JPS63500828A - electronic control circuit - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.

Description

[Detailed description of the invention] electronic control circuit The present invention is particularly useful for electronic control circuits, especially for power supplies and loads that vary. This invention relates to a control circuit for maximizing power movement.

In this specification, "inverter" refers to a means for converting alternating current or direct current voltage. stage, and the duty ratio (duty cycle), frequency, etc. It can be changed by other factors, and is equipped with a switching regulator. It is assumed that there is

The present invention is particularly useful for photovoltaic cells used as storage batteries. However, as is clear from the explanation below, it is limited to this special use. There isn't.

The problem with photovoltaic cells is that the maximum power generated in the photovoltaic cell voltage-current characteristic curve is This means that it is limited to one point. This is because the photocell is used for charging. This also occurs when connected to a module. Figure 1 shows a typical 12-voice 4 shows a characteristic curve 40 of a standard charging module. The point that produces the maximum power is It is expressed as vpS rp, and this point is approximately 16 volts on the characteristic curve. Occurs at the shoulder or knee. Of course, the maximum power is The battery can also be moved when equal to this voltage. nominal 12 volts Lead-acid batteries range from voltages below 11 volts at maximum discharge to maximum charge at It varies from 15 volts to 16 volts. Normally, the battery voltage should be set to 14.4 volts (the voltage of the battery when limited is shown in the diagram). (denoted by X and Y).

Therefore, it is difficult to know the maximum power capacity of a solar cell module. There is a resistive load The resistance is determined according to Ohm's law. If not equal to Vp/Ip, Maximum power cannot be transferred. Figure 3 shows the power-voltage characteristics of the same module. It is expressed as a characteristic curve, and according to this, the output voltage of the battery is limited to amping) J is clearly shown. In other words, electricity The lower the voltage of the battery, the lower the output power.

The output voltage of a solar module is always the voltage at which the maximum power transfer occurs. Of course, it is desirable to keep it constant. The load voltage also determines the maximum power transfer. It is desirable that the voltage be kept constant at such a voltage that no movement occurs.

A direct connection is made so that the load limits or controls the output of the solar module. If they are carried out in some form, they will most of the time be in an antagonistic or conflicting state. So In the controller system, the movement of the largest horn or the peak power point (maximum power Attempts have been made to detect (track) points that cause movement, but these attempts The main drawbacks are the inability to directly measure the output in the system, the difficulty in controlling it, and However, they had the troublesome problem of not being sufficiently effective.

The invention also has utility in voltage regulation of solar systems. Ru. Controllable inverter or switching regulator in solar system Minimizes dissipation as heat and waste within the system by using a The advantage is that tighter voltage regulation can be made.

Currently, there are two types of solar regulators: linear control and switch control. These can be assembled into a circuit by either parallel or series connections. be included. Linear regulators have two major disadvantages. That is, i) Large consumption as heat ii) High cost and expensive equipment This is a drawback.

However, this regulator is capable of very good regulation. common Switched regulators built into columns also have the two drawbacks mentioned above. Therefore, accurate adjustment cannot be made unless very strict circuit hysteresis control is performed. It is in the form of an "on/off device".

Switched regulators placed in series can do the same without the other two drawbacks. You can make various adjustments.

Increment using multiple solar modules If a J regulator is configured, the regulator is a linear regulator. It works.

In addition to the above, the output of the solar collector (thermal or electrical) is , depends on the position of the collector relative to the sun. fixed collector solar outputs a sine curve for the period of the day based on the earth's rotation relative to It will be done. The maximum output is when the sun's rays are incident perpendicularly on the collector ( - Occurs around noon of the day). However, when it is cloudy, the incident light from the sun Due to the scattering of light rays, due to the presence of nearby white clouds, the influence of buildings, shadows or water. More energy can be obtained from a different position than the sun.

The output of a fixed solar collector follows a sine curve over time of − days. This condition is clearly shown in FIG. Point G,,HS ISJ is calculated when the collector is perpendicular to the sun's rays on a sunny day. (atmospheric effects are not taken into account). (not). The theoretical maximum gain is the area under the sinusoidal curve and the point GHIJ. This is the difference from the enclosed area. This is the R, M, S, value and peak of the sinusoidal curve. This can be interpreted as a difference from the value, resulting in a gain of approximately 41.4%.

Currently used solar collector tracking devices are It does not take into account changes from the incident rays from the sun due to shadows, etc., and it is complicated. And it's expensive.

One known method uses optical sensor devices fixed to each side of the collector. and these light sensor devices are brought into the shadow by the movement of the collector. That is what it is. Depending on the presence or absence of light reaching the optical sensor device, the collector Moved. The disadvantage of this method is that the sensor device requires movement of the collector. The point is that shadows other than the shadows that are present are not allowed to have any influence. The sensors are made differently. This is because there is a risk that the input from the sun will be different due to undesirable use.

Other known methods include placing the collector where the sun is expected to be present during the day. It is to put it. This method uses a position feedback control device. This is done using a position control motor such as a step motor. Therefore, it is expensive. This method also compensates for changes due to shadows or clouds. There is no compensation that allows maximum output to be obtained at all times.

Both of the above methods require independent control circuits for either output regulator. both methods give the location of the collector directly related to its output. do not have.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to alleviate the above-mentioned problems or shortcomings in existing circuits. An object of the present invention is to provide an electronic control circuit that can solve at least one problem.

The object of the invention is to provide a variable power supply (21) and electrical load (22) an electronic circuit for transferring maximum power between said power supply Continuously measure one or more electrical parameters indicating the output from (21) a measuring circuit (23) for storing the last measured value of the output; storage circuit (27) and compares the last measured value of said output with the immediately previous measured value. a comparator (24) for issuing an output signal 3 when the force is decreasing; , opposite directions of the control means (28), (30) connected to said power supply. said load from said power supply causing a predetermined amount of change in one of said power supplies; (22) Control decision for issuing the first control signal 1 that changes the power transfer to a circuit (31) connected to receive said output signal 3 and connected to said first outputting a second control signal 2 that changes the direction of the change caused by the control signal; the control circuit (31) which emits the signal in response to the signal 3; Designed to cause a change in direction when a predetermined limit in direction is reached. An electronic circuit characterized in that it is equipped with a limit detection circuit (43) that moves. will be achieved.

Figure 1, referenced earlier, shows a typical 12 volt solar module. Figure 2 shows the current vs. voltage graph for the module in Figure 1. It shows a curve 40 in which the relationship is redrawn for comparison of regulators, Figure 3 shows the curve 4 redrawn as the power-voltage relationship for the module in Figure 1. Figure 4 shows "fixed" and "tracking" type solar collectors. Figure 5 is a graph for comparing the output between the Stepper motors and inverters with voltage monitors for back-up and regulation 1 is a block diagram of a solar power system according to an embodiment of the present invention using a Figure 6 shows the "power maximization" feedback used in the embodiment shown in Figure 5. It is a basic flowchart representing the technology, Figures 7A through 7D may be combined to create a solar power system as shown in Figure 5. This figure shows a detailed circuit block diagram.

According to the embodiments described below, the user of a photovoltaic cell can convert the cell into a known technology. It is possible to obtain more output than in the case of In the diagrams, explanations are given with reference numbers. Even if the parts are not included in the The content is obvious. With the advancement of semiconductor technology, photoelectric cells are commonly equipped, It has become possible to form a complex but highly useful control circuit for low output. This control circuit is , continuously measuring and adjusting the output of the solar cell module; output, which can be transferred to the load or battery.

This control circuit also adjusts the position of the solar module relative to the sun based on time. Adjust again to obtain maximum output. Voltage regulation is also obtained. Figure 5 As shown in FIG. 6, the variable duty ratio inverter 20 If it is placed between the module 21 and the load 22 and the efficiency is ignored, then , the following formula applies:

i) Vout = vinX duty ratio (Duty C”/cle) ii) Vin = Vout / Duty ratio iii) Input = Output The duty ratio (Duty Cycle) for controlling this inverter is , is adjusted to satisfy the above formula. Explanation of the entire circuit (Figures 7A-7D) ), control is performed to maintain the peak output. output The voltage (Vout) is limited (cIamped) from the battery or the load It is kept constant by 22 resistors, and the duty ratio allows the maximum output to be moved. If the solar module is forced to change to the point where it Operate.

Next, referring to Figure 6, each block in the flowchart is configured as follows. ing.

34: Measuring output 35: Store measurement values 36: Change of control value 37: Has the output decreased? 38: Change direction of control value change 39: Has the control reached within the restricted area? As shown in Figure 6, the output is first measured. is stored. The control value is then changed based on the sensed quantity. The output is It is measured again and compared with the previous measurement. When a decrease in output is detected, the control value is The ``direction'' of the change is switched before continuing with the control change and further measurements are taken. . This system will be referred to below as "output maximization" feedback. , the circuit for this purpose is called an “output maximization” regulator and position controller. I will do so. In the feedback loop, the following three control signals are used. 1.2.3 is required.

1) Change the control value 2) Change the direction of control value change 3) A decrease (in power) was detected.

This is because the output "peaks" at one point. Output measurement circuit 2 3 and the comparison calculation circuit 24 connected to the stored value 27 of the previous measured value. A decrease on either side of the point is detected and causes the control to reverse direction. Close. If the reduction is caused by external causes such as sunlight or changes in load, The circuit "tracks" the output until it again shows a maximum value. Do J. The aforementioned three control signals in the feedback loop The stepper motor is used to control the motor 25, which is connected to the solar module. 21 drives the module so that its axis points toward the sun. Main control The timer 26 connected to the roll 31 is an element in which the motor 26 is controlled. When used as a feed part group instead of the inverter 20. Control is performed at Voltage adjustment is performed based on voltage monitor 33.

The motor and inverter are provided with respective controllers 28 and 30. child Each of these control units has a control that redirects the control value change and prevents the control from escaping. A limit value detection circuit 43 is provided. Inverter control sets the working frequency This is done by clock 29. The system clock 32 is a synchronizer of operation within the circuit. Used to perform initialization. Voltage adjustment is based on voltage monitor 33 It is done.

The control signal "Change the control value" changes continuously in both directions and when necessary. In theory, it is possible to do something simple that causes the object to change direction, but It is desirable that the "view" of the changes be controlled in synchronization with the measurement and comparison calculation functions. stomach.

The potential of this technology is dependent on the overall efficiency of this circuit with respect to other factors . As shown in FIGS. 7A to 7D, the circuit according to the present invention c’k) Variable D commonly known as J (step down) regulator Connect to averaging L/C filter (Ll, C2) to generate C output The high frequency switch T1 is used. The relationship between input voltage and desired output voltage Other types of inverters/converters can also be used as appropriate. recently circuit components (switches, diodes, inductor cores and capacitors) The development of circuits has made it possible to achieve high circuit efficiencies exceeding 90%. one On the other hand, control circuits using C-MOS and other low power components can also achieve high efficiency. manifest. The circuit provided herein uses less than 1 watt of power at 12 volts, Total power sloop less than 50 watts when connected to a high efficiency inverter Realize a system that has a

FIG. 2 shows a curve 40 showing the efficiency obtained from FIG. 1 as output/total power. are doing. A switched type resistor arranged in series having the characteristic represented by curve 41 in FIG. The regulator uses the same FET and blocking diode as the circuit described below. There is a loss of approximately 1 watt at the power level shown. , approximately 72% at 11 volts (Gr. An efficiency of 92.5% (point E on the graph) at 14.4 volts from point B on the rough The result is shown below.

selectively achieved in the output maximizing regulator (curve 42 in Figure 2). 90% efficiency is achieved when the output voltage is 13.8 volts in a switched regulator. (point D on the graph). territory beyond that The difference between the two in the range is that the output maximizing regulator has a duty rate close to 100%. Since it operates on sio, there are only a few. The circuit described below It is possible to measure a change of 1/256 of No.j, and the amount necessary to detect this change is The duty ratio value is changed only for. Switch type regulator in series arrangement The output loss compared to the It is approximately equal to the sum of 1/256 of the arc output. In the area of 13.8 volts or more Efficiency deficits are of little importance when the battery is approximately fully charged. Not worth it. Efficiency of over 92.5% in output maximizing regulators Exceeds the efficiency of series-configured switched regulators in the entire voltage range There is.

Next, referring to Figures 7A to 7E, these figures are the source of Figure 5. FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing the error system in more detail. Outputs shown in Figures 7A to 7C The power maximizing regulator includes an inverter 20, a power maximizing feedback loop element, power measurement circuit 23, store section 27, comparator 24, determination and Control circuits 30 and 31 and a voltage monitor circuit 33 are provided.

Figures 7D and 7E show the power maximizing position controller section. The section includes a timer 26, a counter and a motor drive circuit 28. It is growing. This section describes the feedback loop shown in Figures 7A-7C. using pre-element. This circuit is designed to handle the peak power of the solar module. Intended is a solar power system where the voltage applied (Vp) is always higher than the voltage of the load 22. It is configured as follows. This allows the [buck J (step down) ) It becomes possible to use a regulator. The main stage of Figures 7A to 7C The switch FET (TI) and blocking diode (U2) are connected in series. switch type [tire used in incremental J regulators] It belongs to Pu. Therefore, the loss at 100% duty ratio is the same. ing. This circuit consists of two parts: the part shown in Figures 7A to 7C; The portions shown in FIGS. 7D to 7E will be explained. First, Figures 7A to 7C The parts shown in the figure will be explained.

■、Voltage supply Two three-terminal regulators U2 (7805) and Ul (7 8L12) draw positive voltages of 5 volts and 12 volts, respectively. 5 bol A negative voltage is pulled from the +5 supply by U3' (7660IC).

The 555 variable multivibrator U4 that drives the diode pump is connected to the driver of K1. IC for supplying 12 volts to the rain (d) and for gate driving, U5 used to power the. This causes the gate (g) of T1 to The voltage is higher than that of the rain, and this means that the FET T1 is used in the state shown. This is necessary when ■、Voltage conversion A solar module is a constant voltage source, meaning that it does not require a voltage regulator, such as a voltage regulator. Capacitor 01 serves as a filter and voltage to prevent the generation of switching pulses. used as a source. The main switching FET-PI is connected to the source terminal. with different duty ratio pulses from U5 producing pulses of different widths at It is driven by This pulse is passed through a low pass filter with Ll and C2. will be supplied. Diode D1 returns the energy stored in Ll to the load. , at this time T1 is turned off. U2 is the output when the circuit is turned off. A blowing diode to prevent reverse current from the battery in 52. be. The resulting output is a function of the input voltage and duty ratio.

■、Power measurement IC-U6 is a mutual fundance type operational amplifier (3080). its output The current is derived from the voltage across the input terminals (pins 2 and 3) and the current flowing through pin 5 It is proportional to the value. The voltage between pins 2 and 3 is the output sensed by a resistor. force is proportional to current. The current flowing into pin 5 is the output voltage through resistor RVI, R1. Proportional.

The output current of U6 is proportional to the output power, which is the product of the output voltage and the output current. U6 That current is supplied to resistor R2 to generate a voltage based on the output current of . Diode D3 placed in parallel limits the negative swing and capacitor C3 acts as a filter for the voltage across resistor R2. This voltage is the drive When acting on meter M1, it is buffered by U7. Drive meter Ml is out. This allows the power to be directly observed.

■, Conversion to digital, storage and comparison U8, U9ASUIO to U12 constitutes a “tracking” analog-to-digital (8-bit) converter. ing. The clock pulse is generated by a 555 unstable multivibrator/U35. , is supplied via the NAND gate U36. [The output from 12 (pin 16) is , a voltage proportional to the state of two reversible counters UIO and Ull. Con Parator U8 compares the output from U12 to the voltage across R2. Out of U12 To make the force equal to the voltage across R2, the output from U8 is flipped The direction to counter UIO and Ull is determined by the action of flop U9A. Ru. Therefore, based on a constant input voltage, the output of U12 is equal to the output of comparator U8. Indication determined by sensitivity and/or voltage step of U12 (ideally ±ILS B) causes the input voltage to fluctuate up and down. U12 is 0 to 2.56 volts The output voltage range of the output voltage is divided into 256 steps (8 bits). It has a measurement resolution of ±0.01pol. As U9A's output rQJ increases In addition, the states of counters UIO and Ull digitally display the output power.

The circuit is configured such that the peak voltage across R2 (peak output power) does not exceed 2.56 volts. It is calibrated to look good. The peak output power is 33.6 watts as shown in the graph Assuming that, the resolution in power measurement is approximately 130 milliwatts C33,6 2 (divided by 56).

Each 7jllJ constant value is connected via data bus 53 (see Control and Decision section). The data is gradually stored in the 8-bit latch U15, and the digital comparator U13 and and Ui, 4 so that they can be compared with the new measurements. U15 Au If the data in the topput exceeds the state of counter UIO and Ull Whenever U14's A<B output (pin 7) is raised. This output strobes and A description of the controls and data controls is provided in the Controls and Decisions section. I will do that. This A<B output is shown in Figure 5. ) Decrease detected" control signal 3.

■Duty ratio that is digitally controlled The duty ratio is from 0 to 10. It is adjustable in 256 steps (8 bits) up to 0%. From U16 U21 is a 4-bit binary counter connected as an 8-bit pair. be. U1.6 to U19 are high speed tapes and are controlled by crystal controlled oscillator U22. It is driven by U16 and U17 are driven at this clock frequency of 256, and U17 The output (pin 12) drives the clock input of flip-flop U23A. Ru. When the output of U17 increases, the output rQJ of U23A decreases, and the counter TJ U18 and U are determined by the input data determined by the states of U20 and U21. 19 is “Loaded”.

When the output of U19 (pin 12) is increased, the output of U23A is increased. U19 The point at which the output increases depends on the data loaded when the output of U17 is increased. The time difference between these two outputs is determined by U20 and U21. The duty ratio at the output of U23A can be more controlled. Determine.

This is used to drive the “gate” of T1 and control the output. e 1-shi f t ing) is used via a transistor. tJ2 The outputs of 0 and U21 are connected to the two inputs at pin 15 of L120 and U21. controlled by The pin 15 is used to mark the steps of the counter. Pin 10 is the reversible (up/down) clock input via NOR gate 24. down) control. These are used when powering up. Reset to 0 by pin 21 controlled by U25 via converter and inverter. will be cut.

These are also reset to O upon sensing a high output voltage and the voltage regulator (see Regulation section). These also The pressure regulator causes the pressure to subtract (col, Int down). obtain.

■, Control and decision Each time U9A's rQJ output increases, a digital measurement of the output power is taken.

This signal is used to lower the rQJ output of U26A, thereby Gate U36 is turned off and no further clock pulses reach the A-D converter. prevent you from doing Tarotsuk is low at this stage. When the clock increases, U26 B's output rQJ "clears" the increased input from U26A. ” In response to the input, it will increase from the previous suppressed state. U26B is Controls gates U27 and U28. U27 has input and output here. It has two "high" states through the inverter in the output, and the input of U29. increase the level of If the other input 3 of U29 is high, a new measured value (U (represented by lo and Ull and present on the data bus) are stored in U15. indicates that the measured value is smaller than the previous measured value. Decreasing the output power reduces the output of U29 to increase the output of inverter U29A. This is the “change” shown in Figure 5. This is equivalent to control signal 2 that says "change direction." rA<B from pin 7 of U14 The J signal corresponds to the "decrease detected (in output power)" shown in Figure 5. control signal 3. The “turn around” signal is a clock signal from U35. Remains high for as long as the pulse lasts. In the tarot input of U23B Boundary of transition to positivity (pos it ive - going ed ge), its output is varied and its rQJ output is NO R game) Controls the direction of counters U20 and U21 via U24.

When the clock decreases, the output j of U28 changes to U27 and decreases. This NA The ND gate controls NOR gate U30. 030 is in a heightened state The output has the following three effects.

i, data on the data bus is stored in U15.

This is because the U25's strobe input (pins 2 and 14) is heightened. be. ([Store for previous measurement value] in Figure 5) ii, change r control” signal 1 is now in the heightened state and the counter The interfaces U20 and U21 are moved one step in the direction predetermined by the comparison cycle. Proceed. This is equivalent to control signal 1 "change control" shown in Figure 5. . Accordingly, the duty ratio is changed by one bit.

iii, where the input of U26A is the small amount produced by R3 and C4. Increased after a long delay. This increases the rQJ output of U26A and increases U26B's rQJ output. is lowered by the increased value at the "clear" input, and NAND gate U36 is opened in preparation for the clock pulse. U27 and U28 are closed , remains closed until the output of U9A increases again and the next measurement is taken. .

For power maximization feedback, the output of U23B has a variable duty ratio. Determine the direction in which it will be controlled, and control 020 and U21 via NOR gate U24. control

It is [overridden J can also be done. U2's input is ``Decrease the duty ratio.'' ” control 4 and is sent from the voltage regulator section. U2BB is Also controlled by NOR gate inverter and 1 and R-C network . The “carry” output of U21 (bin 7) controls these two NOR gates. and force a change in direction. This is because U20 and U21)・-tal count is super In other words, the duty ratio suddenly changes from 100% to 0 or from 0 to 100%. This is done when overflow cannot occur. This feature in the circuit is It is referred to as a limit protector in the literature and is shown at 43 in FIG. It is electric If a decrease in force is not detected and the control variation limit is reached, a "constraint" 1a t ah-up) prevent J from occurring. The duty ratio is the voltage level. If lowered by the regulator and if O is detected, the NOR gate The system detects this and stops further counting, setting the duty ratio to 0. hold effectively.

■、Voltage control three comparators U31A to control the output voltage within desired limits; B and C are used. All of these refer to the voltage at the output from the ZDI Compare with voltage. If the output voltage is higher than required, certain comparators The output of the motor becomes high.

1. Low voltage comparator U31A - This circuit is not essential to the invention; It merely constitutes an optional additional feature of the circuit. The output of U31A is free. connected to the flip-flop (U32), and the output of the flip-flop is connected to the flip-flop (U32). The power is “constrained” during the power measurement phase by a pulse through two NOR gates. tched) J is done. If the output is low at any time That disables the voltage regulator. This is the U32rQJ output A ``high'' condition occurs and the U32 is connected to the ``clear'' input of U33. This is because the rQJ output is continuously lowered. Then the voltage is Pressure (high volts) rises to the same height as J was set do. This causes the [low voltage (1ow-v　o　1　 ts) For J limit, "Flat J or lower battery automatic Rapid charging is possible.

ii. Voltage regulation comparator U31B - The output of this comparator is , constrained during the power measurement phase by a pulse at the tarok input of U33 ( Iatch) (this is caused by a step in the duty ratio due to a malfunction). (This is done to prevent inappropriate transient conditions from occurring). Output voltage increases If it is too high, the U33 rQJ output will increase. This line is displayed as “4” This results in a decrease in the duty ratio. In the input of 024 This increase causes a countdown of U20 and U21, resulting in a countdown of U20 and U21. This results in an overlap of the signals from 3B. U2BB The output of the two connected to its "Set" and "Reset" inputs. is lowered by two NOR gates.

The duty ratio is then set by control line 1 being pulsed by the power measurement control circuit. It decreases each time it is given. Due to the point where comparator U31B has decreased When the duty ratio decreases, the duty ratio automatically increases. This is U This is because 23B was forced low, and both inputs of U24 are now low. This is because the reversible control of U20 and U21 is increased. Deute The ratio is determined by voltage comparator U31B or power maximization feedback again. It will continue to increase until it is controlled. However, if the duty ratio decreases, the output voltage When the duty ratio is not decreased, the duty ratio continues to decrease to 0, and the duty ratio remains at 0. NOR game) U34 receives the 0 [transmission] from U21 through the NOR gate and inverter. Carry J is detected and U2 is 0 and U21 "resetable state" inputs. This is Effectively equivalent to the “off” state of a column-arranged switched regulator, but with The effect of decreasing and increasing the ratio approximates a "linear" regulator. Therefore The regulator can operate in parallel with others during battery charging and is Power maximization feedback, voltage regulation or switch on and off depending on Automatically determines whether to operate with

iii. High voltage comparator U31C - the effect of this comparator is immediate is played. If the output is high, the circuit will be reset via NOR gate U35. is set, and the duty ratio becomes O. This is the desired output It prevents the generation of high voltages, but at the same time it is a "series arrangement switch type" regulator. It is used to simulate. i.e. the battery voltage limit is exceeded. The output is immediately switched off. -The difference is “switch on” is done in an innovative way, and the “power maximum” or “reinstatement” is performed before the switch-off occurs again. This is done through the "Ar" regulator stage.

Next, the basic differential of the circuit shown in FIGS. 7D to 7E will be explained. 7th A The power maximizing regulator from Fig. 7C and the power maximizing regulator from Fig. 7D to Fig. 7E For switching the control signals required between the position controller and the position controller. A timer is used for this purpose. The regulator usually receives the timer signal It functions up to. Regulator duty ratio does not affect output power so that it is held at this point. Next, after each power measurement, the stepper motor is driven. The decrease in output power is due to the change in duty ratio. The differential direction of the motor changes in the same way that the direction is controlled in the regulator. Bring forth. If this process is allowed to continue unimpeded, the The Ra collector constantly moves between two points, resulting in an out Decrease in put power i.e. in either direction from maximum solar input resulting in withdrawal of Prevents wastage of motor power and shares main control decision logic To enable the motor to move the collector midway between these two points (m ean), it is turned off as follows.

The initial decrease in power indicates that the collector is initially moving in the wrong direction. This means that the direction of movement is changed and the motor continues to operate differentially. Second direction When the “change direction” signal is issued, the counter will issue the third “change direction” signal. It will start counting the number of steps until a signal is issued. counter The value held at - is the step between the two positions resulting in a decrease in output power. It shows the number of The collector is then stepped back by half this number and The rector is located in an intermediate position that outputs maximum power. timer reaches 0 The control signal is then reset by the counter that is used by the regulator until it starts the tracking sequence again.

At some point during the tracking sequence, the regulator If power voltage is detected, the timer is reset and the regulator is immediately controlled. Tracking is not required when the output limit is exceeded. The collector remains in its last position.

The core lefter reaches its limit of movement (90° from the horizon) in either direction. If so, the limit detection switch changes the motor differential direction. counter will keep the collector in the "middle" position (so it will continue to operate in both directions). If the limits of movement are exceeded, the collector will be placed in a horizontal position. Become. This occurs during times of extremely low solar input.

Description of the circuits in Figures 7D to 7E As shown in Figures 7A to 7C and 7D to 7E, the regulator and There are seven connection points K to Q between the position control circuit and the position control circuit. explained below . There is only one change for the regulator - "Step Duty Ratio" ” line points so that the timer can stop changing the duty ratio. It is interrupted at K and L.

K To control the duty ratio of the regulator, follow the steps in Figures 7A to 7C. A pulse is provided to U22.

L Extends from the control line "1" in Figures 7A to 7C and is in the shape of a timer. for a step in the duty cycle or a step in the motor circuit depending on the used.

M: Line “2” of “Change the direction of change”.

N Extends from line "4" of "Decrease duty ratio". −Voltage limit Display that the cut has been exceeded and reset the timer.

This is line "5" of O main "reset". -Reset the timer.

Power from P and Q regulator output to motor drive bridge circuit It is for supply.

During normal operation of the regulator, pulses are sent to inverter U41A and NAN It is supplied to the point via D gates U42A and U42C, and the regulator's 7A through the connection from point K in FIG. 7C to U3O. , to control the duty ratio. One pulse is generated for each power measurement. . These pulses are counted by U54 and used as timed signals. It will be done. The motors used in this example are two-phase stepper motors, with two The coils 55 and 56 are provided. Each of these coils is a transistor tube. Driven by ridge circuit Tll-722, these bridge circuits are NOR gates. )-U51A-U51B. These turn off all motor current , but the circuit is not used. In other words, the regulator is not operating. The timer is not triggered. These NOR gates have two each flip-flop has three inputs at its input. Controlled by a NAND gate. By combining NAND and flip-flops , the phase required to drive the motor is determined. U45B is determines the direction of rotation and is coupled to two NAND gates at the output U44A generates alternating out-of-phase pulses to step the motor.

Once enough pulses have been counted by U54, its output Q] and Q1 2 increases, lowering U42B's alertness and output. This output is low. Below, more pulses are sent to the regulator by closing Gate 1-U42C. and flip-flops U45 and U45B set their preset values. NOR gate U31A is allowed to operate by lowering the impulse - Open U51B to allow motor current to flow. of said output The drop occurs when the pulse U44 opens the gate U42B via the inverter U41F. Allow movement to A. Therefore, the pulse from the connection is determined by point U45B. Step the motor in the given direction, each produced by the regulator generation for power measurement. If power decreases or travel limits are exceeded. If the collector moves to any point, control line 2 or The pulse from the mitt switch 54 passes through the NAND gate U32A to the clock of U45B. It is accepted in the lock implant) and the operating direction of the motor can be changed.

The rQJ output of U34B is also connected to the clock input of U45A, Every second change in direction causes U45A to change state.

The motor steps in a new direction with each power measurement and waits for the next "change of direction" pulse. This continues until the base reaches U45B. Both U45A and U45B are in changed state. I can do it.

The rQJ output of U45A will be low and the binary counters U46 and U 47 operation is allowed. - These count directions are controlled by reversible control inputs. upward as determined by the output of U45B connected to the top.

The motor changes direction again, but this time each step is countered by U46 and U47. will be counted.

The motor steps in a new direction with each power measurement and a new [direction control pulse] is applied. This continues until the source changes U45B to the lower side. Counters U46 and U47 are It is placed in a state of subtraction (count down). U45A is still at a low level . The reversed outputs of U45A and U45B are high (and these are The output of U33A decreases. Out from this U33A The decrease in topput is due to the "step" power in the tallock input from the connection. Allow flip-flop U44B to respond to the arrival of the loop. U44B is N AND game) - controls U42A, and each second "step" pulse only controls U44A Each two "step" phase fed from the regulator is allowed to reach The motor steps only once.

The motor steps for each second pulse and counters U46 and U47 performs a step down for each pulse. This process is performed by counters U46 and U4. This continues until 7 reaches 0, and when it reaches 0, U47's carryout push is trCOJ becomes low. On the other hand, if the carry output rcOJ is high, U The output of 43B is low, which is due to the low output of TJ53A at the input of U43C. Combined with the low output from the clear input of U45A and U45B produces high values of .

This high value state causes U45A and U45B to lock into that state, and from then on Prevented from responding to a "turn around" signal on the way down. U47 “Carry” Au When the top put is low, the collector receives the second and third “change of direction” signals. It is in the middle position. This low output from U47 makes U43B high, As a result, timer U54 activates NOR game gate 3B and inverter U41D. (reset) after that. U54's output) becomes low, then U54's output becomes low. The regulator remains in normal duty mode until the motor-driven tracking sequence begins. Receive the TiRatio step signal.

At any point when the motor is driven, the regulator is able to regain control. I can do it. A high value for N indicates that the voltage limit has been exceeded. child The high value of is sent via U43ASU41CSU43B and tJ41D to reset the regulator so that the regulator receives the “step duty ratio” pulse. allow to take. A high value at 0 indicates a “high voltage shutdown” comparator 1/ The output voltage from the controller U31C (Figure 7C) is excessive or the input voltage The main reset (main reset) is activated either due to pressure not being within predetermined limits. It also resets the timer and stops the motor from operating. Ru.

This circuit is the only means to obtain the desired result. A lot of it is Ana using logging techniques (e.g. sample and hold circuits for power measurements), or It can be simulated by a microprocessor. The battery is also charged When the power source is used, the output current must be maximized to ensure maximum power. −This circuit would have the same effect even if only the current was measured and maximized in output. It will be eggplant.

Returning to Figure 5, this figure is based on Figures 7A to 7C and 7D. with a "power maximization" feedback circuit as detailed in connection with Figure 7E. This is a block diagram of a solar power system using an inverter. In this case, the inverter 20 to be controlled is connected to the solar cells in the solar system. It is arranged between the module 21 and the load 22. As a result of doing this, by a linear regulator without the disadvantages mentioned at the beginning of the specification. It becomes possible to make adjustments that can be obtained by Several regulators are operated in parallel. allows for “incremental” actuation with better regulation. You can do this. As mentioned above, FIGS. 7A to 7C and 7D to 7 The circuit shown in Figure E features a "power maximization" feedback technique, which reduces voltage Maximum power transfer is possible until the mitt is reached, and the device acts as a voltage regulator. automatic switching between the two modes of operation.

There are many ways to control the output of an inverter or switching regulator. are known and therefore this specification specifically mentions any of them. It doesn't seem necessary. The example shown in Figure 5 is used for solar systems. This is merely an example to illustrate the unique features of the present invention.

As is clear from the above discussion, the “power maximization” feedback technique can be applied in the field and is not limited to application in power generation. . This technology applies electrical power, whether it is power, voltage, current, temperature, speed, etc. used to maximize measurable targets. However, if this technology is applied device has a peak in output, is controlled by input, or The condition is that it can be controlled by an external device that can be controlled by this circuit. becomes.

The characteristic peaks of the pressure power of solar cells have already been mentioned. Similar peaks Occurs at the output of an electric machine or synchronous generator, and the positioning of the solar collector and one of these controls, as an example where the maximum output is achieved. was shown. The input and output conditions of this circuit are favorable to the application conditions. However, the heart of the circuit shown in the flowchart in Figure 6 The parts - measuring, storing, adjusting, comparing, determining - are of the same loaf.

Another example of the use of the invention is described with respect to voltage regulators. desired To obtain the output voltage, a “duty ratio” controlled inverter or switch Linear adjustment is achieved by using a gray regulator and changing the duty ratio. The adjustment of the regulator may be similar. Voltage reaches preset level If it exceeds this, the duty ratio will be reduced. If the output voltage is at another reset level Below this level, the duty ratio is allowed to increase. 2 preset levels The difference between the two determines the adjustment. −This is true for switch type regulators. Similar to how hysteresis is used. The difference is that the output is does not switch off, but is reduced to the required amount below the lower preset and its This is the point where it increases up to the higher preset. Therefore, the duty ratio and output The voltage rises and falls around the average value of two preset limits. however, The battery is being charged by another regulator and the voltage exceeds the higher limit. Then, the duty ratio is reduced so that the voltage does not fall below the lower limit. If not, the duty ratio continues to decrease to 0 and the voltage returns to the lower preset. No increase is allowed below the limit. Other regulators are After no control of the output voltage, the combined regulator simulates a "linear" Increment in which any or all may operate in the selected mode a1) Functions as a regulator. The mode of operation depends on the battery status and load. , depending on the charging done etc. In the given circuit, the regulator functions as a “large” regulator, but the preset voltage limits cannot be exceeded. automatic switching from one to the other depending on the output voltage This is a condition. In this way, charging takes place effectively and regulation is done by linear regulators. A system for multiple charging that can be done in the same way as in a The surplus capacity of the system is formed.

On the other hand, the above embodiments show two-point control for maximum power transfer. Ru. In other words, the inverter duty ratio and the stepper motor control of the drive source. Ru.

One or the other of these control forms may be used separately in certain applications of the invention. It will be easily understood that it can be used.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, the photovoltaic cell is attached to a solar hot water panel. , the electronic circuit described above with reference to the drawings is applied to this photovoltaic cell. this A stepper motor is coupled to the panel to change the angle of the panel relative to the sun be done. Therefore, the photocell operates in the same way as in the solar panel described above, Its output transforms the power supply to provide input to the circuit according to the invention. used to transform Of course, in this case, the energy given is for measurement. The load is a pseudo load (d ummy 1 o a d).

It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention is capable of many different applications. cormorant. Furthermore, the various matters described in this specification may limit the application of the present invention. It should be understood that this is not intended.

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Claims (1)

[Claims] 1 Between the changing power supply (21) and the electrical load (22) An electronic circuit for transferring electric power from the power supply (21). A measurement cycle for continuously measuring one or more electrical parameters that indicate output. (23) and a storage circuit (23) for storing the last measured value of said output. 7), compare the last measured value of the output with the immediately previous measured value and find that the output has decreased. a comparator (24) for generating the output signal 3 and the power supply in one of the opposite directions of the control means (28), (30) connected to the lie. power from said power supply to said load (22) causing a predetermined amount of change in A control determining circuit (31) for issuing a first control signal 1 that changes movement. is connected to receive said output signal 3 and is generated by said first control signal. A second control signal 2 for changing the direction of the change caused is generated in response to the output signal 3. the control circuit (31) which controls the control circuit (31); A limit detector that operates to cause a change in direction when a limit is reached. An electronic circuit characterized by comprising a knowledge circuit (43). 2 The control means (28) and (30) are connected to the power supply a first control means (30) having a controller (20) and connected to said power supply; a second control means having a stepper motor (25); each stepper motor moves from the power supply to the load. According to claim 1, the device causes a change in electric power. control circuit. 3. By making a selection between the first and second control means, the inverter or a stepper motor to move from said power supply to said load. A claim characterized in that it is equipped with a timer (26) to vary the power. The electronic circuit according to item 2 of the scope of demand. 4 The control means is an inverter connected between the power supply and the load. the inverter (20) from the power supply to the load. The electronic device according to claim 1, characterized in that it causes a change in the moving power of circuit. 5. The control means includes a stepper motor (25) coupled to the power supply. ), and the stepper motor transfers the moving power from the power supply to the load. An electronic circuit according to claim 1, characterized in that it produces a change in force. 6. The voltage regulator of the mobile power is connected for measuring the voltage of the mobile power and the By means of voltage monitoring means (33) cooperating with a control circuit, a predetermined limit of said voltage is determined. In the event of an excess, the output of the inverter is reduced or switched on; Alternatively, the stepper motor is switched off. The electronic circuit according to claim 3. 7 The changing power supply is a solar collector and the step motor the solar collector is coupled to change the position of the solar collector with respect to the sun. 7. The electronic circuit according to claim 6, characterized in that: 8. The stepper motor is driven once for each power measurement, and the timer is activated once for each power measurement. keeping the output of the inverter constant while the stepper motor is being driven; If the measured output decreases, the drive direction of the motor is changed and the drive is After the second change in direction of movement, the stepper motor continues until there is a third change in direction of movement. A counter is provided to count the number of steps the motor is driven. - from the position where the third change in the drive direction is made to the second change in the drive direction. Step back to the position where the change was made by half the number of steps counted. A logic circuit is provided to cause the solar collector to It is located at the center position of the maximum output power during each operation time by the timer. 8. The electronic circuit according to claim 7, characterized in that: 9. The limit detection circuit detects at each movement limit of the solar collector. a switching device operatively connected to the stepper motor; The electronic device according to claim 8, characterized in that it causes a change in the rotational direction of the electronic device. circuit. 10 The varying power supply is a generator, and the control means is configured to control the maximum power connected to the field winding of the generator to maintain the field voltage at a value that produces The electronic circuit according to claim 6. 11. The control means comprises a counter and a digital analog converter. The electronic circuit according to claim 10. 12 The control signal is generated in synchronization with the measurement of output power, and the control signal is generated in synchronization with the measurement of output power, and - is a switching regulator having a variable duty ratio; The control signal is used to change the duty ratio. The electronic circuit according to claim 11.