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JPS63277209A - Thermosetting resin composition - Google Patents

Thermosetting resin composition

Info

Publication number
JPS63277209A
JPS63277209A JP11272387A JP11272387A JPS63277209A JP S63277209 A JPS63277209 A JP S63277209A JP 11272387 A JP11272387 A JP 11272387A JP 11272387 A JP11272387 A JP 11272387A JP S63277209 A JPS63277209 A JP S63277209A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
compound
group
methyl group
formula
hydrogen atom
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
JP11272387A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPH0534368B2 (en
Inventor
Haruo Tomita
冨田 春生
Kazuhide Fujimoto
和秀 藤本
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry Co Ltd filed Critical Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry Co Ltd
Priority to JP11272387A priority Critical patent/JPS63277209A/en
Publication of JPS63277209A publication Critical patent/JPS63277209A/en
Publication of JPH0534368B2 publication Critical patent/JPH0534368B2/ja
Granted legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F20/00Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F20/02Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
    • C08F20/52Amides or imides
    • C08F20/54Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
    • C08F20/58Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing oxygen in addition to the carbonamido oxygen, e.g. N-methylolacrylamide, N-acryloylmorpholine

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Epoxy Resins (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain the titled composition having excellent heat-resistance and mechanical strength, by using a compound containing epoxy group and (meth)acrylamidomethyl group and a compound containing hydroxyl group and (meth)acrylamidomethyl group as essential components. CONSTITUTION:The objective composition contains (A) a compound having one or more epoxy groups and one or more (meth)acrylamidomethyl groups and (B) a compound having one or more hydroxyl groups and one or more (meth)acrylamidomethyl groups as essential components. The molar ratio of the epoxy group of the compound A to the hydroxyl group of the compound B is preferably 60:40-40:60. The compound A is preferably a glycidyl compound of formula I (R is H or CH3) and the compound B is preferably a compound of formula II. The composition is useful as a heat-resistant laminate for electrical use, an adhesive for heat-resistant structure, etc.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 「産業上の利用分野」 本発明は、耐熱性及び機械的強度に優れた熱硬化性樹脂
組成物に関するものである。
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION "Field of Industrial Application" The present invention relates to a thermosetting resin composition having excellent heat resistance and mechanical strength.

「従来技術と問題点」 従来、熱硬化性樹脂としては、フェノール樹脂、エポキ
シ樹脂、不飽和ポリエステル樹脂等が知られており、接
着、塗料、成型材料、複合材料の分野で広く使用されて
いる。これらの熱硬化性樹脂は一般に耐熱性の高いもの
は強度が低く、逆に強度の高いものは耐熱性が低いとい
う傾向があり、高い耐熱性と高い強度を両立させること
は困難であった。一方、これらの熱硬化性樹脂を成型材
料、複合材料として用いる場合、耐熱性あるいは強度が
不足するため使用用途が限定されるという問題があった
"Prior Art and Problems" Conventionally, known thermosetting resins include phenolic resin, epoxy resin, and unsaturated polyester resin, which are widely used in the fields of adhesives, paints, molding materials, and composite materials. . Generally, those thermosetting resins with high heat resistance tend to have low strength, and conversely, those with high strength tend to have low heat resistance, so it has been difficult to achieve both high heat resistance and high strength. On the other hand, when these thermosetting resins are used as molding materials or composite materials, there is a problem that their uses are limited due to insufficient heat resistance or strength.

「問題点を解決するための手段」 本発明者らは、かかる問題点を解決すべく鋭意検討した
結果、特定の化合物を組み合わせた樹脂組成物がこれら
の問題点を解決し得ることを見出し、本発明に到達した
"Means for Solving the Problems" As a result of intensive study to solve these problems, the present inventors discovered that a resin composition combining specific compounds could solve these problems, We have arrived at the present invention.

即ち、本発明は少なくとも1個のエポキシ基と少なくと
も1個のナタリルアミドメチル基またはメタクリルアミ
ドメチル基を存する化合物(A)と、少なくとも1個の
水酸基と少なくとも1個のアクリルアミドメチル基また
はメタクリルアミドメチル基を有する化合物(B)を必
須成分として含有することを特徴とする熱硬化性樹脂組
成物を内容とするものである。
That is, the present invention provides a compound (A) having at least one epoxy group and at least one natalylamide methyl group or methacrylamide methyl group, and a compound (A) having at least one hydroxyl group and at least one acrylamide methyl group or methacrylamide methyl group. The thermosetting resin composition is characterized by containing a compound (B) having a methyl group as an essential component.

本発明に用いることのできる化合物(A)は、少なくと
も1個のエポキシ基と少なくとも1個のアクリルアミド
メチル基またはメタクリルアミドメチル基を有する化合
物であれば特に限定されないが、下記一般式(I) ¥ (CHz =CCNHCHz+TAr’   (1)(
式中、Ar’ はグリシジルオキシ基を少なくとも1個
有する炭素数6〜20の芳香族炭化水素を、Rは水素原
子またはメチル基を表し、nは1〜4の整数である)で
表される化合物(A)が本発明の目的に特に好適である
。かかる化合物(A)の製造方法は、例えば特開昭60
−130580に開示されている0例えば2.6−キシ
レノールとN−メチロール(メタ)アクリルアミドを縮
合させたのち、エビハロヒドリンでグリシジル化するこ
とにより、下記構造式(II) (式中、Rは水素原子またはメチル基である)で表され
るグリシジル化合物きを得ることができる。
The compound (A) that can be used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has at least one epoxy group and at least one acrylamide methyl group or methacrylamide methyl group, but may be represented by the following general formula (I) ¥ (CHz = CCNHCHz+TAr' (1) (
In the formula, Ar' is an aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 20 carbon atoms having at least one glycidyloxy group, R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and n is an integer of 1 to 4. Compound (A) is particularly suitable for the purposes of the present invention. The method for producing such compound (A) is described, for example, in JP-A-60
For example, by condensing 2,6-xylenol and N-methylol (meth)acrylamide and glycidylating it with shrimp halohydrin, the following structural formula (II) (wherein R is a hydrogen atom) is obtained. or a methyl group) can be obtained.

本発明に用いることのできる化合物(B)は、少なくと
も1個の水酸基と少なくとも1個のアクリルアミドメチ
ル基またはメタクリルアミドメチル基を有する化合物で
あれば良く、特に限定されないが、下記一般式(I[l
) す (CHt −C−C−NH−CHz−)−rAr”  
(I[I )(式中、Ar”は水酸基を少なくとも1つ
存する炭素数6〜20の芳香族炭化水素基を、Rは水素
原子またはメチル基を表し、nは1〜4の整数である)
で表される化合物が本発明の目的に特に好適である。か
かる化合物(B)は例えばNeth、Pat、Appl
n、No、6,604,304に開示されている方法に
より製造することができる9例えは、2.6−キシレノ
ールとN−メチロール(メタ)アクリルアミドを縮合さ
せることにより下記構造式(IV)(式中、Rは水素原
子またはメチル基である)で表される化合物を得ること
ができる。
The compound (B) that can be used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has at least one hydroxyl group and at least one acrylamide methyl group or methacrylamide methyl group. l
) Su(CHt-C-C-NH-CHz-)-rAr”
(I[I) (wherein, Ar" represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group having at least one hydroxyl group and having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, R represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and n is an integer of 1 to 4. )
Compounds represented by are particularly suitable for the purposes of the present invention. Such compounds (B) include, for example, Neth, Pat, Appl
For example, the following structural formula (IV) can be produced by condensing 2,6-xylenol and N-methylol (meth)acrylamide. A compound represented by the formula (wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group) can be obtained.

本発明に用いる化合物(A)と化合物(B)の使用量は
、化合¥!yJ(A)のエポキシ基と化合物(B)水酸
基とのモル比が80 : 20〜20:80、更に好ま
しくは、60 : 40〜40 : 60の範囲となる
ように調節されるべきである。
The amounts of compound (A) and compound (B) used in the present invention are compound ¥! The molar ratio of the epoxy group of yJ (A) to the hydroxyl group of compound (B) should be adjusted to be in the range of 80:20 to 20:80, more preferably 60:40 to 40:60.

通常、これらの化合物の混合物は加熱することにより硬
化するが、硬化を促進させるため、適当な触媒を使用す
ることが望ましい。使用できる触媒としては、エポキシ
樹脂の硬化に通常使用されている硬化促進剤及びラジカ
ル重合開始剤が好適であり、これらを併用して用いるこ
とが望ましい。
Usually, mixtures of these compounds are cured by heating, but it is desirable to use a suitable catalyst to accelerate the curing. As catalysts that can be used, curing accelerators and radical polymerization initiators that are commonly used for curing epoxy resins are suitable, and it is desirable to use these in combination.

エポキシ樹脂の硬化に使用されている硬化促進剤として
は、第3級アミン、第4級アンモニウム塩、ホスフィン
類、イミダゾール類、ウレア誘導体等があるが、これら
はいずれも本発明の組成物の硬化促進剤として有効であ
る。
Curing accelerators used for curing epoxy resins include tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium salts, phosphines, imidazoles, and urea derivatives, all of which can be used to cure the composition of the present invention. Effective as a promoter.

ラジカル重合開始剤としては、一般にラジカル重合の開
始剤として知られているものが任意に使用できるが、そ
の中でも有機過酸化物が特に適している。例示すれば、
t〜ブチルハイドロパーオキサイド、キュメンハイドロ
パーオキサイド、ジクミルパーオキサイド、t−ブチル
パーベンゾエート、ベンゾイルパーオキサイド等が挙げ
られる。
As the radical polymerization initiator, any one generally known as a radical polymerization initiator can be used, but among them, organic peroxides are particularly suitable. For example,
Examples include t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, dicumyl peroxide, t-butyl perbenzoate, and benzoyl peroxide.

これら硬化促進剤及びラジカル重合開始剤の使用量は、
所望の硬化速度が得られるように設定すべきであるが、
通常ではそれぞれ化合物(A)と化合物(B)の合計に
対して0.01重量%〜1゜重量%、より好ましくは0
.1重量%−・・3重量%の範囲で使用する。本発明の
組成物には必要に応じて他の熱硬化性樹脂例えば不飽和
ポリエステル、エポキシ樹脂、フェノール樹脂等を添加
してもよい、またスチレン、メチルメタクリレ−1・、
ブチルアクリレート等の不飽和結合を有するモノマーを
添加してもよい。本発明の組成物は、また必要に応じて
各種の無機及び有機フィラーを添加してもよい。
The usage amounts of these curing accelerators and radical polymerization initiators are as follows:
The setting should be such that the desired curing speed is obtained;
Usually 0.01% to 1% by weight, more preferably 0.01% to 1% by weight, based on the total of compound (A) and compound (B).
.. It is used in a range of 1% to 3% by weight. Other thermosetting resins such as unsaturated polyesters, epoxy resins, phenolic resins, etc. may be added to the composition of the present invention as necessary, and styrene, methyl methacrylate-1,
A monomer having an unsaturated bond such as butyl acrylate may be added. The composition of the present invention may also contain various inorganic and organic fillers, if necessary.

「作用・効果」 本発明の組成物からなる硬化物は高い耐熱性と高い強度
を兼ね備えているために各種の用途で使用できる0例え
ば、炭素繊維、アラミド繊維、ガラス繊維等のマトリッ
クス樹脂、電気用耐熱積層板、耐熱構造用接着剤、高性
能SMC等の用途で使用できる。
"Action/Effect" The cured product made of the composition of the present invention has both high heat resistance and high strength, so it can be used for various purposes.For example, matrix resins such as carbon fiber, aramid fiber, glass fiber, It can be used for applications such as heat-resistant laminates, heat-resistant structural adhesives, and high-performance SMC.

「実施例」 以下、本発明を具体的に実施例により説明するが、本発
明はこれら実施例のみに限定されるものではない、尚、
以下において「部」は「重量部」を表す。
"Examples" The present invention will be specifically explained below using Examples, but the present invention is not limited only to these Examples.
In the following, "parts" represent "parts by weight."

実施例I N−(4−グリシジルオキシ−3,5−ジメチルフェニ
ルメチル)アクリルアミド(前記構造式(n)でRが水
素原子であるもの、以下これを化合物A−1とする)5
6部及びN−(4−ヒドロキシ−3,5−ジメチルフェ
ニルメチル)アクリルアミド(前記構造式(rV)でR
が水素原子であるもの、以下これを化合物B−1とする
)44部を加熱し混合したものに、1−ベンジル−2−
メチルイミダゾール1.0部、ジクミルパーオキサイド
1.0部を混合し、ガラス板の間に流し込み、120℃
で2時間、その後160℃で2時間、更にその後200
℃で2時間加熱し硬化させ注型板を作成した。得られた
注型板について曲げ強度、引張り強度、加熱変形温度、
Tgの測定を行った結果を表1に示す。
Example I N-(4-glycidyloxy-3,5-dimethylphenylmethyl)acrylamide (structural formula (n) above, where R is a hydrogen atom, hereinafter referred to as compound A-1)5
6 parts and N-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenylmethyl)acrylamide (R in the above structural formula (rV)
1-benzyl-2-
Mix 1.0 part of methylimidazole and 1.0 part of dicumyl peroxide, pour it between glass plates, and heat at 120°C.
for 2 hours, then at 160°C for 2 hours, and then at 200°C.
The mixture was cured by heating at ℃ for 2 hours to prepare a casting plate. The bending strength, tensile strength, heating deformation temperature,
Table 1 shows the results of Tg measurements.

実施例2 化合物A−1を65.5部及び化合!l1llIB−1
を34.5部とした他は実施例1と同様の方法により注
型板の作成を行った。得られた注型板について曲げ強度
、引張り強度、加熱変形温度、Tgの測定を行った結果
を表1に示す。
Example 2 65.5 parts of compound A-1 and compound! l1llIB-1
A casting plate was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount was changed to 34.5 parts. Table 1 shows the results of measuring the bending strength, tensile strength, heating deformation temperature, and Tg of the obtained cast plate.

実施例3 1−ベンジル−2−メチルイミダゾールの代わりに、ト
リフェニルホスフィン1.0部、ジクミルパーオキサイ
ドの代わりにt−ブチルハイドロパーオキサイド1.0
部を用いた他は実施例1と同様の方法で注型板を作成し
た。得られた注型板について曲げ強度、引張り強度、加
熱変形温度、Tgの測定を行った結果を表1に示す。
Example 3 1.0 part of triphenylphosphine instead of 1-benzyl-2-methylimidazole, 1.0 part of t-butyl hydroperoxide instead of dicumyl peroxide
A casting plate was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a mold was used. Table 1 shows the results of measuring the bending strength, tensile strength, heating deformation temperature, and Tg of the obtained cast plate.

比較例1 エピビス型エポキシ樹脂(商品名エピコート828、油
化シェル(株)製)100部、無水メチルナジック酸7
9.6部、N、N−ジメチルベンジルアミン0.7部を
混合しガラス板の間に流し込み、140℃で1時間、そ
の後150℃で15時間加熱し硬化させ注型板を作成し
た。得られた注型板について曲げ強度、引張り強度、加
熱変形温度、Tgの測定を行った結果を表1に示す。
Comparative Example 1 100 parts of Epibis type epoxy resin (trade name Epicote 828, manufactured by Yuka Shell Co., Ltd.), 7 parts of methylnadic anhydride
9.6 parts of N,N-dimethylbenzylamine and 0.7 parts of N,N-dimethylbenzylamine were mixed, poured between glass plates, heated at 140°C for 1 hour, and then heated at 150°C for 15 hours to harden to prepare a casting plate. Table 1 shows the results of measuring the bending strength, tensile strength, heating deformation temperature, and Tg of the obtained cast plate.

比較例2 4,4′−ジアミノジフェニルメタンとエピクロルヒド
リンから得られる多官能エポキシ樹脂(商品名アラルダ
イトMY720、チバガイギー社製)100部、無水メ
チルナジック酸126部を混合しガラス板の間に流し込
み、100℃で2時間、その後150℃で2時間、更に
その後200℃で2時間加熱し硬化させ注型板を作成し
た。
Comparative Example 2 100 parts of a polyfunctional epoxy resin obtained from 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane and epichlorohydrin (trade name Araldite MY720, manufactured by Ciba Geigy) and 126 parts of methylnadic anhydride were mixed, poured between glass plates, and heated at 100°C for 2 hours. After that, the mixture was heated at 150° C. for 2 hours, and then at 200° C. for 2 hours to harden, and a cast plate was prepared.

得られた注型板について曲げ強度、引張り強度、加熱変
形温度、Tgの測定を行った結果を表1に示す。
Table 1 shows the results of measuring the bending strength, tensile strength, heating deformation temperature, and Tg of the obtained cast plate.

表  1 上記表1の結果から明らかな如く、本発明の樹脂である
Table 1 As is clear from the results in Table 1 above, this is the resin of the present invention.

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】 1、少なくとも1個のエポキシ基と少なくとも1個のア
クリルアミドメチル基またはメタクリルアミドメチル基
を有する化合物(A)と、少なくとも1個の水酸基と少
なくとも1個のアクリルアミドメチル基またはメタクリ
ルアミドメチル基を有する化合物(B)を必須成分とし
て含有することを特徴とする熱硬化性樹脂組成物。 2、化合物(A)が下記一般式( I ) ▲数式、化学式、表等があります▼( I ) (式中、Ar^1はグリシジルオキシ基を少なくとも1
個有する炭素数6〜20の芳香族炭化水素を、Rは水素
原子またはメチル基を表し、nは1〜4の整数である)
で表されるグリシジル化合物である特許請求の範囲第1
項記載の組成物。 3、グリシジル化合物が下記構造式(II) ▲数式、化学式、表等があります▼(II) (式中、Rは水素原子またはメチル基である)で表され
る化合物である特許請求の範囲第2項記載の組成物。 4、化合物(B)が下記一般式(III) ▲数式、化学式、表等があります▼(III) (式中、Ar^2は水酸基を少なくとも1つ有する炭素
数6〜20の芳香族炭化水素基を、Rは水素原子または
メチル基を表し、nは1〜4の整数である)で表される
化合物である特許請求の範囲第1項記載の組成物。 5、化合物(B)が下記構造式(IV) ▲数式、化学式、表等があります▼(IV) (式中、Rは水素原子またはメチル基である)で表され
る化合物である特許請求の範囲第4項記載の組成物。 6、化合物(A)のエポキシ基と化合物(B)の水酸基
とのモル比が80:20〜20:80の範囲である特許
請求の範囲第1項乃至第5項の各項記載の組成物。
[Claims] 1. A compound (A) having at least one epoxy group and at least one acrylamide methyl group or methacrylamide methyl group, and at least one hydroxyl group and at least one acrylamide methyl group or methacrylamide group; A thermosetting resin composition comprising a compound (B) having an amidomethyl group as an essential component. 2. Compound (A) has the following general formula (I) ▲There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc.▼(I) (In the formula, Ar^1 represents at least one glycidyloxy group.
aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, R represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and n is an integer of 1 to 4)
Claim 1, which is a glycidyl compound represented by
Compositions as described in Section. 3. Claims No. 1 in which the glycidyl compound is a compound represented by the following structural formula (II) ▲There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc.▼(II) (wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group) Composition according to item 2. 4. Compound (B) has the following general formula (III) ▲ There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc. ▼ (III) (In the formula, Ar^2 is an aromatic hydrocarbon having 6 to 20 carbon atoms and having at least one hydroxyl group. The composition according to claim 1, wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and n is an integer of 1 to 4. 5. A patent claim in which the compound (B) is a compound represented by the following structural formula (IV) ▲There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc.▼ (IV) (wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group) A composition according to scope item 4. 6. The composition according to each of claims 1 to 5, wherein the molar ratio of the epoxy group of compound (A) to the hydroxyl group of compound (B) is in the range of 80:20 to 20:80. .
JP11272387A 1987-05-08 1987-05-08 Thermosetting resin composition Granted JPS63277209A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP11272387A JPS63277209A (en) 1987-05-08 1987-05-08 Thermosetting resin composition

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP11272387A JPS63277209A (en) 1987-05-08 1987-05-08 Thermosetting resin composition

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS63277209A true JPS63277209A (en) 1988-11-15
JPH0534368B2 JPH0534368B2 (en) 1993-05-21

Family

ID=14593918

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP11272387A Granted JPS63277209A (en) 1987-05-08 1987-05-08 Thermosetting resin composition

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS63277209A (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991017192A1 (en) * 1990-04-28 1991-11-14 Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Modified polyolefin polymer, production thereof, and resin composition containing the same

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS56136865A (en) * 1980-03-28 1981-10-26 Kanebo Ltd Adhesive composition for hard living tissue

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS56136865A (en) * 1980-03-28 1981-10-26 Kanebo Ltd Adhesive composition for hard living tissue

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991017192A1 (en) * 1990-04-28 1991-11-14 Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Modified polyolefin polymer, production thereof, and resin composition containing the same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH0534368B2 (en) 1993-05-21

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