KR102451577B1 - Dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention improves the dust removal efficiency by removing the dust over multiple stages, and can dramatically improve the dust removal efficiency by removing the dust by a collision method using a high-pressure gas at the final stage, and a rotary blade type pellet sensor. By detecting the amount of recycled plastic pellets put into the first hopper using the It relates to a dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets, which can increase
The configuration of the present invention includes a pelletizer that pelletizes waste plastic so that it can be used as recycled plastic by pulverizing, melting, extruding, and cutting, a first hopper into which recycled plastic pellets supplied from the pelletizer are put, and the first 1 A transfer unit for transferring the recycled plastic pellets supplied from the hopper, a discharge unit for separating the dust attached to the recycled plastic pellets supplied from the transfer unit, and absorbing and collecting dust generated from the recycled plastic pellets supplied to the transfer unit a cyclone unit, a fan motor intake/exhaust unit for applying a negative pressure to the cyclone unit, and a filtering unit for filtering out dust deposited on the recycled plastic pellets supplied to the discharge unit using an electric dust collection method, and from the discharge unit It consists of a blasting unit for separating the fine dust attached to the supplied recycled plastic pellets by a collision method using high-pressure gas, and a control system for controlling the dry cleaning process of the recycled plastic pellets.

Description

Dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets

The present invention relates to a dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets. More specifically, the dust removal efficiency is improved by removing the dust in multiple stages, and the dust removal efficiency is improved by removing the dust by a collision method using high-pressure gas at the final stage. It can be dramatically improved, and by detecting the amount of recycled plastic pellets fed into the first hopper using a rotary blade-type pellet sensor, the overall line process progress speed is maintained uniformly, and the air discharged from the fan motor intake and exhaust part It relates to a dust removal device for reclaimed plastic pellets, which can increase efficiency by using it as the high-pressure gas of the high-pressure gas flow path.

Plastics are used in various fields due to their ease of molding, but waste plastics take a very long time to decay, causing very serious environmental pollution problems. It is absorbed into the body of animals and poses a threat to life.

As one of the methods for solving the problem of such waste plastics, a method of recycling waste plastics and reusing them as recycled plastics has been proposed.

In general, waste plastics contain a lot of dust, but removing the dust remaining in the pellets and removing the dust remaining in the pellets in the process of processing the waste plastics into pellets to recycle waste plastics determines the quality of recycled plastics. This is a very important factor.

For reference, the dust generated during the crushing of the scrap is forcibly sucked by the suction body, and the dust container is connected to the suction body and a cyclone filter is provided inside the dust box, so that the filtering of the dust by the cyclone filter is possible. not only to keep the air exhausted to the outside cleaner, but also to further configure a magnet so that the metal contained in the scrap crushed by the magnetic force of the magnet is sorted, so that the additional metal sorting process can be omitted. , a technology to greatly improve the suction power of dust by eccentrically configuring the dust inlet through which the dust is sucked to generate cyclone air is disclosed in Republic of Korea Patent Publication No. 10-1107504 (published on January 31, 2012) ) was disclosed in "A device for removing dust mixed with plastic scrap".

Registered Patent Publication No. 10-1107504

An object of the present invention is to further improve and develop the technology disclosed in the above registration No. 10-1107504, and to improve the dust removal efficiency by removing the dust over multiple stages, but in a collision method using high-pressure gas at the final stage. By removing the dust, the dust removal efficiency can be dramatically improved, and the overall line process progress speed is maintained uniformly by detecting the amount of recycled plastic pellets put into the first hopper using a rotary blade type pellet sensor. An object of the present invention is to provide a dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets, which can increase efficiency by using the air discharged from the fan motor intake and exhaust unit as the high-pressure gas of the high-pressure gas flow path.

As a means for achieving the above object, the configuration of the present invention comprises a pelletizer that pelletizes waste plastic so that it can be used as recycled plastic by pulverizing, melting, extruding, and cutting, and recycling supplied from the pelletizer A first hopper into which plastic pellets are put, a transfer unit for transferring the recycled plastic pellets supplied from the first hopper, and a discharge unit for separating the dust attached to the recycled plastic pellets supplied from the transfer unit; A cyclone unit that absorbs and collects dust generated from the recycled plastic fillet supplied to the transfer unit, a fan motor intake/exhaust unit that applies a negative pressure to the cyclone unit, and the dust deposited on the recycled plastic pellets supplied to the discharge unit A filtering unit for filtering out by using the electrostatic precipitation method, and a blasting unit for separating the fine dust buried in the recycled plastic pellets supplied from the discharge unit by a collision method using high-pressure gas; It is preferable to include a control system for controlling the dry cleaning process of the recycled plastic pellets.

The configuration of the present invention is that the blasting unit includes a second hopper into which the recycled plastic pellets supplied from the discharge unit are put, and a stirring roller installed inside the second hopper to disperse the recycled plastic pellets so as not to agglomerate in one place. roller), a vibrator installed on the outer circumferential surface of the second hopper to apply vibration to smooth the flow of recycled plastic pellets, and a regenerated material installed under the second hopper and supplied from the second hopper A pellet feeder that aligns a certain number of plastic pellets and drops them to the bottom, and the recycled plastic pellets installed at the bottom of the pellet feeder and sorted by a certain number as high-pressure gas flows inside. A high-pressure gas flow path for loading and transporting recycled plastic pellets at a high speed, a blocking network installed on the path of the high-pressure gas flow path and falling by causing the recycled plastic pellets transported along the high-pressure gas to collide, and the blocking network; It is preferable to include an outlet for collecting the recycled plastic falling by the .

In the configuration of this invention, the pellet feeder is installed in a circular shape at regular intervals, and an opening is formed in the upper part to receive a certain number of recycled plastic pellets input from the second hopper and arrange a plurality of receiving parts and an opening/closing door rotatably installed in the openings of the plurality of accommodating units, a connecting string respectively connected to one end of the opening/closing door, a solenoid actuator connected to the connecting string, respectively; It is preferable to include a spring that is installed in the lower part and provides a restoring force for restoring the opening/closing door to its original position.

In the configuration of the present invention, it is preferable that the high-pressure gas flowing through the high-pressure gas flow path uses air discharged from the fan motor intake/exhaust unit.

The configuration of the present invention, the control system, the pellet sensor installed inside the first hopper, and the pellet sensor to detect the amount of recycled plastic pellets input to the first hopper by using the pellet sensor recycled input into the first hopper When the amount of plastic pellets increases, a control unit for maintaining the process progress speed uniformly by increasing the processing speed of the conveying unit, a conveying motor driving unit for driving the conveying motor of the conveying unit according to the control of the control unit, and control of the control unit A fan motor driving unit for driving the fan motor of the fan motor intake/exhaust unit according to the method, an exhaust door driving unit for driving an exhaust door of the exhaust unit under the control of the control unit, An ionizer driving unit, a roller driving unit for driving the stirring roller of the blasting unit according to the control of the control unit, a vibrator driving unit for driving the vibrator of the blasting unit according to the control of the control unit, and blasting according to the control of the control unit It is preferable if it comprises a feeder driving unit for driving the pellet feeder of the unit,

The configuration of the present invention, the pellet sensor, a rotary blade for allowing the recycled plastic pellet to rotate while falling, a rotary shaft connected to the rotary blade for interlocking rotation, and a rotation detecting unit for detecting the rotation of the rotary shaft It is preferable to do so.

In the configuration of this invention, it is preferable if the control unit controls the opening and closing door to open when the receiving portion of the pellet feeder is located at the top and bottom.

This invention improves the dust removal efficiency by removing the dust over multiple stages, and can dramatically improve the dust removal efficiency by removing the fine dust by the collision method using high-pressure gas in the final stage, and the rotary blade type pellet sensor By sensing the amount of recycled plastic pellets fed into the first hopper using It has an effect that can increase efficiency.

1 is a block diagram of a dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 2 is a block diagram of the blasting unit of the dust removal device of the recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 3 is an operation state diagram of the pellet feeder of the blasting unit of the dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 4 is a block diagram of the control system of the dust removal device of the recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention.
5 is a perspective view of the pellet sensor of the dust removal device of the recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Hereinafter, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in order to describe in detail enough that a person of ordinary skill in the art can easily carry out this invention. Other objects, features, and operational advantages of this invention, including the object, action, and effect, will become clearer by the description of the preferred embodiment.

For reference, the embodiments disclosed herein are only presented by selecting and presenting the most preferred embodiments in order to help those skilled in the art understand from among various possible examples, and the technical spirit of the present invention is not necessarily limited or limited only by the presented embodiments. No, various changes, additions, and modifications including equivalents or substitutes are possible without departing from the technical spirit of the present invention.

In addition, the terms or expressions used in the specification and claims of the present application are defined on the basis of the principle that the inventor can appropriately define the concept of the term in order to best describe his invention. , should not be construed as being limited only to the conventional or dictionary meaning, but should be interpreted as meaning and concept consistent with the technical spirit of the present invention. As an example, the singular expression includes a plural expression unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, and the expression regarding the direction is set based on the position expressed on the drawing for convenience of description, and is "connected" or "connected" The expression "to be" includes not only a direct connection or connection, but also a connection or connection through another element in the middle. In addition, the expression "~ part" includes a unit realized using hardware, a unit realized using software, a unit realized using both hardware or software, etc., and one unit is one or more hardware or software. may be realized using , and two or more units may be realized using one piece of hardware or software.

1 is a block diagram of a dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention.

As shown in Figure 1, the configuration of the dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention is a pelletizer that pelletizes waste plastics so that they can be used as recycled plastics by pulverizing, melting, extruding, and cutting them. (1), a first hopper (2) into which recycled plastic pellets supplied from the pelletizer (1) are put, and a transfer unit (3) for transporting recycled plastic pellets supplied from the first hopper (2); , a discharge unit 4 for separating the dust attached to the recycled plastic pellets supplied from the transfer unit 3, and a cyclone unit that absorbs and collects dust generated from the recycled plastic fillets supplied to the transfer unit 3 (5), the fan motor intake/exhaust unit 6 that applies the negative pressure of the cyclone unit 5, and the dust attached to the recycled plastic pellets supplied to the discharge unit 4 are filtered using an electrostatic precipitation method. A filtering unit 7 for outputting, a blasting unit 8 for separating fine dust buried in the recycled plastic pellets supplied from the discharge unit 4 by a collision method using high-pressure gas, and a dry method of the recycled plastic pellets and a control system (not shown) for controlling the cleaning process.

The transfer unit 3 includes a transfer motor 31 providing rotational power, a transfer screw 33 that linearly transfers recycled plastic pellets while being rotated by the rotational power of the transfer motor 31, and the transfer screw ( It surrounds 33) and comprises a housing 33 to which the intake pipe of the first cyclone part 5 is connected,

The discharge unit 4 has a structure in which a discharge door 41 that is controlled to be opened and closed by the control unit 92 is installed at the lower end, and an ionizer 42 for electrically collecting dust is installed in the inner middle portion. is made of

Figure 2 is a block diagram of the blasting unit of the dust removal device of the recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 2, the configuration of the blasting part 8 of the dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention is the second in which the recycled plastic pellets supplied from the discharge part 4 are input. The hopper 81, the stirring roller 82 installed inside the second hopper 81 to disperse the recycled plastic pellets so as not to agglomerate in one place, and the second hopper 82 are installed on the outer peripheral surface of the recycled plastic pellets A vibrator 83 that applies vibrations so that the flow of the water becomes smooth, and the recycled plastic pellets installed under the second hopper 81 and supplied from the second hopper 82 are arranged by a certain number and moved downward. The pellet feeder 84 for dropping and the pellet feeder 84 are installed under the pellet feeder 84, and when the recycled plastic pellets arranged by a certain number fall by the high-pressure gas flowing therein, the high-pressure gas is loaded with the recycled plastic pellets and a strong speed The high-pressure gas flow path 85 transferred to the It comprises an outlet 87 for collecting the recycled plastic falling by the net 86.

The high-pressure gas flowing through the high-pressure gas flow path 85 uses air discharged from the fan motor intake/exhaust unit 6,

Figure 3 is an operation state diagram of the pellet feeder of the blasting unit of the dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 3, the configuration of the pellet feeder of the blasting part of the dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention is installed in a circular shape at regular intervals and an opening is formed in the upper part, A plurality of accommodating parts 841 for receiving and aligning a predetermined number of recycled plastic pellets P inputted from the second hopper 81, and rotatably installed in the openings of the plurality of accommodating parts 841, respectively, an opening/closing door 842, a connecting string 843 connected to one end of the opening and closing door 842, a solenoid actuator 844 connected to the connecting string 843, respectively, and the opening/closing door ( It is respectively installed in the lower portion of the 842 and comprises a spring 845 that provides a restoring force for restoring the opening and closing door 842 to its original position.

Figure 4 is a block diagram of the control system of the dust removal device of the recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 4, the configuration of the control system of the dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention is a pellet sensor 91 installed inside the first hopper 2, and the pellets A control unit 92 connected to the sensor 91, a conveying motor driving unit 93 for driving the conveying motor 31 of the conveying unit 3 under the control of the control unit 92, and the control unit 92 A fan motor driving unit 94 for driving the fan motor of the fan motor intake/exhaust unit 6 according to the control of The discharge door driving unit 95, the ionizer driving unit 96 for driving the ionizer 42 of the discharge unit 4 under the control of the control unit 92, and the block according to the control of the control unit 92 A roller driving unit 97 for driving the stirring roller 82 of the lasting unit 8, and a vibrator driving unit 98 for driving the vibrator 83 of the blasting unit 8 under the control of the control unit 92 ) and a feeder driving unit 99 for driving the pellet feeder 84 of the blasting unit 8 under the control of the control unit 92,

5 is a perspective view of the pellet sensor of the dust removal device of the recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 5, the configuration of the pellet sensor 91 of the dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention is a rotary blade 911 that rotates while the recycled plastic pellets fall and , a rotary shaft 912 connected to the rotary blade 911 for interlocking rotation, and a rotation detecting unit 913 for detecting the rotation of the rotary shaft 912 .

According to the above configuration, the operation of the dust removal device of the recycled plastic pellets according to an embodiment of the present invention is as follows.

The pelletizer 1 pulverizes the waste plastic, melts it, and then cuts the molten waste plastic while extruding it and pelletizing it so that it can be used as a recycled plastic.

The recycled plastic pellets generated by the pelletizer (1) are put into the first hopper (2), and the recycled plastic pellets introduced into the first hopper (2) in this way are dropped to the transfer unit (3).

In this process, the control unit 92 detects the amount of recycled plastic pellets input to the first hopper 2 using the pellet sensor 91 installed in the first hopper 2 to the first hopper (1) When the amount of recycled plastic pellets input to the machine increases, the overall line process progress speed by controlling the feed motor driving unit 93 to increase the processing speed of the conveying unit 3 or lowering the processing speed of the pelletizer 1 keep it even

When the reclaimed plastic injected into the first hopper 2 is dropped and the rotary blade 911 of the pellet sensor 91 is returned like a water wheel, the rotation of the rotary shaft 912 connected to the rotary blade 911 is reduced. The rotation detection unit 913 detects, if the amount of recycled plastic in the first hopper 2 increases, the rotation of the rotary blade 911 is interrupted by the recycled plastic pellets to stop the first hopper (2) It can be detected that the amount of recycled plastic pellets injected into the

On the other hand, the recycled plastic pellets dropped to the transfer unit 3 are transferred to the discharge unit 4 by the transfer unit 3 . In this case, the control unit 92 controls the fan motor driving unit 94 so that a vacuum negative pressure is applied to the cyclone unit 5 by the fan motor intake/exhaust unit 6 , and the cyclone unit 5 is transferred to the transfer unit 3 ), the dust generated in the process of transferring the recycled plastic pellets is sucked through the intake pipe connected to the housing 33 of the transfer unit 3 using the vacuum negative pressure, and then the dust is collected using centrifugal force.

When the recycled plastic is supplied from the transfer unit 3 to the discharge unit 4 , the control unit 92 controls the discharge door driving unit 95 and the ionizer driving unit 96 to close the discharge door 41 of the discharge unit 4 . By operating the ionizer 42 in the closed state, the dust attached to the recycled plastic pellets is separated through folding dust collection, and the filtering part 7 connected to the discharge part 4 is secondary to the recycling of the recycled plastic pellets. Absorbs dust and filters it out.

Secondarily, after absorbing the dust of the recycled plastic pellets, the control unit 92 periodically controls the discharge door driving unit 95 to open the discharge door 41 of the discharge unit 4, and as such, the discharge door 41 When is opened, the recycled plastic pellets from which dust is removed secondary by the filtering unit 7 are introduced into the second hopper 81 of the blasting unit 8 from the discharge unit 4 .

When the recycled plastic pellets are put into the second hopper 81 of the blasting unit 8, the control unit 92 controls the roller driving unit 97 and the vibrator driving unit 98 to control the stirring roller 82 and the vibrator 83. By operating the recycled plastic pellets put into the second hopper 81 to be supplied to the pellet feeder 84 while dispersing without being concentrated in one place.

In addition, the control unit 92 controls the feeder driving unit 99 to rotate the pellet feeder 84 while the recycled plastic pellets P supplied from the second hopper 82 are aligned by a certain number, and the high-pressure gas flow path 85 . let it fall into me.

Referring to FIG. 3 , the control unit 92 causes the solenoid actuator 844 to protrude when the receiving portion 841 of the pellet feeder 84 is located at the top, so that the opening and closing door 842 by the restoring force of the spring 845 ) so that the recycled plastic pellets (P) can enter the interior of the receiving portion 841 by controlling the opening, and when the pellet feeder 84 is rotated and the receiving portion 841 at the top is out of the top, the control unit 92 ) by controlling the opening and closing door 842 to be closed by allowing the solenoid actuator 844 to be accommodated so that the recycled plastic pellets (P) in the receiving portion 341 do not fall to the outside of the receiving portion 341, and the pellets When the feeder 84 is rotated and the receiving portion 841 is located at the bottom, the control unit 92 causes the solenoid actuator 844 to protrude and by controlling the opening/closing door 842 to be opened by the restoring force of the spring 845. Recycled plastic pellets (P) in the interior of the receiving portion (341) fall into the high-pressure gas flow path (85).

Since the size or shape of the recycled plastic pellets (P) is generally constant, such a pellet feeder 84 can be used, and if there is no pellet feeder 84, the recycled plastic pellets (P) are adjusted to the flow rate of the high-pressure gas. It is very difficult to accurately inject the high-pressure gas flow path 85 into the high-pressure gas flow path 85. By using the pellet feeder 84, the recycled plastic pellets P can be accurately fed into the high-pressure gas flow path 85 according to the flow rate of the high-pressure gas. .

As such, when the receiving portion 841 is located at the lowermost portion, the recycled plastic pellets (P) fall from the receiving portion 841 and are introduced into the high-pressure gas flow path 85, the recycled plastic pellets (P) are the high-pressure gas flow paths 85 ) flows rapidly along the high-pressure gas flowing at a high speed and collides with the blocking net 86. ), the fine dust buried in it will come off.

Since the fine dust separated from the recycled plastic pellet (P) is smaller than the size of the eye of the blocking network, it passes through the blocking net 86 together with the high-pressure gas, and the size of the recycled plastic pellet is larger than the size of the eye of the blocking network. (P) is not able to exit the blocking network 86 and falls to the bottom, so that the dust is removed tertiarily and discharged through the outlet 87, so that the recycled plastic pellets (P) that have been dry-cleaned very cleanly can be collected do.

1: pelletizer 2: first hopper
3: transfer part 4: discharge part
5: cyclone part 6: fan motor intake and exhaust part
7: filtering unit 8: blasting unit
9: control system

Claims (7)

delete A pelletizer that pulverizes, melts, extrudes, and cuts waste plastic into pellets so that it can be used as recycled plastic;
and a first hopper into which recycled plastic pellets supplied from the pelletizer are put;
a transfer unit for transferring the recycled plastic pellets supplied from the first hopper;
a discharge unit for separating the dust attached to the recycled plastic pellets supplied from the conveying unit;
a cyclone unit for absorbing and collecting dust generated from the reclaimed plastic fillet supplied to the transfer unit;
a fan motor intake/exhaust unit for applying a negative pressure to the cyclone unit;
A filtering unit for filtering the dust attached to the recycled plastic pellets supplied to the discharge unit using an electrostatic precipitation method;
A blasting unit for separating fine dust adhered to the recycled plastic pellets supplied from the discharge unit by a collision method using high-pressure gas;
It includes a control system for controlling the dry cleaning process of recycled plastic pellets,
The blasting unit,
a second hopper into which recycled plastic pellets supplied from the discharge unit are put;
A stirring roller installed inside the second hopper to disperse the recycled plastic pellets so as not to agglomerate in one place;
A vibrator installed on the outer peripheral surface of the second hopper to apply vibration to smooth the flow of recycled plastic pellets;
A pellet feeder installed in the lower part of the second hopper and aligning a predetermined number of recycled plastic pellets supplied from the second hopper and dropping them to the lower part;
A high-pressure gas flow path installed at the lower part of the pellet feeder and transporting the recycled plastic pellets at a high speed by loading the recycled plastic pellets into the high-pressure gas when a certain number of recycled plastic pellets are dropped by the high-pressure gas flowing therein;
a blocking net installed on the path of the high-pressure gas flow path and falling by causing the recycled plastic pellets transported along the high-pressure gas to collide;
Dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets, characterized in that it comprises an outlet for collecting the recycled plastic falling by the blocking net. 3. The method of claim 2,
The pellet feeder,
A plurality of accommodating parts installed in a circular shape at regular intervals and having an opening formed at the upper part to receive and align a predetermined number of recycled plastic pellets input from the second hopper;
an opening and closing door that is rotatably installed in the openings of the plurality of receiving units, respectively;
a connecting string connected to one end of the opening and closing door, respectively;
Solenoid actuators respectively connected to the connecting string,
A dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets, each of which is installed in the lower portion of the opening and closing door and comprising a spring that provides a restoring force for restoring the opening and closing door to its original position. 3. The method of claim 2,
The high-pressure gas flowing through the high-pressure gas flow path is an apparatus for removing dust from recycled plastic pellets, characterized in that air discharged from the fan motor intake/exhaust unit is used. 4. The method of claim 3,
The control system is
A pellet sensor installed on the inside of the first hopper,
When the amount of recycled plastic pellets fed into the first hopper is detected by using the pellet sensor, and the amount of recycled plastic pellets fed into the first hopper increases, the processing speed of the transfer unit is increased to keep the process progress uniformly is a control unit,
a transfer motor driving unit for driving the transfer motor of the transfer unit under the control of the control unit;
a fan motor driving unit for driving the fan motor of the fan motor intake/exhaust unit under the control of the control unit;
a discharge door driving unit for driving the discharge door of the discharge unit under the control of the control unit;
an ionizer driving unit for driving the ionizer of the discharge unit under the control of the control unit;
a roller driving unit for driving the stirring roller of the blasting unit under the control of the control unit;
a vibrator driving unit for driving the vibrator of the blasting unit under the control of the control unit;
Recycled plastic pellet dust removal device comprising a feeder driving unit for driving the pellet feeder of the blasting unit under the control of the control unit. 6. The method of claim 5,
The pellet sensor,
A rotating blade that rotates the recycled plastic pellets as they fall,
A rotary shaft connected to the rotary blade for interlocking rotation;
Recycled plastic pellets dust removal device, characterized in that it comprises a rotation sensing unit for detecting the rotation of the rotating shaft. 6. The method of claim 5,
The control unit is a dust removal device for recycled plastic pellets, characterized in that the control so that the opening and closing door is opened when the receiving portion of the pellet feeder is located at the top and bottom.

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