KR101536327B1 - 경 희토류 원소의 추출 및 분리 방법 - Google Patents
경 희토류 원소의 추출 및 분리 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- KR101536327B1 KR101536327B1 KR1020120068273A KR20120068273A KR101536327B1 KR 101536327 B1 KR101536327 B1 KR 101536327B1 KR 1020120068273 A KR1020120068273 A KR 1020120068273A KR 20120068273 A KR20120068273 A KR 20120068273A KR 101536327 B1 KR101536327 B1 KR 101536327B1
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- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 22
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000011260 aqueous acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 94
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 44
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 41
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- QEVGZEDELICMKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diglycolic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)COCC(O)=O QEVGZEDELICMKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- GDAPXHMMINCBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(1-carboxynonoxy)decanoic acid Chemical group CCCCCCCCC(C(O)=O)OC(C(O)=O)CCCCCCCC GDAPXHMMINCBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 134
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 75
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 62
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 22
- ZDFBXXSHBTVQMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexoxy(2-ethylhexyl)phosphinic acid Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COP(O)(=O)CC(CC)CCCC ZDFBXXSHBTVQMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
- LHBNLZDGIPPZLL-UHFFFAOYSA-K praseodymium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pr](Cl)Cl LHBNLZDGIPPZLL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 5
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ce](Cl)Cl VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- ATINCSYRHURBSP-UHFFFAOYSA-K neodymium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Nd](Cl)Cl ATINCSYRHURBSP-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ICAKDTKJOYSXGC-UHFFFAOYSA-K lanthanum(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[La](Cl)Cl ICAKDTKJOYSXGC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001612 separation test Methods 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- QUXFOKCUIZCKGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CC(C)CP(O)(=O)CC(C)CC(C)(C)C QUXFOKCUIZCKGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- -1 phosphate ester Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphinic acid Chemical compound O[PH2]=O ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IHCCLXNEEPMSIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]piperidin-1-yl]-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C1CCN(CC1)CC(=O)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 IHCCLXNEEPMSIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GTJOHISYCKPIMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylundecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(C)C GTJOHISYCKPIMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAOABCKPVCUNKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-methyl Nonanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCC(O)=O OAOABCKPVCUNKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanamide Chemical compound NC#N XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SGVYKUFIHHTIFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutylhexyl Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)C SGVYKUFIHHTIFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003158 alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AMAPNDXGVRNGMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2,4,4-trimethylcyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl)phosphinic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(C)(C)CC(C)=C1P(O)(=O)C1=C(C)CC(C)(C)C=C1 AMAPNDXGVRNGMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VKPSKYDESGTTFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isododecane Natural products CC(C)(C)CC(C)CC(C)(C)C VKPSKYDESGTTFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- SNMVRZFUUCLYTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-propyl chloride Chemical compound CCCCl SNMVRZFUUCLYTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005549 size reduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B59/00—Obtaining rare earth metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F17/00—Compounds of rare earth metals
- C01F17/10—Preparation or treatment, e.g. separation or purification
- C01F17/17—Preparation or treatment, e.g. separation or purification involving a liquid-liquid extraction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F17/00—Compounds of rare earth metals
- C01F17/20—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element
- C01F17/253—Halides
- C01F17/271—Chlorides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/20—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
- C22B3/26—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by liquid-liquid extraction using organic compounds
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Extraction Or Liquid Replacement (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
상업적으로 이용가능한 추출제 중에서, 희토류 원소에 대한 높은 분리 계수를 갖는 것으로 알려진 PC-88A 조차도 주기율표에서 이웃하는 원소들 간에 낮은 분리 계수를 갖는다. 예를 들어서, 희토류 원소들 중에 분리하기가 가장 어렵다고 생각되는 네오디뮴 및 프라세오디뮴 간에 2 미만, 특히 약 1.4의 분리 계수를 갖는다. 이런 정도의 분리 계수는 네오디뮴 및 프라세오디뮴 간의 분리를 용이하게 하기에 충분하지 않다. 허용되는 순도로 한가지를 다른 것들로부터 정제 및 분리하기 위해, 큰 크기의 시스템이 필요하고 자본집약적이다. 이러한 희토류 원소의 정제 및 분리를 목적으로, 이전보다 더 높은 분리 계수를 갖는 추출제 및 그것을 사용한 추출/분리 방법을 갖는 것이 요망된다.
추출제 | 추출제 농도 (mol/L) |
혼합된 LREE의 농도(mol/L) | 분리 계수 (Nd/Pr) |
|
실험 1 | D2EHDGAA | 0.5 | 0.1 | 2.4 |
비교실험 1 | PC-88A | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.4 |
추출제 | 추출제 농도 (mol/L) |
혼합된 LREE의 농도(mol/L) | 분리 계수 (Ce/Pr) |
|
실험 2 | D2EHDGAA | 0.5 | 0.1 | 2.1 |
비교실험 2 | PC-88A | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.6 |
추출제 | 추출제 농도 (mol/L) |
혼합된 LREE의 농도(mol/L) | 분리 계수 (La/Ce) |
|
실험 3 | D2EHDGAA | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4.7 |
비교실험 3 | PC-88A | 0.5 | 0.1 | 3.0 |
산 및 알칼리 의 당량 |
Nd 순도 (mol%) |
Pr 순도 (mol%) |
|
비교예 2 | 1 | 84.2 | 85.3 |
실시예 2 | 1.2 | 99.2 | 99.1 |
실시예 3 | 1.5 | 99.3 | 99.4 |
실시예 4 | 3 | 99.6 | 99.5 |
실시예 5 | 3.5 | 99.4 | 99.5 |
비교예 3 | 4 | 상 분리 실패 |
Claims (3)
- 란탄, 세륨, 프라세오디뮴 및 네오디뮴으로 구성되는 군으로부터 선택된 적어도 두가지 경 희토류 원소들을 함유하는 수용액으로부터 용매 추출을 통해 목적 경 희토류 원소를 분리하는 방법으로서,
목적 원소를 유기상으로 추출하기 위해, 향류 다단계 믹서-침강기에서 거기에 알칼리 용액을 첨가하면서 일반식 (1):
R1R2NCOCH2OCH2COOH (1)
(상기 식에서, R1 및 R2는 각각 독립적으로 곧은 또는 분지된 알킬이고, 적어도 하나는 적어도 6개 탄소 원자의 알킬기이다)을 갖는 디알킬 디글리콜 아믹산인 추출제를 함유하는 유기상을 적어도 두가지 경 희토류 원소들을 함유하는 수용액인 수상과 접촉시키는 단계와,
목적 원소를 역추출하기 위해 유기상을 산 수용액과 접촉시키는 단계를 포함하며,
추출 단계에서 사용된 알칼리 용액에서 알칼리의 양과 역추출 단계에서 사용된 산 수용액에서 산의 양은 각각 수상에서의 경 희토류 원소에 대하여 1.2 내지 3.5 당량인 것을 특징으로 하는 방법. - 제 1 항에 있어서, 추출제는 R1 및 R2가 각각 -CH2CH(C2H5)C4H9인 일반식 (1)을 갖는 디옥틸 디글리콜 아믹산인 것을 특징으로 하는 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 추출 공정 동안에 추출 시스템을 1~3의 pH로 유지하는 것을 특징으로 하는 방법.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JPJP-P-2011-141570 | 2011-06-27 | ||
JP2011141570 | 2011-06-27 | ||
JPJP-P-2012-001824 | 2012-01-10 | ||
JP2012001824 | 2012-01-10 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
KR20130001694A KR20130001694A (ko) | 2013-01-04 |
KR101536327B1 true KR101536327B1 (ko) | 2015-07-13 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020120068273A Expired - Fee Related KR101536327B1 (ko) | 2011-06-27 | 2012-06-26 | 경 희토류 원소의 추출 및 분리 방법 |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8802040B2 (ko) |
EP (1) | EP2540671B1 (ko) |
JP (2) | JP2013163861A (ko) |
KR (1) | KR101536327B1 (ko) |
CN (1) | CN102851501A (ko) |
AU (1) | AU2012203533B2 (ko) |
CA (1) | CA2780545A1 (ko) |
MY (1) | MY164109A (ko) |
PH (1) | PH12012000188A1 (ko) |
RU (1) | RU2598415C2 (ko) |
ZA (1) | ZA201204651B (ko) |
Families Citing this family (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2015199981A (ja) * | 2014-04-07 | 2015-11-12 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | めっき液中の希土類金属イオン抽出除去方法及び装置 |
JP6194867B2 (ja) * | 2014-09-10 | 2017-09-13 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 抽出分離方法 |
JP6465273B2 (ja) * | 2014-09-24 | 2019-02-06 | 日東電工株式会社 | 希土類元素の吸着分離材 |
WO2016072529A1 (ko) * | 2014-11-04 | 2016-05-12 | 목포대학교 산학협력단 | 혼합 추출제를 이용한 희토류 금속의 회수방법 |
CN105886764B (zh) * | 2016-04-15 | 2018-02-06 | 内蒙古科技大学 | 从含ZnCl2的SmCl3溶液中草酸沉淀制备Sm2O3的方法 |
CN108531746B (zh) * | 2017-03-02 | 2020-07-14 | 厦门稀土材料研究所 | 一种贵金属分离用萃取剂和应用该萃取剂萃取分离贵金属的方法 |
CN107177744B (zh) * | 2017-05-18 | 2019-03-12 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | 一种萃取分离镧系和锕系元素的方法 |
CN109082544B (zh) * | 2017-06-14 | 2021-05-18 | 厦门稀土材料研究所 | 一种含有有效官能团的萃取剂和吸附剂及其在钍金属萃取分离中的应用 |
US11186895B2 (en) | 2018-08-07 | 2021-11-30 | University Of Kentucky Research Foundation | Continuous solvent extraction process for generation of high grade rare earth oxides from leachates generated from coal sources |
CN110044999A (zh) * | 2019-05-06 | 2019-07-23 | 中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所 | 一种超高纯铈化合物中十四种痕量杂质稀土金属离子含量的检测方法 |
JP7430377B2 (ja) * | 2019-06-19 | 2024-02-13 | 国立研究開発法人日本原子力研究開発機構 | 液液系での抽出分離による特定物質の製造装置 |
CN111142582B (zh) * | 2020-01-13 | 2021-04-13 | 东北大学 | 一种稀土萃取生产过程的智能化控制系统 |
CN112063861B (zh) * | 2020-09-14 | 2022-08-09 | 江西省科学院应用化学研究所 | 一种从高铝稀土料液中分离稀土的萃取方法 |
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- 2012-06-22 EP EP12173126.9A patent/EP2540671B1/en active Active
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EP2540671B1 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
MY164109A (en) | 2017-11-30 |
AU2012203533B2 (en) | 2014-11-20 |
RU2012126654A (ru) | 2014-01-10 |
PH12012000188A1 (en) | 2014-02-24 |
AU2012203533A1 (en) | 2013-01-17 |
ZA201204651B (en) | 2013-02-27 |
US8802040B2 (en) | 2014-08-12 |
CN102851501A (zh) | 2013-01-02 |
US20120328493A1 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
JP2013163861A (ja) | 2013-08-22 |
JP2015212423A (ja) | 2015-11-26 |
EP2540671A1 (en) | 2013-01-02 |
RU2598415C2 (ru) | 2016-09-27 |
KR20130001694A (ko) | 2013-01-04 |
CA2780545A1 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
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