JPS6144339A - Oil deterioration detector - Google Patents
Oil deterioration detectorInfo
- Publication number
- JPS6144339A JPS6144339A JP16419084A JP16419084A JPS6144339A JP S6144339 A JPS6144339 A JP S6144339A JP 16419084 A JP16419084 A JP 16419084A JP 16419084 A JP16419084 A JP 16419084A JP S6144339 A JPS6144339 A JP S6144339A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- deterioration
- resistor
- rubber
- resistance value
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000010721 machine oil Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229920000181 Ethylene propylene rubber Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229920005549 butyl rubber Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229930182556 Polyacetal Natural products 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920002681 hypalon Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 16
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004945 silicone rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/26—Oils; Viscous liquids; Paints; Inks
- G01N33/28—Oils, i.e. hydrocarbon liquids
- G01N33/2888—Lubricating oil characteristics, e.g. deterioration
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
- G01N27/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
- G01N27/12—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a solid body in dependence upon absorption of a fluid; of a solid body in dependence upon reaction with a fluid, for detecting components in the fluid
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
産業上の利用分野
本発明はオイル劣化検出器に係り、例えば自動車のエン
ジンオイルの交換時期をユーザーに知うせるためにオイ
ルの劣化度合を感知する検出器に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an oil deterioration detector, and for example, to a detector that senses the degree of oil deterioration in order to notify a user when it is time to replace the engine oil of an automobile.
従来の技術
従来、自動車、建設機械その他において、オイルの量を
感知する検出器は各種市販されているが、オイルの劣化
度合を感知する検出器は種々の方式について研究されて
いるが、未だ市場に出ていないのが現状である。その研
究されている方式とは、オイルの粘度、誘電率、ＰＨ，
光透過率等の各種オイル特性の変化を検知する方法であ
る。また、オイルの劣化は主として酸化によるので、一
定時間のオイル温度の平均を求め、オイルの油温と時間
に対する劣化曲線に対応させて劣化度を算出し、これを
積算してオイルの劣化度と交換時間を表示する装置が提
案されている（特開昭５６−１３３６５８号公報）。Conventional Technology Various types of detectors that detect the amount of oil used in automobiles, construction machinery, etc. have been commercially available.Although research has been conducted on various methods of detecting the degree of deterioration of oil, there is still no market for detectors that detect the degree of oil deterioration. The current situation is that it has not appeared. The methods being studied include oil viscosity, dielectric constant, PH,
This method detects changes in various oil properties such as light transmittance. In addition, since oil deterioration is mainly due to oxidation, the average oil temperature over a certain period of time is calculated, the degree of deterioration is calculated by corresponding to the deterioration curve for oil temperature and time, and this is integrated to determine the degree of oil deterioration. A device for displaying replacement time has been proposed (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 133658/1983).
発明が解決しようとする問題点
最近、ターボチャージャ付エンジンが増加し、ターボ車
は高温となるため、オイル劣化が促進し、オイルの交換
時期を逸脱するとエンジンが破損する恐れも生ずるため
、オイル劣化検出器が強く切望されている。ところが、
上記のような各種オイル特性の変化を検知する方法では
、各特性の変化が極めて微小である、また温度の影響が
大きい等の問題点がある。壕だ、特開昭５６−１３３６
５８号公報に開示された装置は複雑で、しかも大変に高
価なものになる。Problems that the invention aims to solve Recently, the number of engines equipped with turbochargers has increased, and the high temperatures in turbo cars accelerate oil deterioration. Detectors are highly needed. However,
The method of detecting changes in various oil properties as described above has problems such as the changes in each property being extremely small and the effects of temperature being large. It's a trench, JP-A-56-1336
The device disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 58 is complex and very expensive.
問題点を解決するための手段
本発明は、上記の如き社会的需要に応え、問題点を解決
するために、様絨油等のオイル中に導電性有機質抵抗体
を浸漬して置き、該抵抗体がオイル中に溶出し、劣化し
、よって増大変化する該抵抗体の抵抗値を測定してオイ
ルの劣化度を感知する検出器を提供する。Means for Solving the Problems In order to meet the above-mentioned social demands and solve the problems, the present invention has been developed by immersing a conductive organic resistor in an oil such as silica oil. To provide a detector that senses the degree of deterioration of oil by measuring the resistance value of the resistor, which increases and changes as the body elutes into oil and deteriorates.
導電性有機質抵抗体の材質は特に限定されず、オイルに
溶出する有機質物質で導電性がある抵抗体であれば足り
るが、例えば、クロロプレンゴム。The material of the conductive organic resistor is not particularly limited, and any resistor that is an organic material that is eluted into oil and has conductivity is sufficient, such as chloroprene rubber.
スチレン／アクリロニトリル共重合体、エチレンプロピ
レンゴム、りａロスルフォン化ポリエチレンゴム、スチ
レンブタジェンゴム、ブチルゴム。Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer, ethylene propylene rubber, arosulfonated polyethylene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, butyl rubber.
ポリスチレン、ボリア上タールなどの有機質物質に金属
粒子、グラファイト粒子等を分散させて導電性を付与し
たものを用いることができる。It is possible to use an organic material such as polystyrene or boria-based tar in which metal particles, graphite particles, etc. are dispersed to impart conductivity.
作用
オイルの劣化は主として酸化によ）、オイルの硬化はオ
イルの温度と使用時間に依存する。また、上記のような
導電性有機質抵抗体をオイル中に浸漬して置いた場合の
溶出、劣化の程度はオイルの温度とり漬時間に依存する
。そして、この抵抗体の溶出、劣化の程度はその抵抗値
の対応するＺ化として検出することができる。従って、
このような抵抗体をオイル中に浸漬してきけば、オイル
の温度と使用時間に依存するオイルの劣化の程度を抵抗
体の抵抗値の変化として読み取ることができる。オイル
交換時のオイル劣化度に対応する抵抗体の抵抗値を予め
求めておけば、オイルの交換時期の到来をユーザーに報
知することができる。Functional oil deterioration is mainly due to oxidation), and oil hardening depends on the oil temperature and usage time. Further, when a conductive organic resistor as described above is immersed in oil, the degree of elution and deterioration depends on the time at which the resistor is immersed in the temperature of the oil. The degree of elution and deterioration of the resistor can be detected as the corresponding Z change in the resistance value. Therefore,
If such a resistor is immersed in oil, the degree of oil deterioration, which depends on the oil temperature and usage time, can be read as a change in the resistance value of the resistor. If the resistance value of the resistor corresponding to the degree of oil deterioration at the time of oil change is determined in advance, it is possible to notify the user that it is time to change the oil.
実施例 第１図は本発明のオイル検出器の実施例を示す。Example FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the oil detector of the present invention.
同図において、１がオイル劣化検出素子で、オイル中で
溶出する低抗体からなり、このオイル劣化検出素子がオ
イル中で溶出、劣化して変化する抵抗値を測定すること
によりてオイルの劣化を検出する。オイル劣化検出素子
１は、例えば、りａａプレンゴムまたはスチレン／アク
リミニトリル共重合間服等に金属粒子、グラファイト粒
子等を分散させて導電性を付与した抵抗体からｈること
ができる。更に詳しく述べると、例えば、クロロプレン
ゴムを溶１よし、その中へアルミニウム、ニッケル、銀
などの粉末、ウィスカ、あるいはグラファイト粉末を３
０〜Ｑ Ｑ ｗｔチ混入分散させ、押出法、鋳込み法な
どで成形する。オイル劣化検出素子１の形状は、この実
施例では第１図に示すように、Ｕ字形で、オイルに浸漬
する部分の寸法は厚さ１．０ Ｆｌｌ 、幅５四×長さ
４０ｍである。In the figure, 1 is an oil deterioration detection element, which is made of a low antibody that elutes in oil, and this oil deterioration detection element detects oil deterioration by measuring the resistance value that changes as it elutes and deteriorates in oil. To detect. The oil deterioration detection element 1 can be made of, for example, a resistor in which metal particles, graphite particles, etc. are dispersed in AA pre-rubber or styrene/acryminitrile copolymer material to give conductivity. More specifically, for example, melt chloroprene rubber, add powders such as aluminum, nickel, silver, whiskers, or graphite powder to it.
0 to Q Q wt are mixed and dispersed and molded by extrusion, casting, etc. In this embodiment, the oil deterioration detection element 1 has a U-shape as shown in FIG. 1, and the dimensions of the portion immersed in oil are 1.0 Fll thick, 54 m wide x 40 m long.
オイル劣化検出素子１は導＠性工Ａ？キシ聞脂等でリー
ド電極２と接着され、アルミナ等の絶縁体で作った支持
体３で支持される。オイル劣化検出素子１と支持体３は
エポキシ樹脂やクリコンコ゛ム等の絶縁性封着剤４でハ
ウゾング５に固着される。Is oil deterioration detection element 1 conductive @ sex work A? It is adhered to the lead electrode 2 with glue or the like, and supported by a support 3 made of an insulator such as alumina. The oil deterioration detection element 1 and the support body 3 are fixed to a housing 5 using an insulating sealant 4 such as epoxy resin or silicone rubber.
−ウジング５は周囲にネジが切ってあり自動ＩＥ等に装
着できるようになっている。・・クジング５の先方には
オイル劣化検出素子１を保護するための保護カバー６に
設け、保ａカバー６はオイルが入るだめの小孔７を有す
る。-Using 5 has threads cut around it so that it can be attached to automatic IE, etc. A protective cover 6 for protecting the oil deterioration detection element 1 is provided at the front of the housing 5, and the protective cover 6 has a small hole 7 for oil to enter.
第２図は、上記の如きオイル劣化検出素子をクロロプレ
ンゴムニ０．２〜１０μｎｌのフレーク状のニッケル粒
子を添加した場合のニッケル粒子の飽加全とオイル劣化
検出素子の抵抗値の関係を調べた結果を示す。同図から
、ニッケル粒子の添加量が４５Ｍ量Ｚ以上になるとオイ
ル劣化検出素子の抵抗値が１００Ω以下になることがわ
かる。ニッケル粒子にかえて、鋼、アルミニウム、亜鉛
、グラファイトなどを釘状、粉末状等の各種形状で添加
したところ、はぼ第２図と同様の傾向を示した。Figure 2 shows the relationship between the total saturation of nickel particles and the resistance value of the oil deterioration detection element when flaky nickel particles of 0.2 to 10 μnl are added to chloroprene rubber to the oil deterioration detection element as described above. The results are shown below. From the figure, it can be seen that when the amount of nickel particles added is 45M amount Z or more, the resistance value of the oil deterioration detection element becomes 100Ω or less. When steel, aluminum, zinc, graphite, etc. were added in various forms such as nails and powders instead of nickel particles, the results showed the same tendency as shown in Figure 2.
この結果に基づいて、下記表に示す如く四指にニッケル
粒子（０，２〜１０μｍのフレーク状）を３種；ψの添
加Ｌ１で添加し、第１図の実施例と同様にオイル劣化検
出素子１１ ｒ ｂ ｒ ｃ ｒ ｄ ＋ ｅ ｒ ｆ
を作成し、そしてオイル劣化検出器を作成した。Based on this result, three types of nickel particles (flake-like 0.2 to 10 μm) were added to the four fingers as shown in the table below, and oil deterioration was detected in the same way as in the example shown in Figure 1. Element 11 r b r c r d + e r f
and created an oil deterioration detector.
図ハオイル劣化検出素子のクロロプレンゴムへのニッケ
ル粒子添加量と抵抗値の関係を示すグラフ図、第３図お
よび第４回は実車走行距離とオイル劣化検出素子の抵抗
値変化の関係を示すグラフ図、第５図はオイル劣化検出
および表示回路図である。Figure 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the amount of nickel particles added to the chloroprene rubber of the oil deterioration detection element and the resistance value. Figures 3 and 4 are graphs showing the relationship between the actual vehicle mileage and the change in resistance value of the oil deterioration detection element. , FIG. 5 is an oil deterioration detection and display circuit diagram.
１・・・オイル劣化検出素子、２・・・リード電極、３
・・・支持体、４・・・絶縁性封着剤、５・・・ハウジ
ング、６・・・保護カバー、７・・・小孔、１１・・・
オイル劣化検出素子、１２・・・電源部、１３・・・検
出部、１４・・・表示部、２１・・・コンｉぐレータ、
２２・・・トランジスタ、２３・・・発光ダイオード。1... Oil deterioration detection element, 2... Lead electrode, 3
...Support, 4...Insulating sealant, 5...Housing, 6...Protective cover, 7...Small hole, 11...
Oil deterioration detection element, 12... Power supply section, 13... Detection section, 14... Display section, 21... Condenser,
22...Transistor, 23...Light emitting diode.
第２図 ０２０４Ｑ ６０ ８０ （０Ｏ Ｎえ添加量（ス） 第３図 走行距離（にｍ） 第４図 走行距離（ｈｌFigure 2 0204Q 60 80 (0O N addition amount (su) Figure 3 Mileage (in m) Figure 4 Mileage (hl)
Claims (1)
て置き、該導電性有機質抵抗体が該オイル中に溶出し、
劣化し、よって増大変化する該導電性有機質抵抗体の抵
抗値を測定して該オイルの劣化度を感知するオイル劣化
検出器。1. A conductive organic resistor is immersed in oil such as machine oil, and the conductive organic resistor is eluted into the oil.
An oil deterioration detector detects the degree of deterioration of the oil by measuring the resistance value of the conductive organic resistor which deteriorates and therefore increases.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP16419084A JPS6144339A (en) | 1984-08-07 | 1984-08-07 | Oil deterioration detector |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP16419084A JPS6144339A (en) | 1984-08-07 | 1984-08-07 | Oil deterioration detector |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS6144339A true JPS6144339A (en) | 1986-03-04 |
Family
ID=15788396
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP16419084A Pending JPS6144339A (en) | 1984-08-07 | 1984-08-07 | Oil deterioration detector |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS6144339A (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4791374A (en) * | 1986-12-12 | 1988-12-13 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Acid sensor |
| US5023133A (en) * | 1986-12-12 | 1991-06-11 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Acid sensor |
| WO2003076953A3 (en) * | 2002-03-06 | 2004-05-27 | Bpw Inc | An electrical condition monitoring method for polymers |
| WO2008135367A1 (en) * | 2007-04-20 | 2008-11-13 | Alpsens Technologies Inc. | Device for the capacitive measurement of the quality and/or degradation of a fluid, including a capacitive sensor that is mechanically decoupled from the encapsulation element thereof |
| US7612325B1 (en) | 2007-08-22 | 2009-11-03 | Watkins Jr Kenneth S | Electrical sensor for monitoring degradation of products from environmental stressors |
| US7659728B1 (en) | 2006-08-23 | 2010-02-09 | Watkins Jr Kenneth S | Method and apparatus for measuring degradation of insulation of electrical power system devices |
| US8736282B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2014-05-27 | Alpsens Technologies Inc. | Device for the capacitive measurement of the quality and/or deterioration of a fluid |
-
1984
- 1984-08-07 JP JP16419084A patent/JPS6144339A/en active Pending
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4791374A (en) * | 1986-12-12 | 1988-12-13 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Acid sensor |
| US5023133A (en) * | 1986-12-12 | 1991-06-11 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Acid sensor |
| US7663381B2 (en) | 2002-03-06 | 2010-02-16 | Watkins Jr Kenneth S | Electrical condition monitoring method for polymers |
| EP1490672A2 (en) * | 2002-03-06 | 2004-12-29 | BPW, Inc. | An electrical condition monitoring method for polymers |
| EP1490672A4 (en) * | 2002-03-06 | 2005-09-21 | Bpw Inc | An electrical condition monitoring method for polymers |
| US7414416B2 (en) | 2002-03-06 | 2008-08-19 | Polymer Aging Concepts Inc. | Electrical condition monitoring method for polymers |
| WO2003076953A3 (en) * | 2002-03-06 | 2004-05-27 | Bpw Inc | An electrical condition monitoring method for polymers |
| US7659728B1 (en) | 2006-08-23 | 2010-02-09 | Watkins Jr Kenneth S | Method and apparatus for measuring degradation of insulation of electrical power system devices |
| US7990156B1 (en) | 2006-08-23 | 2011-08-02 | Watkins Jr Kenneth S | Method and apparatus for measuring degradation of insulation of electrical power system devices |
| WO2008135367A1 (en) * | 2007-04-20 | 2008-11-13 | Alpsens Technologies Inc. | Device for the capacitive measurement of the quality and/or degradation of a fluid, including a capacitive sensor that is mechanically decoupled from the encapsulation element thereof |
| US8436629B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2013-05-07 | Alpsens Technologies Inc. | Device for the capacitive measurement of the quality and/or deterioration of a fluid, including a capacitive sensor that is mechanically uncoupled from the element in which it is encapsulated |
| US8736282B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2014-05-27 | Alpsens Technologies Inc. | Device for the capacitive measurement of the quality and/or deterioration of a fluid |
| US7612325B1 (en) | 2007-08-22 | 2009-11-03 | Watkins Jr Kenneth S | Electrical sensor for monitoring degradation of products from environmental stressors |
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