KR101562527B1 - 암모니아의 제조방법 및 스팀 슈퍼히터 - Google Patents
암모니아의 제조방법 및 스팀 슈퍼히터 Download PDFInfo
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- KR101562527B1 KR101562527B1 KR1020107029132A KR20107029132A KR101562527B1 KR 101562527 B1 KR101562527 B1 KR 101562527B1 KR 1020107029132 A KR1020107029132 A KR 1020107029132A KR 20107029132 A KR20107029132 A KR 20107029132A KR 101562527 B1 KR101562527 B1 KR 101562527B1
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- ammonia
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- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 164
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 84
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 105
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002453 autothermal reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 26
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 18
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000599 Cr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
- C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
- C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
- C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase
- C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/025—Preparation or purification of gas mixtures for ammonia synthesis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
- C01B3/382—Multi-step processes
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- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
- C01B3/384—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts the catalyst being continuously externally heated
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- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/48—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
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- C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
- C01B3/52—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with liquids; Regeneration of used liquids
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- C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
- C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
- C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase
- C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
- C01C1/0447—Apparatus other than synthesis reactors
- C01C1/0452—Heat exchangers
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- C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase
- C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
- C01C1/0488—Processes integrated with preparations of other compounds, e.g. methanol, urea or with processes for power generation
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
- F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
- F22B1/18—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines
- F22B1/1838—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines the hot gas being under a high pressure, e.g. in chemical installations
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/0066—Multi-circuit heat-exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat-exchangers for more than two fluids
- F28D7/0075—Multi-circuit heat-exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat-exchangers for more than two fluids with particular circuits for the same heat exchange medium, e.g. with the same heat exchange medium flowing through sections having different heat exchange capacities or for heating or cooling the same heat exchange medium at different temperatures
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/06—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits having a single U-bend
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/26—Arrangements for connecting different sections of heat-exchange elements, e.g. of radiators
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- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
- C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
- C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
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- C01B2203/0244—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being an autothermal reforming step, e.g. secondary reforming processes
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- C01B2203/0283—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a CO-shift step, i.e. a water gas shift step
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- C01B2203/0844—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by heat exchange with exothermic reactions, other than by combustion of fuel the non-combustive exothermic reaction being another reforming reaction as defined in groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/0294
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Abstract
Description
도 2는 플랜트의 암모니아 합성 섹션에서 사용을 위한 본 발명에 따르는 슈퍼히터의 개략도를 나타낸다.
Claims (10)
- (a) 탄화수소 공급원료를 개질 섹션을 통과시키고 상기 개질 섹션으로부터 합성가스를 회수하는 단계;
(b) 상기 합성가스를, 스팀 슈퍼히터의 사용 없이, 합성가스가 물-스팀 혼합물과 간접 열교환하는 하나 이상의 폐열 보일러를 통과시키고, 상기 폐열 보일러로부터 스팀을 회수하고 상기 스팀을 하나 이상의 스팀 드럼으로 전도하는 단계;
(c) 단계 (b)의 그에 의해 냉각된 합성가스를 합성 가스 내의 일산화탄소를 수소로 변환시키기 위한 이동 변환 단계 및 이어서 합성가스 내의 잔류하는 이산화탄소, 일산화탄소 및 메탄을 제거하기 위한 세정 공정을 통과시키고, 질소 및 수소를 함유하는 합성가스를 회수하는 단계;
(d) 단계 (c)에서 생성된 합성 가스를 암모니아 변환기에서의 하나 이상의 촉매 베드의 통과에 의한 합성가스의 암모니아로의 촉매 변환을 포함하는 암모니아 합성 섹션을 통과시키고, 하나 이상의 촉매 베드로부터의 암모니아를 함유하는 공정 가스를 회수하는 단계;
(e) 암모니아를 함유하는 상기 공정 가스를 하나 이상의 스팀 슈퍼히터를 통과시키므로, 여기서 단계 (b)의 하나 이상의 스팀 드럼으로부터의 스팀이 과열되고 상기 하나 이상의 슈퍼히터로부터의 과열된 스팀의 스트림을 회수하는 단계;
(f) 단계 (e)의 그에 의해 냉각된 공정 가스를 공정가스가 물-스팀 혼합물과 간접 열교환하는 하나 이상의 폐열 보일러를 통과시키고, 상기 하나 이상의 폐열 보일러로부터 스팀을 회수하고, 상기 스팀을 단계 (b)의 하나 이상의 스팀 드럼으로 전도하는 단계를 포함하며,
여기서 단계 (a)는 탄화수소 공급원료를 1차 개질 단계를 통과시켜 부분 개질된 가스를 생성하는 단계, 상기 부분 개질된 가스를 열교환 개질 단계 및 자동열 개질 단계 또는 2차 개질 단계를 통과시키는 단계 그리고 상기 열교환 개질 단계로부터의 합성가스의 결과된 스트림을 회수하는 단계를 포함하고, 여기서 열교환 개질 단계를 통과하는 부분 개질된 가스는 상기 자동열 개질 단계 또는 2차 개질 단계로부터 회수된 합성 가스와 간접 열교환에 의해 개질되는 것을 특징으로 하는 탄화수소 공급원료로부터 암모니아의 제조방법. - 제 1 항에 있어서, 다수의 이중관을 갖는 하나 이상의 열교환 반응기 내에 조합 가스를 형성하는 단계, 이 조합 가스는 상기 자동열 개질 단계 또는 2차 개질 단계로부터 회수된 합성가스를 하나 이상의 열교환 반응기의 이중관의 적어도 외부에 배치된 촉매 베드를 떠나는 개질된 가스와 혼합함으로써 상기 열교환 개질 단계를 행하기 위해 사용되며, 그리고 상기 조합 가스를 상기 촉매 베드의 간접 가열을 위해 상기 이중관의 환형 공간을 통해 통과시키는 단계를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 열교환 개질 단계는 바요넷 형 반응기에서 행해지는 것을 특징으로 하는 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 단계 (a)에서 개질될 탄화수소 공급원료는 하나 이상의 열교환 개질 단계 및 자동열 개질 단계 또는 2차 개질 단계와 병렬로 통과되고, 상기 자동열 개질 단계 또는 2차 개질 단계에서 회수된 고온 합성 가스는 상기 하나 이상의 열교환 개질 단계에서 열교환 매질로서 사용되는 것을 특징으로 하는 방법.
- 제 1 및 제 2 구획(301, 302), 여기서 제 1 구획(301)은 쉘(305), 튜브시트(303), 후방 단부(307), 관 다발(309), 배플 판(317) 그리고 쉘(305)에 적합한 스팀 입구(315)를 구비하고, 여기서 제 2 구획(302)은 쉘(306), 튜브시트(304), 후방 단부(308), 관 다발(310), 배플 판(317) 그리고 쉘(306)에 적합한 스팀 출구(316)를 구비하며;
튜브시트(303, 304) 사이의 공간에 의해 규정되는, 제 1 및 제 2 구획을 분리하는 전이 구획(311);
튜브시트(303, 304)를 통과하고, 이로써 스팀 슈퍼히터(30)의 길이 축(320)을 따라 제 1 구획(301)으로부터 제 2 구획(302)으로 연장되는 전이 챔버(311)를 통과하는 채널 파이프(312);
입구 챔버(318)와 출구 챔버(319) 사이에 위치된 분리 벽(321);
을 포함하며,
상기 전이 구획(311)은 전이 구획의 입구 챔버(318)로 연장되는 공정가스 입구(313)를 구비하고, 입구 챔버(318)는 채널 파이프(312)의 벽, 한 면에서 제 1 구획(301)의 관 다발(309)이 연장되는 튜브시트(303)의 벽, 그리고 반대 면에서 제 2 구획(302)의 관 다발(310)이 연장되는 튜브시트(304)의 벽에 의해 국한되어 있으며;
상기 전이 구획(311)은 전이 구획의 출구 챔버(319)로부터 연장되는 공정가스 출구(314)를 구비하고, 출구 챔버(319)는 채널 파이프(312)의 벽, 한 면에서 제 1 구획(301)의 관 다발(309)이 연장되는 튜브시트(303)의 벽, 그리고 반대 면에서 제 2 구획(302)의 관 다발(310)이 연장되는 튜브시트(304)의 벽에 의해 국한되어 있으며; 그리고
여기서 제 1 및 제 2 구획(301, 302)은 스팀 흐름에 관하여 직렬로 그리고 공정가스 흐름에 관하여 병렬로 연결되는 것을 특징으로 하는 스팀 슈퍼히터(30). - 제 5 항에 있어서, 출구 챔버(319)는 그 안에 배치되고 제 1 및 제 2 구획(301, 302)의 관 다발(309, 310)과 직접 유체 연통되어 있는 밸브(322, 323)를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 스팀 슈퍼히터.
- 제 5 항 또는 제 6 항에 있어서, 제 1 구획에서의 관 다발은 저 합금 강으로 만들어지고, 제 2 구획에서의 관 다발은 스테인레스강으로 만들어지는 것을 특징으로 하는 스팀 슈퍼히터.
- 제 5 항에 있어서, 스팀 슈퍼히터의 배향은 수직이고 제 1 또는 제 2 구획은 축적된 물의 제거를 위해 그것의 후방 단부에서 물 출구를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 스팀 슈퍼히터.
- 제 1 항의 방법에서 사용하기 위한 제 5 항에 따르는 스팀 슈퍼히터.
- 삭제
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