can be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description below. There will be.

One embodiment of the present invention for achieving the above-described object of the present invention provides a composition for coating an electron transport layer containing metal oxide nanoparticles dispersed in an organic solvent as an active ingredient.

In the present invention, the organic solvent may preferably be an alcohol-based organic solvent, but is not limited thereto.

In the present invention, the metal oxide nanoparticles preferably have a particle size of 5-20 nm, but are not limited thereto.

In the present invention, the metal oxide nanoparticles may preferably be included in an amount of 0.01 to 1.0% by weight based on the total weight of the organic solvent, but are not limited thereto.

In order to achieve the above technical problem, another embodiment of the present invention is an electron transport layer coated with agglomerated metal oxide nanoparticles, comprising the step of coating the electron transport layer with the composition for coating the electron transport layer. Provides a manufacturing method.

In order to achieve the above technical problem, another embodiment of the present invention provides a perovskite solar cell including an electron transport layer coated with agglomerated metal oxide nanoparticles prepared by the above manufacturing method.

In order to achieve the above technical problem, another embodiment of the present invention provides a tandem solar cell including the perovskite solar cell.

As an effect of the present invention, a composition for coating an electron transport layer that can improve the low thermal conductivity of the electron transport layer and increase the efficiency of a perovskite solar cell by improving heat emission efficiency, and a perovskite manufactured using the same Skyte solar cells are provided. Additionally, the present invention provides a tandem solar cell manufactured using the perovskite solar cell.

The effects of the present invention are not limited to the effects described above, and should be understood to include all effects that can be inferred from the configuration of the invention described in the detailed description or claims of the present invention.

Figure 1 is a diagram showing an example of a cross-sectional view of a conventional inverse structure perovskite solar cell.
Figure 2 shows a first electrode made of transparent conductive oxide (TCO), a hole transport layer containing PTAA, a light absorption layer containing a perovskite material, an electron transport layer containing PCBM, and a second electrode containing metal. This diagram shows an example of a conventional perovskite solar cell.
Figure 3 is a diagram showing the results of confirming the thermal resistance of the conventional perovskite solar cell.
Figure 4 is a diagram showing the results of observing the surface after coating the Al ₂ O ₃ nanoparticle solution on a substrate in one embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 5 is a diagram analyzing surface roughness according to Al ₂ O ₃ nanoparticle content in one embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 6 is a diagram showing the results of observing the surface after coating a ZnO nanoparticle solution on a substrate, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 7 is a diagram analyzing surface roughness according to ZnO nanoparticle content in one embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 8 is a diagram analyzing the characteristics of an inverted structure perovskite solar cell manufactured by varying the Al ₂ O ₃ nanoparticle content in one embodiment of the present invention. Figure 8a is a diagram showing the change in thermal conductivity of the electron transport layer, Figure 8b is a diagram analyzing the efficiency of the solar cell, and Figure 8c is a diagram showing an example of heat transfer according to the electron transport layer coating.
Figure 9 is a diagram analyzing the characteristics of an inverted structure perovskite solar cell manufactured by varying the ZnO nanoparticle content in one embodiment of the present invention. Figure 9a is a diagram showing the change in thermal conductivity of the electron transport layer, Figure 9b is a diagram analyzing the efficiency of the solar cell, and Figure 9c is a diagram showing an example of heat transfer according to the electron transport layer coating.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings. However, the present invention may be implemented in various different forms and, therefore, is not limited to the embodiments described herein. In order to clearly explain the present invention in the drawings, parts unrelated to the description are omitted, and similar parts are given similar reference numerals throughout the specification.

Throughout the specification, when a part is said to be "connected (connected, contacted, combined)" with another part, this means not only "directly connected" but also "indirectly connected" with another member in between. "Includes cases where it is. Additionally, when a part is said to “include” a certain component, this does not mean that other components are excluded, but that other components can be added, unless specifically stated to the contrary.

The terms used in this specification are merely used to describe specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the invention. Singular expressions include plural expressions unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In this specification, terms such as “comprise” or “have” are intended to designate the presence of features, numbers, steps, operations, components, parts, or combinations thereof described in the specification, but are not intended to indicate the presence of one or more other features. It should be understood that this does not exclude in advance the possibility of the existence or addition of elements, numbers, steps, operations, components, parts, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the perovskite solar cell of the present invention has four structures of general perovskite solar cells, namely, mesoscopic regular structure (n-i-p mesoscopic), planar planar structure, and planar inverse structure. It can be either a p-i-n planar structure or a mesoscopic inverse structure (p-i-n mesoscopic). Since the structure of the perovskite solar cell of the present invention is only an example, it is not limited to one structure, and may also be applied to a modified perovskite solar cell having a different structure, a different stacking order, or a different configuration. The configuration of the electron transport layer according to the embodiment of the present invention can be applied in the same way.

Figure 1 is a diagram showing an example of a cross-sectional view of a conventional inverse structure perovskite solar cell. A perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode 10 formed of a transparent conductive substrate, a second electrode 20 formed of metal and facing the first electrode 10, the first electrode 10 and the second electrode ( 20) a light absorption layer 30 formed by disposing a perovskite material between them, a hole transport layer 40 disposed between the light absorption layer 30 and the first electrode 10, the light absorption layer 30 and the second electrode. It consists of an electron transport layer 50 disposed between electrodes 20.

In a fixed structure perovskite solar cell, an electron transport layer is located on a transparent electrode with respect to the surface irradiated by sunlight, a perovskite layer is located on the electron transport layer, and hole transport is performed on the perovskite layer. It is a layered form, and metal oxide, which requires high temperature firing of over 400℃, is used in the electron transport layer, which limits mass production or flexible device manufacturing using the roll-to-roll process. On the other hand, reverse structure perovskite solar cells have the advantage of being able to perform low-temperature solution processes and fabricate flexible devices.

In one embodiment, the first electrode 10 is formed on a substrate, and the substrate serves as a support and may be a rigid substrate or a flexible substrate that bends flexibly. Flexible substrates have the advantage of being able to implement flexible solar cells and mass-produce solar cells in a short time through roll-to-roll processes. At this time, the flexible substrate is a polymer substrate, for example, one or more of polyethersulfone (PES), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), polyimide (PI), and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). It can be done. However, the material of the polymer substrate is not necessarily limited to this, and the substrate is not necessarily limited to a flexible substrate, so it may be manufactured from glass, silicon (Si), etc.

In one embodiment, the first electrode 10 may be a front electrode that is the electrode on the side where light is received in an inverted structure perovskite solar cell, and may include a front electrode material commonly used in the solar cell field. there is. The first electrode 10 may include a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), for example, fluorine-containing tin oxide (FTO), indium-containing tin oxide (ITO), or aluminum-containing zinc oxide (AZO). ), indium-containing zinc oxide (IZO), and combinations thereof, but is not limited thereto. When the first electrode 10 includes transparent conductive oxide, light transmittance can be improved.

In one embodiment, the second electrode 20 may be a back electrode and may include a back electrode material commonly used in the solar cell field. The second electrode 20 may include a metal, for example, selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Au, Cu, Cr, Co, Ti, Al, Ag, Fe, Cd, In, and Mg. It may include any one selected from at least one or more metals, but is not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, the light absorption layer 30 is a layer formed by arranging a perovskite material. Perovskite material is a material capable of absorbing light in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet wavelength ranges, and preferably has an ABX ₃ structure. Here, A is an alkyl group of C _n H _2n+1 and one or more materials selected from inorganics such as Cs and Ru capable of forming a perovskite solar cell structure, and B is Pb, Sn, Ti, Nb, Zr, and It is one or more materials selected from the group consisting of Ce, and X may be a halogen material, but is not limited thereto. The perovskite structure is a very special structure that exhibits insulator, semiconductor, and conductor properties as well as superconductivity. When sunlight is absorbed in the light absorption layer 30, electrons are excited, the excited electrons move to the electron transport layer 50, and holes move to the hole transport layer 40. At this time, the perovskite The structure allows the generated electrons and holes to travel a long distance without energy loss, thereby absorbing more light.

In one embodiment, the hole transport layer 40 may include materials commonly used in the art. For example, metal oxides such as Ni oxide, Cu oxide, CuI, and CuSCN and Spiro-MeOTAD [2,2',7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9, 9'-spirobifluoren], PEDOT:PSS[poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)], P3HT[poly(3-hexylthiophene)], PTAA[Poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,5,6-trimethylphenyl)amine ] may include one or more selected from the group consisting of single molecule and polymer materials such as.

In one embodiment, the electron transport layer 50 serves to transfer electrons photoelectrically converted in the light absorption layer 30 to other components (eg, conductive structures) within the solar cell. The electron transport layer 50 may be formed of an electronically conductive organic material layer, an electronically conductive inorganic material layer, or a layer containing silicon (Si).

The electronically conductive organic material may be an organic material used as an n-type semiconductor in a typical solar cell. For example, electronically conductive organic materials include fullerenes (C ₆₀ , C ₇₀ , C ₇₄ , C ₇₆ , C ₇₈ , C ₈₂ , C ₉₅ ), PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C ₆₁ butyric acid methyl ester)) and Fullerene-derivatives including C ₇₁ -PCBM, C ₈₄ -PCBM, PC ₇₀ BM ([6,6]-phenyl C ₇₀ -butyric acid methyl ester), PBI (polybenzimidazole), PTCBI (3, It may include, but is not limited to, 4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole), F ₄ -TCNQ (tetra uorotetracyanoquinodimethane), or mixtures thereof.

The electronically conductive inorganic material may be a metal oxide commonly used for electron transfer in conventional quantum dot-based solar cells or dye-sensitized solar cells. For example, metal oxides include Ti oxide, Zn oxide, In oxide, Sn oxide, W oxide, Nb oxide, Mo oxide, Mg oxide, Ba oxide, Zr oxide, Sr oxide, Yr oxide, La oxide, V oxide, and Al acid. One or more materials selected from oxides, Y oxides, Sc oxides, Sm oxides, Ga oxides, In oxides and SrTi oxides may be mentioned, and mixtures or composites thereof may be mentioned, but are limited thereto. That is not the case.

Meanwhile, the electron transport layer consisting of a layer containing silicon (Si) is, more specifically, amorphous silicon (n-a-Si), amorphous silicon oxide (n-a-SiO), amorphous silicon nitride (n-a-SiN), and amorphous silicon carbide ( n-a-SiC), amorphous silicon oxynitride (n-a-SiON), amorphous silicon carbonitride (n-a-SiCN), amorphous silicon germanium (n-a-SiGe), microcrystalline silicon (n-uc-Si), microcrystalline silicon oxide ( n-uc-SiO), microcrystalline silicon carbide (n-uc-SiC), microcrystalline silicon nitride (n-uc-SiN), and microcrystalline silicon germanium (n-uc-SiGe). You can.

In one embodiment, perovskite solar cells can be used in tandem solar cells. A tandem solar cell is a two-terminal solar cell in which a perovskite solar cell including an absorption layer with a relatively large band gap and a silicon solar cell including an absorption layer with a relatively small band gap are directly tunnel-junctioned through a junction layer. It has a structure. Among the light incident on the tandem solar cell, light in the short-wavelength range is absorbed by the perovskite solar cell placed at the top to generate charges, and light in the long-wavelength range that passes through the perovskite solar cell is absorbed by the silicon placed at the bottom. It is absorbed by the solar cell and generates electric charge. The tandem solar cell having the above-described structure generates power by absorbing light in the short-wavelength region from the perovskite solar cell disposed at the top, and generates electricity by absorbing light in the long-wavelength region from the silicon solar cell disposed at the bottom, thereby achieving a threshold wavelength ( The advantage is that the threshold wavelength can be moved to a longer wavelength, and as a result, the wavelength band absorbed by the entire solar cell can be expanded.

Figure 2 is a diagram showing an example of a conventional perovskite solar cell. The perovskite solar cell of Figure 2 includes a first electrode made of transparent conductive oxide (TCO), a hole transport layer containing PTAA, a light absorption layer containing a perovskite material, an electron transport layer containing PCBM, and a metal. It consists of a second electrode including. The results of confirming the thermal resistance of the perovskite solar cell constructed as above are shown in Figure 3.

As shown in Figure 3, the thermal resistance of the electron transport layer containing PCBM was found to be the highest. The thermal conductivity of PATT is 0.1 W/mK, and the thermal conductivity of PCBM is 0.07 W/mK, so there is a problem in that heat dissipation is difficult due to low thermal conductivity.

If the heat dissipation efficiency decreases, the photoelectric efficiency may decrease as the solar cell operating temperature increases, and since the perovskite solar cell material itself is weak to heat, stability problems may occur. Accordingly, the present invention seeks to provide a perovskite solar cell with improved heat dissipation performance and a tandem solar cell including the same.

Specifically, the present invention provides a composition for coating an electron transport layer containing metal oxide nanoparticles dispersed in an organic solvent as an active ingredient.

Conventionally, in order to solve the problem of low thermal conductivity of the electron transport layer, a coating layer was formed using metal oxide nanoparticles, but as the nanoparticle content increases, the thermal conductivity of the electron transport layer decreases and solar cell efficiency decreases. There was.

Accordingly, the present invention is an electron transport layer coating that coagulates metal oxide nanoparticles dispersed in an organic solvent onto the electron transport layer, so that as the nanoparticle content increases, the thermal conductivity of the electron transport layer increases and solar cell efficiency increases. Provides a composition for

In the present invention, the organic solvent may preferably be an alcohol-based organic solvent, and more preferably may be at least one selected from isopropanol or propylene glycol.

In the present invention, the metal oxide nanoparticles are not limited thereto as long as they are organic solvents and metal oxide nanoparticles capable of cohesive coating, and are preferably ZnO.

In the present invention, the metal oxide nanoparticles preferably have a particle size of 5-20 nm. If the particle size is smaller than this, cohesive coating may not be effective, and if the particle size is larger than this, electron transfer may not be possible. By actually reducing the thermal conductivity of the layer, the efficiency of the solar cell may decrease.

In the present invention, the metal oxide nanoparticles are preferably contained at 0.01 to 1.0% by weight based on the total weight of the organic solvent. If contained less than the above range, aggregation of the metal oxide nanoparticles may be minimal, and within the above range If more is included, the agglomeration of metal oxide nanoparticles may be excessive, which may actually reduce the thermal conductivity of the electron transport layer and reduce the efficiency of the solar cell.

In addition, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing an electron transport layer coated with metal oxide nanoparticles, comprising the step of coating the electron transport layer with the composition for coating the electron transport layer.

Additionally, the present invention provides a perovskite solar cell including an electron transport layer coated with metal oxide nanoparticles produced by the above manufacturing method.

Additionally, the present invention provides a tandem solar cell including the perovskite solar cell.

Hereinafter, embodiments or experimental examples of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings. The examples or experimental examples of the present invention are intended to explain the configuration and effects of the present invention in more detail, and it is clear that the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.

<Example 1> Preparation of composition for coating electron transport layer

0.05-0.5 wt% of ZnO nanoparticle powder with a particle size of 5-20 nm was dispersed in a mixed solution containing isopropanol and propylene glycol in a 50:50 volume ratio. Before use (coating), the nanoparticle powder was stirred using a magnetic bar to prevent agglomeration.

<Experimental Example 1> Confirmation of coating surface roughness of electron transport layer coating composition

For a comparative experiment, the Al ₂ O ₃ nanoparticle solution commonly used in electron transport layer coating was uniformly applied on the substrate (electron transport layer) by spin coating and heat treated on a hot plate at 100°C for 10 minutes.

Figure 4 is a diagram showing the results of observing the surface after coating the Al ₂ O ₃ nanoparticle solution on a substrate. It was confirmed that when Al ₂ O ₃ nanoparticle solution was coated, an insulator layer was formed at the interface as the nanoparticle content increased, causing a decrease in solar cell efficiency. Figure 5 is a diagram showing the results of measuring the roughness of the coated surface when the Al ₂ O ₃ nanoparticle solution was uniformly applied. There was no significant change in surface roughness as the nanoparticle content increased.

The ZnO nanoparticle solution prepared in Example 1 was uniformly applied to the substrate (electron transport layer) by spin coating and heat treated at 120°C for 10 minutes.

Figure 6 is a diagram showing the results of surface observation after coating the ZnO nanoparticle solution prepared in Example 1 on a substrate. When the ZnO nanoparticle solution prepared in Example 1 was applied, agglomeration of nanoparticles was formed, and an insulator layer was not formed at the interface even when the nanoparticle content increased. Figure 7 is a diagram showing the results of measuring the roughness of the coated surface when the ZnO nanoparticle solution prepared in Example 1 was applied. It was found that surface roughness increased as the nanoparticle content increased.

<Example 2> Manufacture of perovskite solar cell using composition for coating electron transport layer

An ITO glass substrate washed with acetone, ethanol, and IPA was prepared. Before manufacturing solar cells, UV ozone cleaner was applied for 30 minutes to remove remaining contaminants. A 1.5 mg/ml PTAA in Chlorobenzene (CB) solution was spin coated on a glass substrate at 6,000 rpm for 30 seconds and then heat treated at 100°C for 10 minutes to form a hole transport layer. The perovskite was spin-coated in two steps, at 1,000 rpm for 10 seconds and at 5,000 rpm for 30 seconds, using a precursor composition of 1.8M (MAPbBr ₃ ) _0.08 (FAPBI ₃ ) _0.92 dissolved in DMF/DMSO. In the second spin coating, diethylether, an anti-solvent, was dripped onto the sample to form perovskite. The formed film was dried by heat treatment at 120°C for 20 minutes. Thereafter, the ZnO nanoparticle solution prepared in Example 1 was spin-coated at 5,000 rpm for 20 seconds and heat treated at 120°C for 10 minutes. The ZnO nanoparticle-coated substrate was spin-coated with 20 mg/ml PCBM in CB solution. To improve the electrical connection with the electrode, an inverse structure perovskite solar cell was manufactured by spin-coating a 0.5 mg/ml bathocuproine aqueous solution and finally thermally depositing a 100 nm Au electrode.

<Experimental Example 2> Analysis of thermal conductivity of electron transport layer of perovskite solar cell

For a comparative experiment, an inverse structure perovskite solar cell was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 2 using the Al ₂ O ₃ nanoparticle solution used in Experimental Example 1. Figure 8 is a diagram analyzing the characteristics of an inverted structure perovskite solar cell manufactured with different Al ₂ O ₃ nanoparticle contents. As shown in Figure 8a, even as the content of Al ₂ O ₃ nanoparticles increased, there was little change in the thermal conductivity of the electron transport layer, and as shown in Figure 8b, as the content of Al ₂ O ₃ nanoparticles increased, the solar cell It was confirmed that efficiency decreased. In other words, as the nanoparticle content increased, an insulator layer was formed at the interface, reducing the efficiency of the solar cell.

On the other hand, the solar cell characteristics of the inverted structure perovskite solar cell of the present invention prepared in Example 2 are shown in Figure 9. As shown in Figure 9a, as the content of ZnO nanoparticles increased, the thermal conductivity of the electron transport layer increased. Figure 9b is a diagram showing the change in efficiency of the solar cell according to the change in ZnO nanoparticle content of the present invention. As the ZnO nanoparticle content increased, the efficiency of solar cells tended to increase. As shown in Figure 9c, the ZnO nanoparticles of the present invention aggregated on the electron transport layer to form a coating layer, so the nanoparticles were exposed on the surface of the electron transport layer, thereby facilitating heat transfer. In addition, since coating of ZnO nanoparticles was not performed except for the areas where ZnO nanoparticles were aggregated, the electrical properties were also significantly superior.

In other words, the perovskite solar cell manufactured using the composition for coating the electron transport layer of the present invention can improve the efficiency of the solar cell by increasing the heat dissipation efficiency by improving the thermal conductivity of the electron transport layer, and heat dissipation. By adding this effect, perovskite solar cells with excellent stability can be provided.

Although the technical idea of the present invention described above has been described in detail in preferred embodiments, it should be noted that the above-described embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended for limitation. Additionally, those of ordinary skill in the technical field of the present invention will understand that various embodiments are possible within the scope of the technical idea of the present invention. Therefore, the true technical protection scope of the present invention should be determined by the technical spirit of the attached claims.

Claims (7)

A composition for coating an electron transport layer containing metal oxide nanoparticles dispersed in an organic solvent as an active ingredient. According to paragraph 1,
The organic solvent is,
A composition that is an alcohol-based organic solvent. According to paragraph 1,
The metal oxide nanoparticles are,
A composition having a particle size of 5-20 nm. According to paragraph 1,
The metal oxide nanoparticles are,
A composition containing 0.01 to 1.0% by weight based on the total weight of the organic solvent. A method of manufacturing an electron transport layer coated with metal oxide nanoparticles, comprising the step of coating the electron transport layer with the composition for coating the electron transport layer of claim 1. A perovskite solar cell comprising an electron transport layer coated with metal oxide nanoparticles manufactured by the manufacturing method of claim 5. A tandem solar cell including the perovskite solar cell of claim 6.

Images