JPH085600A - Carbon electrode and its manufacture - Google Patents
Carbon electrode and its manufactureInfo
- Publication number
- JPH085600A JPH085600A JP6135968A JP13596894A JPH085600A JP H085600 A JPH085600 A JP H085600A JP 6135968 A JP6135968 A JP 6135968A JP 13596894 A JP13596894 A JP 13596894A JP H085600 A JPH085600 A JP H085600A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- carbon electrode
- carbon
- cationic surfactant
- treated
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 108091006149 Electron carriers Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 claims description 7
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 24
- 239000013626 chemical specie Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 17
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- -1 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 13
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000003411 electrode reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000276 potassium ferrocyanide Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- XOGGUFAVLNCTRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrapotassium;iron(2+);hexacyanide Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[Fe+2].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] XOGGUFAVLNCTRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 108010015776 Glucose oxidase Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 239000004366 Glucose oxidase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229940116332 glucose oxidase Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 235000019420 glucose oxidase Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycine betaine Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 4
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910021397 glassy carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002280 amphoteric surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960003237 betaine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008055 phosphate buffer solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012488 sample solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 108010025188 Alcohol oxidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical class S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010050375 Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010073450 Lactate 2-monooxygenase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PRXDZLWELBVSMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N#C[Ru](C#N)(C#N)(C#N)(C#N)C#N Chemical compound N#C[Ru](C#N)(C#N)(C#N)(C#N)C#N PRXDZLWELBVSMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108090000854 Oxidoreductases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004316 Oxidoreductases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium bromide Chemical compound [NH4+].[Br-] SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004082 amperometric method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- MSSUFHMGCXOVBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 MSSUFHMGCXOVBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005265 dialkylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000835 electrochemical detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006911 enzymatic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- VEPSWGHMGZQCIN-UHFFFAOYSA-H ferric oxalate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O VEPSWGHMGZQCIN-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrocene Chemical compound [Fe+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004714 phosphonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005621 tetraalkylammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、カーボン電極、特に各
種医療用センサあるいは化学分析用センサに用いられる
カーボン電極およびその製造方法に関する。更に、本発
明は、上記のカーボン電極を用いた、血液など種々の試
料中の特定成分についてその濃度等を迅速かつ簡便に測
定することのできるバイオセンサおよびその製造方法に
関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a carbon electrode, particularly a carbon electrode used in various medical sensors or chemical analysis sensors, and a method for producing the same. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a biosensor using the above-mentioned carbon electrode and capable of quickly and simply measuring the concentration and the like of a specific component in various samples such as blood, and a method for producing the biosensor.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】血液などの試料中の特定成分について迅
速かつ簡便に濃度等を測定する方法として、電気化学的
検出手段によるバイオセンサが実用化されている。本発
明者等は、従来から、これらのバイオセンサに利用され
ているアンペロメトリックセンサにカーボン材料からな
るカーボン電極を利用することを検討してきた。2. Description of the Related Art A biosensor using an electrochemical detection means has been put into practical use as a method for quickly and simply measuring the concentration of a specific component in a sample such as blood. The present inventors have conventionally considered using a carbon electrode made of a carbon material in an amperometric sensor used in these biosensors.
【0003】カーボン材料は、一般に、貴金属材料と比
較して安価であり電位窓が広く、また、化学的に安定で
ある等、電極材料として好ましい性質を有している。し
かしながら、カーボン電極表面には−COOH、−C=
O、−OH等の含酸素官能基が存在しており、カーボン
電極表面は、中性およびアルカリ性溶液中において、こ
れらの含酸素官能基の解離によりアニオン性表面となっ
ている。そのため、Fe(CN)6 3-/4-(即ち、式
(I):Fe(CN)6 3-+e-←→Fe(CN)6 4-)
のようなアニオン性化学種とカーボン電極との反応は、
双方のアニオン性のため静電的反発が起こり、電極反応
の抑制が起こり、過電圧が大きくなってしまう。従っ
て、カーボン電極上でのFe(CN)6 3-/4-のようなア
ニオン性化学種の電極反応において十分な電流値を得る
ためには、大きな印加電圧が必要となる。Carbon materials are generally cheaper than noble metal materials, have a wide potential window, are chemically stable, and have other desirable properties as electrode materials. However, -COOH, -C = on the carbon electrode surface
Oxygen-containing functional groups such as O and —OH are present, and the surface of the carbon electrode becomes an anionic surface by the dissociation of these oxygen-containing functional groups in a neutral or alkaline solution. Therefore, Fe (CN) 6 3− / 4− (that is, formula (I): Fe (CN) 6 3− + e − ← → Fe (CN) 6 4− )
The reaction of an anionic species such as
Due to both anionic properties, electrostatic repulsion occurs, the electrode reaction is suppressed, and the overvoltage increases. Therefore, in order to obtain a sufficient current value in the electrode reaction of anionic chemical species such as Fe (CN) 6 3− / 4− on the carbon electrode, a large applied voltage is required.
【0004】式(I)に示すFe(CN)6 3-/4-(以
下、単にFe(CN)6 3-/4-という。)のようなアニオ
ン性化学種の測定において、カーボン電極を用い、アン
ペロメトリによってそれらの濃度の測定を行なう際に、
印加電圧以下の電解電圧値を有する電解質が被測定液に
共存している場合、この共存物質の電解電流により測定
が妨害を受ける。また、不安定な残余電流も流れ、S/
N比(信号量(S)/雑音量(N))が悪くなり、実用
上、多種の電解質を含む被測定液の測定においては,測
定精度が悪くなるという問題点がある。また、電池を用
いる携帯型センサでは、大きな印加電圧を必要とする場
合、消費電力が大きくなり、電池寿命が短くなるという
別の問題もある。In the measurement of anionic chemical species such as Fe (CN) 6 3- / 4- (hereinafter simply referred to as Fe (CN) 6 3- / 4- ) shown in the formula (I), a carbon electrode is used. And when measuring their concentrations by amperometry,
When an electrolyte having an electrolytic voltage value equal to or lower than the applied voltage coexists in the solution to be measured, the electrolytic current of the coexisting substance interferes with the measurement. In addition, an unstable residual current flows and S /
The N ratio (signal amount (S) / noise amount (N)) is deteriorated, and practically, there is a problem that the measurement accuracy is deteriorated in the measurement of the liquid to be measured containing various electrolytes. In addition, a portable sensor using a battery has another problem that power consumption is increased and battery life is shortened when a large applied voltage is required.
【0005】このような問題点の解決策として、カーボ
ン電極の活性化を行う目的で以下に示すような方法が提
案されている。 (1)研磨材による研磨法として、例えばダイヤモンド
を研磨材として用い、グラッシーカーボン電極を研磨す
ることによって、電極でのFe(CN)6 3-/4-の酸化還
元反応速度が増加する(D.C.Thomtonら、アナリティカ
ル・ケミストリー(Analytical Chemistry)、第57巻
第150頁(1985))。しかしながら、この方法で
は、多くの電極を一度に均一に処理するのは困難であ
り、コストが高くなり、量産化には不適当である。As a solution to such a problem, the following method has been proposed for the purpose of activating the carbon electrode. (1) As a polishing method using an abrasive, for example, by using diamond as an abrasive and polishing a glassy carbon electrode, the redox reaction rate of Fe (CN) 6 3- / 4- at the electrode is increased (DCThomton Et al., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 57, p. 150 (1985)). However, with this method, it is difficult to uniformly process many electrodes at once, the cost becomes high, and it is not suitable for mass production.
【0006】(2)電気化学的処理法として、例えば熱
分解グラファイト電極に1.5Vの電圧を印加して15
分間電気化学的に酸化することによって、電極でのFe
(CN)6 3-の還元反応 速度が増加する。また、熱分解
グラファイト電極に1.4Vの電圧を印加して20分間
電気化学的に酸化することによって、電極でのアスコル
ビン酸の酸化反応速度が増加する。(R.M.Wightmanら、
ジャーナル・オブ・ディ・エレクトロケミカル・ソサエ
ティ(Journal of the Electrochemical Society)、第
131巻第1578頁(1984))。しかしながら、
この方法は操作が煩雑で、コストが高くなり、量産化に
は不適当である。(2) As an electrochemical treatment method, for example, a voltage of 1.5 V is applied to a pyrolytic graphite electrode for 15
Fe at the electrode by electrochemical oxidation for minutes
(CN) 6 3- reduction reaction rate increases. Further, by applying a voltage of 1.4 V to the pyrolytic graphite electrode and electrochemically oxidizing it for 20 minutes, the oxidation reaction rate of ascorbic acid at the electrode is increased. (RMWightman et al.
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 131, p. 1578 (1984)). However,
This method is complicated in operation, high in cost, and unsuitable for mass production.
【0007】(3)熱処理法として、例えばグラッシー
カーボン電極を2×10-6Torr以下の高真空下にて72
5℃の高温で熱処理法することによって、電極でのFe
(CN)6 3-/4-の酸化還元反応速度やアスコルビン酸の
酸化反応速度が増加する(D.T.Faganら、アナリティカ
ル・ケミストリー(Analytical Chemistry)、第57巻
第2759頁(1985))。しかしながら、この方法
は操作が煩雑であり、また、絶縁性の基板上にカーボン
電極を設けた系では,耐熱性の絶縁性基板を使用する必
要があり、コストが高くなり、量産化には不適当であ
る。(3) As a heat treatment method, for example, a glassy carbon electrode is used under high vacuum of 2 × 10 -6 Torr or less 72
By heat treatment at a high temperature of 5 ° C, Fe at the electrode
(CN) 6 3- / oxidation reaction rate of 4 redox reaction rate and ascorbic acid increases (DTFagan et al., Analytical Chemistry (Analytical Chemistry), Vol. 57, pp. 2759 (1985)). However, this method is complicated in operation, and in a system in which a carbon electrode is provided on an insulating substrate, it is necessary to use a heat-resistant insulating substrate, which results in high cost and is not suitable for mass production. Appropriate.
【0008】(4)化学的な処理方法として、例えばカ
ーボン電極表面を、縮合試薬とポリアミノ酸を用いてポ
リアミノ酸修飾することによって、カーボン電極表面と
Fe(CN)6 3-/4-との静電的反発が解消され、速い電
子移動が観測される(谷口ら,電気化学協会第60回大
会,講演要旨集,第242頁,1993)。しかしなが
ら、この方法は操作が煩雑であり、また、高価なポリア
ミノ酸を用いるので、コストが高くなり、量産化には不
適当である。(4) As a chemical treatment method, for example, by modifying the surface of the carbon electrode with a polyamino acid using a condensation reagent and polyamino acid, the surface of the carbon electrode and Fe (CN) 6 3- / 4- Electrostatic repulsion is resolved and fast electron transfer is observed (Taniguchi et al., 60th Conference of the Electrochemical Society, Proceedings, 242, 1993). However, this method is complicated in operation and uses an expensive polyamino acid, resulting in high cost and is not suitable for mass production.
【0009】更に、電極上に界面活性剤層を形成した例
が、特開平第4−212050号公報が記載されてい
る。しかしながら、この場合では、電極上の濡れ性を良
くし、電極上に溶液を展開した際に溶液が電極上ではじ
かれることを防ぎ、また、乾燥後の層の剥離を防ぐこと
が目的であり、本発明のアニオン性化学種を小さな印加
電圧で精度よく測定する目的とは全く異なるものであ
る。また、使用している電極もカーボン電極に限定され
ておらず、界面活性剤もカチオン界面活性剤に限定され
ていない。使用できる界面活性剤の例として、ノニオン
界面活性剤やアニオン界面活性剤が挙げられているが、
カーボン電極上に、これらのノニオン界面活性剤やアニ
オン界面活性剤を形成しても、以下に説明するような本
発明の作用効果は得られない。従って、特開平第4−2
12050号公報に記載の技術は、本願発明と全く異な
る技術である。Further, an example in which a surfactant layer is formed on an electrode is described in JP-A-4-212050. However, in this case, the purpose is to improve the wettability on the electrode, prevent the solution from being repelled on the electrode when the solution is spread on the electrode, and prevent peeling of the layer after drying. The purpose of the present invention is completely different from the purpose of accurately measuring the anionic species with a small applied voltage. Further, the electrode used is not limited to the carbon electrode, and the surfactant is not limited to the cationic surfactant. Examples of surfactants that can be used include nonionic surfactants and anionic surfactants.
Even if these nonionic surfactants or anionic surfactants are formed on the carbon electrode, the effects of the present invention as described below cannot be obtained. Therefore, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-2
The technique described in Japanese Patent No. 12050 is a technique completely different from the present invention.
【0010】[0010]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】カーボン電極とFe
(CN)6 3-/4-のようなアニオン性化学種との電極反応
においては、双方のアニオン性のため静電的反発を生
じ、電極反応の抑制が起こり、過電圧が大きくなるの
で、十分な電流値を得るためには大きな印加電圧が必要
となる。従って、カーボン電極を用いてFe(CN)6
3-/4-のようなアニオン性化学種の濃度の測定等を行う
場合には、上述のように、共存物質の電解電流により妨
害を受けて測定精度が悪くなり、また、消費電力も大き
くなるという問題点がある。[Problems to be Solved by the Invention] Carbon electrode and Fe
In an electrode reaction with an anionic species such as (CN) 6 3- / 4- , electrostatic repulsion occurs due to both anionic properties, the electrode reaction is suppressed, and the overvoltage increases, so it is sufficient. A large applied voltage is required to obtain a large current value. Therefore, using a carbon electrode, Fe (CN) 6
When measuring the concentration of anionic chemical species such as 3- / 4- , as mentioned above, the measurement accuracy deteriorates due to the interference of the electrolytic current of the coexisting substance, and the power consumption is also large. There is a problem that
【0011】このような問題点の解決策として、上述の
ような処理方法が提案されていが、いずれの方法も操作
が煩雑で、コストが高くなり、従って、量産化には不適
当である。そこで、本発明が解決しようとする課題は、
アニオン性化学種の濃度測定を簡便で安価に、かつ、精
度よく測定できる電気化学センサに用いるカーボン電極
およびその製造方法を提供することである。The above-mentioned treatment methods have been proposed as solutions to such problems, but any of these methods are complicated in operation and costly, and thus are not suitable for mass production. Therefore, the problem to be solved by the present invention is
It is an object of the present invention to provide a carbon electrode for use in an electrochemical sensor capable of measuring the concentration of anionic chemical species simply and inexpensively and with high accuracy, and a method for producing the same.
【0012】[0012]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明者らは、このよう
な課題を解決すべく鋭意検討を進めた結果、カーボン材
料を有して成るカーボン電極の表面を、カチオン界面活
性剤で処理することによりアニオン性化学種、例えばF
e(CN)6 3-/4-の濃度測定を簡便で安価に、かつ、精
度よく測定できることを見出した。本発明において、ア
ニオン性化学種とは、溶液中で負に帯電した原子または
原子団を意味し、例えばヒドロキシスルホン酸、アント
ラキノン−2,6−ジスルホン酸、シュウ酸鉄、フェロ
センジカルボン酸、ヘキサシアノルテニウム酸などを例
示できる。Means for Solving the Problems As a result of intensive studies to solve such problems, the present inventors have treated the surface of a carbon electrode having a carbon material with a cationic surfactant. By an anionic species such as F
It has been found that the concentration of e (CN) 6 3- / 4- can be measured easily, inexpensively and accurately. In the present invention, the anionic species means an atom or atomic group negatively charged in a solution, and examples thereof include hydroxysulfonic acid, anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid, iron oxalate, ferrocene dicarboxylic acid, and hexacyanoruthenium. Examples thereof include acids.
【0013】従って、第1の要旨において、本発明は、
基材上にカーボン材料で形成されたカーボン電極部を有
して成るカーボン電極であって、カーボン電極部の少な
くとも電極として有効に作用する部分(以下、有効電極
部とも呼ぶ)がカチオン界面活性剤により処理されてい
るカーボン電極を提供する。Therefore, in the first aspect, the present invention provides
A carbon electrode having a carbon electrode portion formed of a carbon material on a base material, wherein at least a portion of the carbon electrode portion that effectively acts as an electrode (hereinafter, also referred to as an effective electrode portion) is a cationic surfactant. To provide a carbon electrode that has been treated by.
【0014】また、第2の要旨において、本発明は、上
記第1の要旨のカーボン電極の製造方法であって、カー
ボン電極のカーボン電極部の少なくとも有効電極部をカ
チオン界面活性剤溶液に浸漬し、その後、必要に応じて
洗浄するか、または少なくとも有効電極部にカチオン界
面活性剤溶液を塗布し、溶液を乾燥することを特徴とす
るカーボン電極の製造方法を提供する。従って、本発明
の方法は、きわめて簡便であり、また、安価にカーボン
電極を製造できる。In a second aspect, the present invention is the method for producing a carbon electrode according to the first aspect, wherein at least the effective electrode portion of the carbon electrode portion of the carbon electrode is immersed in the cationic surfactant solution. Then, a method for producing a carbon electrode is provided, which comprises washing as required, or applying a cationic surfactant solution to at least the effective electrode portion and drying the solution. Therefore, the method of the present invention is extremely simple and can manufacture a carbon electrode at low cost.
【0015】本発明において、カーボン電極とは、電極
材料にカーボンを含む材料を用いた電極を意味する。カ
ーボン電極の電極部に使用されるカーボン材料は、特に
限定されるものではなく、従来からカーボン電極におい
て使用されているものであればよく、例えば、グラファ
イト、パイロリティックグラファイト、グラッシーカー
ボン、カーボンペースト、カーボンファイバーを使用で
きる。In the present invention, the carbon electrode means an electrode using a material containing carbon as an electrode material. The carbon material used for the electrode portion of the carbon electrode is not particularly limited, as long as it has been conventionally used in the carbon electrode, for example, graphite, pyrolytic graphite, glassy carbon, carbon paste, Carbon fiber can be used.
【0016】このようなカーボン材料は、常套の方法に
よって基材(例えばポリエチレンテレフタレート製)上
に電極部として、好ましくは層状の電極部として、配置
される。通常、カーボン材料を樹脂バインダー等により
ペースト状にしたものをスクリーン印刷し、それを乾燥
することにより電極部を形成できる。更に、電極部を電
流測定装置に接続するためのリード線を、例えばスクリ
ーン印刷により銀リードを、カーボン電極部と接触する
ように配置する。典型的には、カーボン電極部を形成し
た後に、電極部は、電極として作用する部分(即ち、有
効電極部)のみを露出させた状態で絶縁材料を、例えば
絶縁性ペーストの層を、例えば積層することにより、配
置して絶縁してカーボン電極が完成する。Such a carbon material is arranged on a base material (for example, made of polyethylene terephthalate) as an electrode part, preferably as a layered electrode part, by a conventional method. Usually, an electrode part can be formed by screen-printing a carbon material in a paste form with a resin binder or the like and drying it. Further, a lead wire for connecting the electrode portion to the current measuring device, for example, a silver lead by screen printing is arranged so as to be in contact with the carbon electrode portion. Typically, after forming the carbon electrode portion, the electrode portion is formed by laminating an insulating material, for example, a layer of an insulating paste, for example, a layer of an insulating paste, in a state where only a portion acting as an electrode (that is, an effective electrode portion) is exposed. By doing so, they are arranged and insulated to complete the carbon electrode.
【0017】本発明のカーボン電極の製造方法におい
て、カチオン界面活性剤溶液による処理は、絶縁材料を
配置した後に、または、カーボン材料および場合により
リード線材料を配置した後であって、絶縁材料を配置す
る前に、実施してよいが、製造工程上簡便であるので、
特に好ましいのは絶縁材料を配置した後に処理する方法
である。In the method for producing a carbon electrode of the present invention, the treatment with the cationic surfactant solution is performed after the insulating material is arranged, or after the carbon material and optionally the lead wire material are arranged. It may be carried out before placement, but since it is simple in the manufacturing process,
Particularly preferred is a method of treating after disposing the insulating material.
【0018】このようなカーボン電極の構造およびその
製造方法は、公知であり、例えば、特開平5−1647
24号公報を参照でき、本明細書においてもこれを参照
できる。本発明においては、電極部の全面をカチオン界
面活性剤により処理する必要は必ずしもなく、少なくと
も実際に電極として作用する部分のみを処理するだけで
十分である。The structure of such a carbon electrode and the method for producing the same are well known, and are disclosed in, for example, JP-A-5-1647.
No. 24 can be referred to, and this can be referred to in the present specification. In the present invention, it is not always necessary to treat the entire surface of the electrode portion with the cationic surfactant, and it is sufficient to treat at least the portion that actually acts as the electrode.
【0019】本発明において、使用できるカチオン界面
活性剤とは、溶解または分散したときに、イオンに解離
してカチオン性を示す界面活性剤を意味し、例えば、ア
ミン塩、第4級アンモニウム塩、スルホニウム塩、ホス
ホニウム塩のような種類の界面活性剤であり、具体的に
はヘキサデシルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド、アル
キルアミン塩、ジアルキルアミン塩、テトラアルキルア
ンモニウム塩、トリアルキルベンジルアンモニム塩、ア
ルキルピリジニウム塩、2−アルキル−1−アルキル−
1−ヒドロキシエチルイミダゾリニウム塩、N,N−ジ
アルキルモルホリニウム塩、ポリエチレンポリアミン脂
肪酸アミド塩、ポリエチレンポリアミン脂肪酸アミドの
尿素縮合物の塩、ポリエチレンポリアミン脂肪酸アミド
尿素縮合物の第4級アンモニウム塩、酸性溶液中でカチ
オン界面活性剤となる両性界面活性剤であるN,N−ジ
メチル−N−アルキル−N−カルボキシアルキレンアン
モニウムベタイン、N,N−ジアルキル−アミノアルキ
レンカルボン酸塩、N,N,N−トリアルキル−N−ス
ルホアルキレンアンモニウムベタインを例示することが
できる。In the present invention, the cationic surfactant which can be used means a surfactant which dissociates into ions and exhibits a cationic property when dissolved or dispersed, and examples thereof include an amine salt and a quaternary ammonium salt. Surfactants such as sulfonium salts and phosphonium salts, specifically hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, alkylamine salts, dialkylamine salts, tetraalkylammonium salts, trialkylbenzylammonium salts, alkylpyridinium salts, 2-alkyl-1-alkyl-
1-hydroxyethyl imidazolinium salt, N, N-dialkylmorpholinium salt, polyethylene polyamine fatty acid amide salt, salt of polyethylene polyamine fatty acid amide urea condensation product, polyethylene polyamine fatty acid amide urea condensation product quaternary ammonium salt, Amphoteric surfactant N, N-dimethyl-N-alkyl-N-carboxyalkylene ammonium betaine, N, N-dialkyl-aminoalkylenecarboxylic acid salt, N, N, N, which is an amphoteric surfactant which becomes a cationic surfactant in an acidic solution. -Trialkyl-N-sulfoalkylene ammonium betaine can be illustrated.
【0020】本発明において、カチオン界面活性剤によ
る処理とは、カチオン界面活性剤の界面活性基をカーボ
ン電極の電極部の表面に付着させるためのいずれの処理
であってもよい。具体的には、カチオン界面活性剤の溶
液中に電極部を浸漬する処理、カチオン界面活性剤の溶
液を電極部に塗布する処理などを例示できる。In the present invention, the treatment with the cationic surfactant may be any treatment for adhering the surface active groups of the cationic surfactant to the surface of the electrode portion of the carbon electrode. Specifically, a treatment of immersing the electrode portion in a solution of a cationic surfactant, a treatment of applying a solution of the cationic surfactant to the electrode portion, and the like can be exemplified.
【0021】カチオン界面活性剤を溶解する溶媒は、特
に限定されないが、通常、水、メタノール、エタノー
ル、イソロプロピルアルコール、アセトンである溶媒を
使用でき、特に、水、エタノールを使用するのが好まし
い。また、溶液中の界面活性剤の濃度も特に限定される
ものではなく、使用する界面活性剤に応じて適当に選択
できるが、通常、0.01〜10wt/v%、好ましくは0.
1〜2wt/v%、例えば1wt/v%の濃度の溶液を使用すれ
ば十分である。更に、処理温度も、使用する界面活性剤
に応じて適当に選択できるが、通常、5〜50℃、好ま
しくは10〜30℃、例えば20℃にて処理すれば十分
である。通常、溶液で処理した後、必要に応じて洗浄、
例えば水洗し、これを、使用するカチオン界面活性剤に
応じて適当な温度、通常、20〜100℃にて、例えば
室温にて乾燥する。例えば、浸漬による処理の場合に
は、一般的に、浸漬後に洗浄するのが好ましい。また、
例えば、塗布による処理の場合には、一般的に、塗布の
後には洗浄せずに、そのまま乾燥するのが好ましい。The solvent for dissolving the cationic surfactant is not particularly limited, but a solvent which is usually water, methanol, ethanol, isolopropyl alcohol or acetone can be used, and particularly water and ethanol are preferably used. . Further, the concentration of the surfactant in the solution is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the surfactant used, but is usually 0.01 to 10 wt / v%, preferably 0.1.
It is sufficient to use a solution with a concentration of 1-2 wt / v%, for example 1 wt / v%. Further, the treatment temperature can be appropriately selected depending on the surfactant to be used, but it is usually sufficient to perform treatment at 5 to 50 ° C, preferably 10 to 30 ° C, for example 20 ° C. Usually, after treating with a solution, washing if necessary,
For example, it is washed with water and dried at an appropriate temperature depending on the cationic surfactant used, usually at 20 to 100 ° C., for example at room temperature. For example, in the case of treatment by immersion, it is generally preferable to wash after immersion. Also,
For example, in the case of treatment by coating, it is generally preferable that the coating is dried without being washed after coating.
【0022】第3の要旨において、本発明は、上述の本
発明の第2の要旨のカーボン電極の電極部の少なくとも
有効電極部上に、少なくとも酵素および電子伝達体(メ
ディエータ)、例えばフェリシアン化カリウムを含んで
成る固相化された反応層を有するバイオセンサを提供す
る。In a third aspect, the present invention provides at least an enzyme and an electron carrier (mediator), such as potassium ferricyanide, on at least the effective electrode portion of the electrode portion of the carbon electrode according to the second aspect of the present invention. Provided is a biosensor having a solid-phased reaction layer comprising.
【0023】本発明において反応層とは、測定すべき成
分と酵素反応する層を意味し、酵素反応およびその後の
電子伝達体との反応の結果として生じる酸化電流または
還元電流を測定できるようにする層を意味する。本発明
のバイオセンサにおいて使用できる酵素は、一般的にバ
イオセンサに使用されているものであれば特に限定され
るものではなく、酸化還元酵素のような酵素であり、具
体的には、グルコースオキシダーゼ、アルコールオキシ
ダーゼ、乳酸オキシダーゼ、グルコースデヒドロゲナー
ゼなどを例示できる。In the present invention, the reaction layer means a layer which enzymatically reacts with a component to be measured, and enables the oxidation current or reduction current resulting from the enzymatic reaction and the subsequent reaction with the electron carrier to be measured. Means a layer. The enzyme that can be used in the biosensor of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used in biosensors, and it is an enzyme such as oxidoreductase, and specifically, glucose oxidase. , Alcohol oxidase, lactate oxidase, glucose dehydrogenase and the like.
【0024】本発明のバイオセンサは、カーボン電極の
有効電極部を上述のようにカチオン界面活性剤により処
理することを除いて、カーボン電極を有して成るバイオ
センサを製造する常套の方法により製造できる。このバ
イオセンサの常套の製造法については、例えば特開平5
−164724号公報に記載され、本明細書においても
これを参照できる。例えば、本発明のバイオセンサは、
上述のようにして得られた本発明のカーボン電極におい
て、作用する電極部上に少なくとも酵素および電子伝達
体を含んで成る溶液、例えばりん酸緩衝溶液を塗布し
て、その後、乾燥することにより製造することができ
る。The biosensor of the present invention is manufactured by a conventional method for manufacturing a biosensor having a carbon electrode, except that the effective electrode portion of the carbon electrode is treated with the cationic surfactant as described above. it can. For the conventional manufacturing method of this biosensor, see, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No.
No. 164724, which can be referred to in the present specification. For example, the biosensor of the present invention is
The carbon electrode of the present invention obtained as described above is produced by applying a solution containing at least an enzyme and an electron carrier, for example, a phosphate buffer solution, on the working electrode part, and then drying. can do.
【0025】[0025]
【作用】−COOH、−C=O、−OH等の含酸素官能
基の解離によりアニオン性表面になっているカーボン電
極表面をカチオン界面活性剤で処理してカーボン電極表
面のアニオン性を消失させることによって、Fe(C
N)6 3-/4-のようなアニオン性化学種とカーボン電極と
の静電的反発が解消し、過電圧を小さくすることがで
き、従って、アニオン性化学種を小さな印加電圧で精度
よく測定することが可能となる。更に、Fe(CN)6
3-/4-のようなアニオン性化学種を電子伝達体として用
いるアンペロメトリックセンサやバイオセンサにおいて
は、このようなカチオン界面活性剤処理電極を用いるこ
とにより電子伝達体を小さな印加電圧で精度よく測定す
ることが可能となるので、測定精度の向上が可能とな
る。The carbon electrode surface, which has become an anionic surface due to the dissociation of oxygen-containing functional groups such as -COOH, -C = O and -OH, is treated with a cationic surfactant to eliminate the anionic property of the carbon electrode surface. By this, Fe (C
N) The electrostatic repulsion between the anionic species such as 6 3- / 4- and the carbon electrode is eliminated, and the overvoltage can be reduced. Therefore, the anionic species can be accurately measured with a small applied voltage. It becomes possible to do. Furthermore, Fe (CN) 6
In amperometric sensors and biosensors that use anionic species such as 3- / 4- as electron carriers, the use of such cationic surfactant-treated electrodes makes it possible to accurately measure electron carriers with a small applied voltage. Since the measurement can be performed well, the measurement accuracy can be improved.
【0026】前記の方法によりカチオン界面活性剤で処
理したカーボン電極では、カチオン界面活性剤はカーボ
ン電極に吸着しており、電極の表面状態が均一化されて
性能が一定なカーボン電極を得ることができる。また、
毛糸くずのような、いわゆる空気中のほこり成分には、
正の電荷に帯電している物質が多く存在し、それらがカ
ーボン電極表面のアニオン性に引きつけ,られて吸着
し、電極表面が汚染される現象が起こるという問題があ
る。しかしながら、カチオン界面活性剤によりカーボン
電極表面の作用部分を処理することによって、カーボン
電極表面のアニオン性は消失し、前記の電極表面が汚染
される現象を防ぐことができ、保存安定性に優れたカー
ボン電極を得ることができる。In the carbon electrode treated with the cationic surfactant by the above-mentioned method, the cationic surfactant is adsorbed on the carbon electrode, and the surface condition of the electrode is made uniform to obtain a carbon electrode having a constant performance. it can. Also,
For so-called dust components in the air, such as lint,
There are many substances that are positively charged, and there is a problem in that they are attracted and adsorbed by the anionic property of the carbon electrode surface, and the electrode surface is contaminated. However, by treating the active portion of the carbon electrode surface with a cationic surfactant, the anionic property of the carbon electrode surface disappears, and the phenomenon that the electrode surface is contaminated can be prevented, resulting in excellent storage stability. A carbon electrode can be obtained.
【0027】[0027]
【実施例】添付図面を参照して、本発明を実施例により
更に具体的に説明する。実施例1 (電極の作製) 本発明の電極を上から見た図(平面図)の一例を図1に
示す。ポリエチレンテレフタレートからなる絶縁性の基
板1上に、スクリーン印刷法によって、銀リード線5付
きカーボン電極2(測定極)および3(対極)を形成し
た(斜線部分)。次に、その上に絶縁性ペーストを印刷
し、絶縁層6を形成して所定の作用電極部のみを露出さ
せた。図示した態様では、円6内で有効電極部が露出し
ている。得られた電極を、カチオン界面活性剤であるヘ
キサデシルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミドの1%水溶
液中に常温で1分間浸漬した後、流水で洗浄し、60℃
で10分間乾燥機で乾燥してカチオン界面活性剤処理カ
ーボン電極を得た。DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings with reference to the accompanying drawings. Example 1 (Production of Electrode) FIG. 1 shows an example of a view (plan view) of the electrode of the present invention seen from above. Carbon electrodes 2 (measurement electrode) and 3 (counter electrode) with silver lead wire 5 were formed on an insulating substrate 1 made of polyethylene terephthalate by a screen printing method (hatched portion). Next, an insulating paste was printed thereon to form an insulating layer 6 to expose only a predetermined working electrode portion. In the illustrated embodiment, the effective electrode portion is exposed within the circle 6. The obtained electrode was immersed in a 1% aqueous solution of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, which is a cationic surfactant, at room temperature for 1 minute and then washed with running water at 60 ° C.
And dried in a dryer for 10 minutes to obtain a cationic surfactant-treated carbon electrode.
【0028】実施例2(電極反応の測定) カーボン電極のカチオン界面活性剤による処理効果をF
e(CN)6 3-/4-の電極反応により調べた。実施例1に
おいて作製したカチオン界面活性剤処理カーボン電極
を、5mMのフェロシアン化カリウムおよび5mMのフ
ェリシアン化カリウムを含む0.1Mりん酸緩衝液(p
H7.4)に入れ、サイクリックボルタモグラムを測定
し、その結果を図2の曲線(a)で示す。尚、カチオン
界面活性剤で処理していないカーボン電極を用いて同様
の測定を行なった結果を図2の曲線(b)に示した。処
理していないカーボン電極の場合、曲線(b)のピーク
電位の分離幅(ΔE)が大きく電流値が小さい波形であ
るに対して、カチオン界面活性剤で処理した電極の場
合、曲線(a)のピーク電位の分離幅(ΔE)が小さく
電流値の大きい波形が得られた。即ち、小さな印加電圧
で大きな電流を得ることが可能であることがわかる。 Example 2 (Measurement of Electrode Reaction) The effect of treating a carbon electrode with a cationic surfactant was F.
It was investigated by the electrode reaction of e (CN) 6 3- / 4- . The cationic surfactant-treated carbon electrode prepared in Example 1 was treated with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (p of 5 mM potassium ferrocyanide and 5 mM potassium ferricyanide (p
H7.4) and measured cyclic voltammogram, and the result is shown by the curve (a) in FIG. The curve (b) in FIG. 2 shows the result of the same measurement performed using a carbon electrode that was not treated with a cationic surfactant. In the case of an untreated carbon electrode, the curve (b) has a large peak potential separation width (ΔE) and a small current value, whereas in the case of an electrode treated with a cationic surfactant, the curve (a) A waveform having a small separation width (ΔE) of the peak potential and a large current value was obtained. That is, it can be seen that a large current can be obtained with a small applied voltage.
【0029】実施例3(フェロシアン化カリウムの測
定) 実施例1において作製した電極を用いて、フェロシアン
化カリウムの濃度を変えて、100mVの電圧を印加し
て、5秒後の電流値を測定した結果を図3に示す。図3
の(a)がカチオン界面活性剤処理カーボン電極を用い
た時の測定結果であり、図3の(b)がカチオン界面活
性剤で処理していないカーボン電極を用いた時の測定結
果である。図3(b)に対して図3(a)では3倍以上
の高い感度が得られた。また、カチオン界面活性剤で処
理していないカーボン電極を用いて、300mVの電圧
を印加して同様に測定した結果を図3にて(c)により
示した。カチオン界面活性剤で処理していないカーボン
電極を用いた場合に、図3(a)と同様の感度を得るた
めには、3倍以上の大きな印加電圧が必要であることが
判る。 Example 3 (Measurement of potassium ferrocyanide) Using the electrode prepared in Example 1, the concentration of potassium ferrocyanide was changed, a voltage of 100 mV was applied, and the current value after 5 seconds was measured. As shown in FIG. FIG.
(A) of FIG. 3 is a measurement result when a carbon electrode treated with a cationic surfactant is used, and (b) of FIG. 3 is a measurement result when a carbon electrode not treated with a cationic surfactant is used. As compared with FIG. 3B, the sensitivity of FIG. In addition, a carbon electrode not treated with a cationic surfactant was applied with a voltage of 300 mV, and the same measurement result was shown in FIG. 3 (c). It can be seen that, in the case of using the carbon electrode not treated with the cationic surfactant, the applied voltage of 3 times or more is required to obtain the same sensitivity as in FIG. 3 (a).
【0030】実施例4(グルコースの測定) 実施例1にて作製したカーボン電極2および3上に50
mMのフェリシアン化カリウム及び500U/mlのグ
ルコースオキシダーゼ(GOD)を含むpH7.4のり
ん酸緩衝溶液を滴下して乾燥し、フェリシアン化カリウ
ム及び酵素を電極上に固相化した。次に、前記のように
して作製した電極上に試料液としてグルコース溶液を滴
下し、25秒後に、対極3を基準にして測定極2に10
0mVの電圧を印加して、5秒後の電流値を測定し、そ
の結果を図4に示す。図4において(a)はカチオン界
面活性剤処理カーボン電極を用いた時の測定結果であ
る。グルコースオキシダーゼを触媒として、試料液中の
グルコースが酸化されると同時にフェリシアン化カリウ
ムが還元されフェロシアン化カリウムになる。そして、
上記電圧の印加により、フェロシアン化カリウムの濃度
に基づく酸化電流が得られ、この電流値は基質であるグ
ルコース濃度に対応していることが判る。 Example 4 (Measurement of Glucose) 50 on the carbon electrodes 2 and 3 prepared in Example 1.
A phosphate buffer solution having a pH of 7.4 containing mM potassium ferricyanide and 500 U / ml glucose oxidase (GOD) was added dropwise and dried to solidify potassium ferricyanide and the enzyme on the electrode. Next, a glucose solution was dropped as a sample solution on the electrode prepared as described above, and 25 seconds later, 10 seconds was applied to the measurement electrode 2 with the counter electrode 3 as a reference.
A voltage of 0 mV was applied and the current value after 5 seconds was measured, and the result is shown in FIG. In FIG. 4, (a) shows the measurement results when using a cationic surfactant-treated carbon electrode. Using glucose oxidase as a catalyst, glucose in the sample solution is oxidized and at the same time potassium ferricyanide is reduced to potassium ferrocyanide. And
By applying the above voltage, an oxidation current based on the concentration of potassium ferrocyanide is obtained, and it can be seen that this current value corresponds to the concentration of glucose as a substrate.
【0031】図4において(b)はカチオン界面活性剤
で処理していないカーボン電極を用いた時の測定結果で
ある。図4において、(b)に対して(a)では3倍以
上の高い感度が得られた。また、カチオン界面活性剤で
処理していないカーボン電極を用いて300mVの電圧
を印加して同様に測定した結果を図4にて(c)により
示した。従って、カチオン界面活性剤で処理していない
カーボン電極を用いた時では、図4(a)と同様の感度
を得るためには3倍以上の大きな印加電圧が必要であ
る。尚、前記実施例では、カチオン界面活性剤としてヘ
キサデシルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミドを用いた
が、先に例示した他のカチオン界面活性剤を上述のよう
な実施例において使用できるのは言うまでもなく、ヘキ
サデシルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミドに制限される
ことはない。In FIG. 4, (b) shows the measurement results when a carbon electrode not treated with a cationic surfactant was used. In FIG. 4, the sensitivity in (a) was three times or more higher than that in (b). Further, the result of the same measurement by applying a voltage of 300 mV using a carbon electrode not treated with a cationic surfactant is shown by (c) in FIG. Therefore, when a carbon electrode not treated with a cationic surfactant is used, it is necessary to apply a voltage three times or more higher in order to obtain the same sensitivity as in FIG. Although hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was used as the cationic surfactant in the above examples, it is needless to say that other cationic surfactants exemplified above can be used in the above examples. You are not limited to ammonium bromide.
【0032】[0032]
【発明の効果】本発明によれば,カーボン電極表面を,
カチオン界面活性剤で処理することによって、Fe(C
N)6 3-/4-のようなアニオン性化学種とカーボン電極と
の静電的反発が消失し、小さな印加電圧でFe(CN)
6 3-/4-のようなアニオン性化学種を精度よく測定するこ
とが可能となり、しかも、保存安定性に優れたカーボン
電極を簡便で安価に量産することができる。よって、F
e(CN)6 3-/4-のようなアニオン性化学種を電子伝達
体として用いるアンペロメトリックセンサやバイオセン
サにおいては、このようなカチオン界面活性剤処理電極
を用いることにより、高性能なセンサを簡便で安価に量
産することが可能となる。According to the present invention, the surface of the carbon electrode is
By treating with a cationic surfactant, Fe (C
N) 6 3- / 4- and the electrostatic repulsion between the anionic species and the carbon electrode disappears, and Fe (CN) is applied at a small applied voltage.
It becomes possible to measure anionic chemical species such as 6 3- / 4- with high accuracy, and a carbon electrode having excellent storage stability can be simply mass-produced at low cost. Therefore, F
In an amperometric sensor or biosensor using an anionic species such as e (CN) 6 3- / 4- as an electron carrier, by using such a cationic surfactant-treated electrode, high performance can be obtained. It becomes possible to mass-produce the sensor easily and inexpensively.
【図1】 図1は、本発明のカーボン電極の模式的平面
図である。FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a carbon electrode of the present invention.
【図2】 図2は、実施例にて測定したサイクリックボ
ルタモグラムの結果を示すグラフである。FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of cyclic voltammograms measured in Examples.
【図3】 図3は、実施例のフェロシアン化カリウム応
答の結果を示すグラフである。FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of the potassium ferrocyanide response of the example.
【図4】 図4は、実施例のグルコース応答の結果を示
すグラフである。FIG. 4 is a graph showing the results of glucose response of Examples.
1…基板、2…カーボン電極(測定極)、3…カーボン
電極(対極)、4…絶縁層、5…リード線。1 ... Substrate, 2 ... Carbon electrode (measurement electrode), 3 ... Carbon electrode (counter electrode), 4 ... Insulating layer, 5 ... Lead wire.
Claims (6)
ボン電極部を有して成るカーボン電極であって、カーボ
ン電極部の少なくとも電極として有効に作用する部分が
カチオン界面活性剤により処理されていることを特徴と
するカーボン電極。1. A carbon electrode having a carbon electrode portion formed of a carbon material on a base material, wherein at least a portion of the carbon electrode portion which effectively acts as an electrode is treated with a cationic surfactant. A carbon electrode characterized by being present.
次いで、この電極の少なくとも電極として有効に作用す
る部分をカチオン界面活性剤により処理することを特徴
とするカーボン電極の製造方法。2. A carbon electrode is provided on an insulating substrate,
Next, a method for producing a carbon electrode, characterized in that at least a portion of this electrode that effectively acts as an electrode is treated with a cationic surfactant.
とも電極として有効に作用する部分をカチオン界面活性
剤溶液に浸漬し、その後、必要に応じて洗浄することを
特徴とする請求項2記載の製造方法。3. The production method according to claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the carbon electrode portion of the carbon electrode that effectively acts as an electrode is dipped in a cationic surfactant solution and then washed as necessary. .
とも電極として有効に作用する部分にカチオン界面活性
剤溶液を塗布し、溶液を乾燥することを特徴とする請求
項2記載の製造方法。4. The method according to claim 2, wherein a cationic surfactant solution is applied to at least a portion of the carbon electrode portion of the carbon electrode that effectively acts as an electrode, and the solution is dried.
次いで、この電極をカチオン界面活性剤により処理し、
その後、電極上に少なくとも酵素および電子伝達体を含
む溶液を塗布、乾燥して反応層を形成したことを特徴と
するバイオセンサの製造方法。5. A carbon electrode is provided on an insulating substrate,
The electrode is then treated with a cationic surfactant,
After that, a solution containing at least an enzyme and an electron carrier is applied onto the electrode and dried to form a reaction layer, which is a method for producing a biosensor.
て、処理された電極として有効に作用する部分上に、酵
素および電子伝達体を含んで成る反応層が形成されてい
るバイオセンサ。6. The biosensor according to claim 1, wherein a reaction layer containing an enzyme and an electron carrier is formed on a portion that effectively acts as a treated electrode.
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2001264285A (en) * | 2000-03-17 | 2001-09-26 | Rikogaku Shinkokai | Modified electrode for detecting 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid and/or homovanillic acid and its detecting method |
JP2006084375A (en) * | 2004-09-17 | 2006-03-30 | Okutekku:Kk | Measuring method using crystalline carbon as electrode |
WO2012036047A1 (en) | 2010-09-13 | 2012-03-22 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | Biosensor and production method therefor |
-
1994
- 1994-06-17 JP JP13596894A patent/JP3207676B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2001264285A (en) * | 2000-03-17 | 2001-09-26 | Rikogaku Shinkokai | Modified electrode for detecting 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid and/or homovanillic acid and its detecting method |
JP4553168B2 (en) * | 2000-03-17 | 2010-09-29 | 国立大学法人東京工業大学 | Modified electrode for detection of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and / or homovanillic acid and detection method thereof |
JP2006084375A (en) * | 2004-09-17 | 2006-03-30 | Okutekku:Kk | Measuring method using crystalline carbon as electrode |
WO2012036047A1 (en) | 2010-09-13 | 2012-03-22 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | Biosensor and production method therefor |
US9222909B2 (en) | 2010-09-13 | 2015-12-29 | Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. | Biosensor and method for producing the same |
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