KR102109821B1 - 전기화학 전지 - Google Patents
전기화학 전지 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR102109821B1 KR102109821B1 KR1020157004256A KR20157004256A KR102109821B1 KR 102109821 B1 KR102109821 B1 KR 102109821B1 KR 1020157004256 A KR1020157004256 A KR 1020157004256A KR 20157004256 A KR20157004256 A KR 20157004256A KR 102109821 B1 KR102109821 B1 KR 102109821B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- alkyl
- weight
- compounds
- lithium ion
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 99
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium dihydrogen borate oxalic acid Chemical compound B([O-])(O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.[Li+] DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;oxalate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- AHKHZLVXUVZTGF-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium dihydrogen phosphate oxalic acid Chemical compound P(=O)([O-])(O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.[Li+] AHKHZLVXUVZTGF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- NDZWKTKXYOWZML-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;difluoro oxalate;borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-].FOC(=O)C(=O)OF NDZWKTKXYOWZML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- MRDKYAYDMCRFIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalic acid;phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O.OC(=O)C(O)=O MRDKYAYDMCRFIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- -1 acyclic organic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 48
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 37
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 23
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 23
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[6-(trimethylazaniumyl)hexyl]azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002015 acyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052566 spinel group Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008053 sultones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002895 organic esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-vinylpyridine Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=N1 KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KFDVPJUYSDEJTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenylpyridine Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=NC=C1 KFDVPJUYSDEJTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910010238 LiAlCl 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910012513 LiSbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical group [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- VONWDASPFIQPDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl methylphosphonate Chemical compound COP(C)(=O)OC VONWDASPFIQPDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 18
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 13
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 101100059600 Caenorhabditis elegans cec-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 8
- 229910002099 LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 6
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 6
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 5
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 101100059607 Caenorhabditis elegans cec-3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 101100059608 Caenorhabditis elegans cec-4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 3
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOCCOC ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OHBQPCCCRFSCAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(OC)C=C1 OHBQPCCCRFSCAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AATNZNJRDOVKDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[ethoxy(ethyl)phosphoryl]oxyethane Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(CC)OCC AATNZNJRDOVKDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001637 1-naphthyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- NWPRXAIYBULIEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid Chemical compound COC(=O)NC(C(O)=O)C(C)(C)C NWPRXAIYBULIEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KZCKHXBSKVTKSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxybenzoic acid oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O.OC(=O)c1ccccc1O KZCKHXBSKVTKSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001622 2-naphthyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl butyrate Chemical compound CCCC(=O)OC UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000748 anthracen-2-yl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C([H])=C3C([H])=C([*])C([H])=C([H])C3=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N cycloheptane Chemical compound C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000582 cycloheptyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011262 electrochemically active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001095 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 150000005677 organic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 2
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl orthoformate Chemical compound COC(OC)OC PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCCOCC LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VDFVNEFVBPFDSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxane Chemical compound C1COCOC1 VDFVNEFVBPFDSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NYYLZXREFNYPKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[ethoxy(methyl)phosphoryl]oxyethane Chemical compound CCOP(C)(=O)OCC NYYLZXREFNYPKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butoxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOCCCC DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RRQYJINTUHWNHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethoxy-2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethane Chemical compound CCOCCOCCOCC RRQYJINTUHWNHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DSMUTQTWFHVVGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1OC(=O)OC1F DSMUTQTWFHVVGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DAUVWNSVSAPZET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-butyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound CCCCC1=COC(=O)O1 DAUVWNSVSAPZET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IXIDQWJXRMPFRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound CCC1=COC(=O)O1 IXIDQWJXRMPFRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HXXOPVULXOEHTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound CC1=COC(=O)O1 HXXOPVULXOEHTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KVCVOTZPPHUFCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylidene-5-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical group C=C1OC(=O)OC1C1=CC=CC=C1 KVCVOTZPPHUFCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEOVPNZQPZGDRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-propyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound CCCC1=COC(=O)O1 IEOVPNZQPZGDRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diisopropyl ether Chemical compound CC(C)OC(C)C ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910014689 LiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015915 LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XOBKSJJDNFUZPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC XOBKSJJDNFUZPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910016365 Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- CXULZQWIHKYPTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) manganese(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O--].[O--].[O--].[Mn++].[Co++].[Ni++] CXULZQWIHKYPTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000006547 cyclononyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000640 cyclooctyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940019778 diethylene glycol diethyl ether Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NKDDWNXOKDWJAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethoxymethane Chemical compound COCOC NKDDWNXOKDWJAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- BEPAFCGSDWSTEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl malonate Chemical compound COC(=O)CC(=O)OC BEPAFCGSDWSTEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
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- KLKFAASOGCDTDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxymethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCOCC KLKFAASOGCDTDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004491 isohexyl group Chemical group C(CCC(C)C)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- MHYFEEDKONKGEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxathiane 2,2-dioxide Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCCO1 MHYFEEDKONKGEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001195 polyisoprene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000319 transition metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKASDNZWUGIAMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl orthoformate Chemical compound CCOC(OCC)OCC GKASDNZWUGIAMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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Abstract
(ii) 리튬 이온 함유 전이 금속 화합물 중 전이 금속의 총 중량을 기준으로 50 내지 100 중량%의 망간 함량을 갖는 리튬 이온 함유 전이 금속 화합물로부터 선택된 캐쏘드 활성 물질을 함유하는 하나 이상의 캐쏘드; 및
(iii) (A) 하나 이상의 비양성자성 유기 용매,
(B) 전해질 조성물의 총 중량을 기준으로 0.01 내지 5 중량% 미만의, 리튬(비스옥살레이토) 보레이트, 리튬 다이플루오로(옥살레이토) 보레이트, 리튬 테트라플루오로(옥살레이토) 포스페이트, 리튬 옥살레이트, 리튬(말로네이토 옥살레이토) 보레이트, 리튬(살리실레이토 옥살레이토) 보레이트, 리튬(트리스옥살레이토) 포스페이트 및 하기 화학식 I의 화합물로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 하나 이상의 화합물,
(C) 전해질 조성물의 총 중량을 기준으로 0.01 내지 5 중량% 미만의 하기 화학식 IIa 또는 IIb의 하나 이상의 화합물,
(D) 화합물(B) 이외의 하나 이상의 리튬 염, 및
(E) 임의적으로 하나 이상의 추가 첨가제
를 포함하는 하나 이상의 전해질 조성물
을 포함하는 리튬 이온 배터리:
[화학식 I]
[화학식 IIa]
[화학식 IIb]
상기 식에서,
치환기는 특허청구범위에 정의된 바와 같다.
Description
[화학식 IIId]
[화학식 IV]
전해질 조성물 | LiBOB(중량%) | VC(중량%) | DMMP(중량%) | LiDFOB(중량%) |
CEC 1 | ||||
CEC 2 | 0.5 | 1 | ||
CEC 3 | 1 | |||
CEC 4 | 0.5 | |||
IEC 1 | 0.5 | 1 | ||
IEC 2 | 0.5 | 1 | ||
IEC 3 | 1 | 0.5 | ||
중량%: 전해질 조성물의 총 중량을 기준으로 함. |
전해질 조성물 | Mn 용출(중량%) | Ni 용출(중량%) |
CEC 1 | 0.613 | 0.016 |
IEC 1 | 0.311 | 0.012 |
Mn/Ni 용출(중량%): 전해질의 총 중량을 기준으로 전해질 조성물 중 Mn/Ni의 농도 |
실온 | CEC 1 | CEC 2 (LiBOB+VC) |
IEC 1 (LiBOB+DMMP) |
IEC 2 (VC+DMMP) |
IEC 3 (LiDFOB+DMMP) |
1 사이클(mAh/g) | 119.3 | 120.1 | 120.1 | 125.3 | 127.5 |
50 사이클(mAh/g) | 99.3 | 97.2 | 108.6 | 109.4 | 111.2 |
용량 보유 | 83.2% | 80.9% | 90.4% | 87.3% | 87.2% |
55℃ | |||||
1 사이클(mAh/g) | 77.8 | 73.8 | 98.7 | 92.3 | 93.3 |
20 사이클(mAh/g) | 21.9 | 48.6 | 44.8 | 53.9 | 48.6 |
용량 보유 | 28.1% | 64.4% | 45.4% | 58.4% | 52.1% |
RT | CEC 1 | CEC 3(DMMP) | CEC 4(LiBOB) | IEC 1(LiBOB+DMMP) |
1 사이클(mAh/g) | 143.6 | 126.3 | 126.8 | 114.7 |
15 사이클(mAh/g) | 132.8 | 123.7 | 118.2 | 117.3 |
용량 보유 | 92.4% | 97.9% | 93.2% | 102.3% |
Claims (15)
- (i) 하나 이상의 애노드;
(ii) 리튬 이온 함유 전이 금속 화합물 중 전이 금속의 총 중량을 기준으로 50 내지 100 중량%의 망간 함량을 갖는 리튬 이온 함유 전이 금속 화합물로부터 선택된 캐쏘드 활성 물질을 함유하는 하나 이상의 캐쏘드; 및
(iii) (A) 하나 이상의 비양성자성 유기 용매,
(B) 전해질 조성물의 총 중량을 기준으로 0.01 내지 5 중량% 미만의, 리튬(비스옥살레이토) 보레이트, 리튬 다이플루오로(옥살레이토) 보레이트, 리튬 테트라플루오로(옥살레이토) 포스페이트, 리튬 옥살레이트, 리튬(말로네이토 옥살레이토) 보레이트, 리튬(살리실레이토 옥살레이토) 보레이트 및 리튬(트리스옥살레이토) 포스페이트로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 하나 이상의 화합물,
(C) 전해질 조성물의 총 중량을 기준으로 0.01 내지 5 중량% 미만의 하기 화학식 IIa 또는 IIb의 하나 이상의 화합물,
(D) 화합물(B) 이외의 하나 이상의 리튬 염, 및
(E) 임의적으로 하나 이상의 추가 첨가제
를 함유하는 하나 이상의 전해질 조성물
을 포함하는 리튬 이온 배터리:
[화학식 IIa]
[화학식 IIb]
상기 식에서,
R2는 H, C1-C10 알킬, C3-C10 사이클로알킬, 벤질 및 C6-C14 아릴로부터 선택되되, 알킬, 사이클로알킬, 벤질 및 아릴은 하나 이상의 F, C1-C4 알킬, 페닐, 벤질, 또는 하나 이상의 F로 치환된 C1-C4 알킬로 치환될 수 있고;
R3, R4, R5, R6 및 R7은 동일하거나 상이할 수 있고, 서로 독립적으로 C1-C10 알킬, C3-C10 사이클로알킬, 벤질 및 C6-C14 아릴로부터 선택되되, 알킬, 사이클로알킬, 벤질 및 아릴은 하나 이상의 F, C1-C4 알킬, 페닐, 벤질, 또는 하나 이상의 F로 치환된 C1-C4 알킬로 치환될 수 있다. - 제 1 항에 있어서,
완전히 충전될 때 애노드에 대하여 4.2 V 초과의 전지 전압을 갖는 리튬 이온 배터리. - 제 1 항에 있어서,
캐쏘드 활성 물질이 리튬 이온 함유 전이 금속 화합물 중 전이 금속의 총 중량을 기준으로 50 내지 80 중량%의 망간 함량을 갖는 전이 금속 화합물을 함유하는, 리튬 이온 배터리. - 제 1 항에 있어서,
전이 금속 화합물이 하기 화학식 VI의 망간 함유 스피넬로부터 선택되거나, 하기 화학식 VII의 층 구조를 갖는 망간 함유 전이 금속 산화물로부터 선택되는, 리튬 이온 배터리:
[화학식 VI]
Li1+tM2-tO4-d
[화학식 VII]
Li(1+y)[NiaCobMnc](1-y)O2
상기 식에서,
d는 0 내지 0.4이고;
t는 0 내지 0.4이고;
M은 Mn, 및 Co 및 Ni로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 하나 이상의 추가 금속이고;
y는 0 내지 0.3이고;
a, b 및 c는 동일하거나 상이할 수 있고, 독립적으로 0 내지 0.8이되, a + b + c는 1이다. - 제 1 항에 있어서,
하나 이상의 비양성자성 유기 용매(A)가 하기로부터 선택되는, 리튬 이온 배터리:
(a) 환형 및 비환형 유기 카보네이트;
(b) 다이-C1-C10-알킬에터;
(c) 다이-C1-C4-알킬-C2-C6-알킬렌 에터 및 폴리에터;
(d) 환형 에터;
(e) 환형 및 비환형 아세탈 및 케탈;
(f) 오르토카복실산 에스터; 및
(g) 카복실산의 환형 및 비환형 에스터. - 제 1 항에 있어서,
하나 이상의 화합물(B)이 리튬(비스옥살레이토) 보레이트, 리튬 다이플루오로(옥살레이토) 보레이트, 리튬 테트라플루오로(옥살레이토) 포스페이트, 리튬 옥살레이트, 리튬(말로네이토 옥살레이토) 보레이트, 리튬(살리실레이토 옥살레이토) 보레이트 및 리튬(트리스옥살레이토) 포스페이트로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되는, 리튬 이온 배터리. - 제 1 항에 있어서,
하나 이상의 화합물(C)이 화학식 IIa 및 IIb의 화합물로부터 선택되되,
R2가 H, C1-C6 알킬, 벤질 및 페닐로부터 선택되고, 이때 알킬, 벤질 및 페닐이 하나 이상의 F, C1-C4 알킬, 페닐, 벤질, 또는 하나 이상의 F로 치환된 C1-C4 알킬로 치환될 수 있고;
R3, R4, R5, R6 및 R7이 동일하거나 상이할 수 있고, 서로 독립적으로 C1-C6 알킬, 벤질 및 페닐로부터 선택되고, 이때 알킬, 벤질 및 페닐이 하나 이상의 F, C1-C4 알킬, 페닐, 벤질, 또는 하나 이상의 F로 치환된 C1-C4 알킬로 치환될 수 있는, 리튬 이온 배터리. - 제 1 항에 있어서,
리튬 염(D)이 LiPF6, LiPF3(CF2CF3)3, LiBF4, LiClO4, LiAsF6, LiCF3SO3, LiN(SO2F)2, Li2SiF6, LiSbF6, LiAlCl4, 및 화학식 (CnF2n+1SO2)mXLi의 염으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되되,
X가 산소 및 황으로부터 선택될 때 m이 1이고;
X가 질소 및 인으로부터 선택될 때 m이 2이고;
X가 탄소 및 규소로부터 선택될 때 m이 3이고;
n이 1 내지 20의 정수인, 리튬 이온 배터리. - 제 1 항에 있어서,
추가 첨가제(E)가 2-비닐 피리딘, 4-비닐 피리딘, 환형 엑소-메틸렌 카보네이트, 설톤, 무기산의 유기 에스터, 1 bar에서 36℃ 이상의 비점을 갖는 비환형 및 환형 알칸, 및 방향족 화합물로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되는, 리튬 이온 배터리. - 제 1 항에 있어서,
전해질 조성물이 전해질 조성물의 총 중량을 기준으로 0.15 내지 3 중량%의 하나 이상의 화합물(B) 및 0.15 내지 3 중량%의 하나 이상의 화합물(C)을 함유하는, 리튬 이온 배터리. - 제 1 항에 있어서,
전해질 조성물이 전해질 조성물의 총 중량을 기준으로 55 내지 99.5 중량%의 하나 이상의 비양성자성 유기 용매(A); 0.01 내지 5 중량% 미만의 하나 이상의 화합물(B); 0.01 내지 5 중량% 미만의 하나 이상의 화합물(C); 5 내지 25 중량%의 하나 이상의 리튬 염(D); 0 내지 10 중량%의 하나 이상의 추가 첨가제(E); 및 0 내지 50 ppm의 물을 함유하는, 리튬 이온 배터리. - 제 1 항에 있어서,
애노드가 리튬 이온 삽입 탄소를 함유하는, 리튬 이온 배터리. - 삭제
- 제 1 항 내지 제 12 항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 리튬 이온 배터리의 제조 방법으로서,
(α) 하나 이상의 비양성자성 유기 용매 또는 비양성자성 유기 용매의 혼합물(A)을 제공하는 단계;
(β) 임의적으로 하나 이상의 추가 첨가제(E)를 첨가하고 혼합하는 단계;
(γ) 건조하는 단계;
(δ) 하나 이상의 화합물(B), 하나 이상의 화합물(C) 및 하나 이상의 리튬 염(D)을 첨가하고 혼합하는 단계; 및
(ε) 하나 이상의 애노드 및 하나 이상의 캐쏘드를 제공하고 상기 리튬 이온 배터리를 조립하는 단계
를 포함하는, 제조 방법. - 삭제
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