JPH0614547A - Power unit for vehicle - Google Patents
Power unit for vehicleInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0614547A JPH0614547A JP4192891A JP19289192A JPH0614547A JP H0614547 A JPH0614547 A JP H0614547A JP 4192891 A JP4192891 A JP 4192891A JP 19289192 A JP19289192 A JP 19289192A JP H0614547 A JPH0614547 A JP H0614547A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- case
- rectifier
- cover
- phase
- voltage
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical group [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005340 laminated glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
Landscapes
- Rectifiers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】この発明は、機関の回転により駆
動される交流発電機の交流電圧を整流し直流負荷に供給
する、車両の電源装置に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a vehicle power supply device for rectifying an AC voltage of an AC generator driven by rotation of an engine and supplying the rectified AC voltage to a DC load.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】この種の電源装置として、例えば特開昭
６３−６９５００号公報に示されたものがある。図４は
従来の車両の電源装置の回路図である。１は三相交流発
電機で、固定子の電機子鉄心には三相の電機子巻線２が
設けられ、回転子の磁極鉄心には界磁巻線３が装着され
ている。交流発電機１は車両の機関の回転により駆動さ
れる。４は交流発電機１の三相交流電圧を整流し直流低
電圧を出す第１の整流器、５はこの整流器４の出力電圧
を検出し、所定値になるように励磁電流を調整する電圧
調整器である。上記交流発電機１、電圧調整器５及び整
流器４とで充電発電機を構成している。６は蓄電池、７
は低電圧の直流負荷である。2. Description of the Related Art A power supply device of this type is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-69500. FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a conventional vehicle power supply device. Reference numeral 1 denotes a three-phase AC generator, in which a stator armature core is provided with a three-phase armature winding 2, and a rotor magnetic pole core is provided with a field winding 3. The AC generator 1 is driven by the rotation of the engine of the vehicle. Reference numeral 4 is a first rectifier that rectifies the three-phase AC voltage of the AC generator 1 and outputs a DC low voltage. Reference numeral 5 is a voltage regulator that detects the output voltage of the rectifier 4 and adjusts the exciting current to a predetermined value. Is. The AC generator 1, the voltage regulator 5 and the rectifier 4 constitute a charging generator. 6 is a storage battery, 7
Is a low voltage DC load.
【０００３】次に、１１は昇圧の三相変圧器、１２はこ
の変圧器１１の二次巻線の三相交流高電圧を整流し、直
流高電圧を供給する第２の整流器、１３は変圧器１１の
一次巻線への回路を開閉する電磁スイッチ、１４は負荷
スイッチ、１５は高電圧直流負荷で、例えば車両の窓ガ
ラスに付着した霜や氷を短時間に融かす電気ヒータから
なる。この電気ヒータは、合わせガラスの中間に超薄膜
金属抵抗体を張付けたもので、光の透視性から抵抗値が
約２π以下にはできなく、短時融氷には１〜１．５ｋＷ
位の電力で、５０〜６０Ｖ程度の直流高電圧を必要とす
るものである。Next, 11 is a step-up three-phase transformer, 12 is a second rectifier that rectifies the three-phase AC high voltage of the secondary winding of the transformer 11 and supplies a DC high voltage, and 13 is a transformer. An electromagnetic switch that opens and closes a circuit to the primary winding of the container 11, 14 is a load switch, and 15 is a high-voltage DC load, which is composed of, for example, an electric heater that melts frost and ice adhering to the window glass of a vehicle in a short time. This electric heater is made by laminating an ultra-thin metal resistor in the middle of laminated glass, and the resistance value cannot be reduced to about 2π or less due to the transparency of light.
It requires a DC high voltage of about 50 to 60V with the power of about 50V.
【０００４】上記電源装置において、三相交流低電圧を
整流し、直流低電圧を蓄電池６に加え充電するととも
に、低電圧直流負荷７に加える。一方、電磁スイッチ１
３を投入することにより、三相交流低電圧を三相変圧器
１１で昇圧し、この三相交流高電圧を整流し直流高電圧
を高電圧直流負荷１５に供給する。直流負荷１５を使用
しないときは、電磁スイッチ１３を切っておき、三相変
圧器１１の無負荷時の一次巻線への通電による無負荷損
失を防ぐ。In the above power supply device, a three-phase AC low voltage is rectified, a DC low voltage is applied to the storage battery 6 to charge it, and a low voltage DC load 7 is applied. On the other hand, electromagnetic switch 1
By turning on 3, the three-phase AC low voltage is boosted by the three-phase transformer 11, the three-phase AC high voltage is rectified, and the DC high voltage is supplied to the high-voltage DC load 15. When the DC load 15 is not used, the electromagnetic switch 13 is turned off to prevent no-load loss due to energization of the primary winding of the three-phase transformer 11 when no load is applied.
【０００５】上記従来装置の三相変圧器１１及び整流器
１２をケース内に取付けた状態を、図５に断面図で示
す。１１ａは三相変圧器１１の鉄心、１１ｂはボビン１
１ｃに巻回された一次及び二次の巻線で、鉄心１１ａに
はめられ三相変圧器１１を構成している。１６はアルミ
ダイカストからなるケースで、鉄心１１ａを取付けねじ
１９、２０で固定している。第２の整流器１２はダイオ
ードを組合わせモジュールにしており、取付けねじ２０
により、間隔管２１を介しケース１６の底部に固定され
ている。１７は三相変圧器１１、整流器１２及び図示し
ない電磁スイッチ等を電気的に接続する回路が設けられ
た回路基板で、取付けねじ２０により間隔管２１を介し
取付けられている。１８は非磁性材からなり、ケース１
６の開口部を覆って取付けられたふさぎカバーである。FIG. 5 is a sectional view showing a state in which the three-phase transformer 11 and the rectifier 12 of the conventional device are mounted in the case. 11a is an iron core of the three-phase transformer 11, 11b is a bobbin 1
The primary and secondary windings wound around 1c are fitted to the iron core 11a to form the three-phase transformer 11. Reference numeral 16 is a case made of aluminum die casting, and the iron core 11a is fixed with mounting screws 19 and 20. The second rectifier 12 is a combination module of diodes and has a mounting screw 20
Is fixed to the bottom of the case 16 via the spacing tube 21. Reference numeral 17 is a circuit board provided with a circuit for electrically connecting the three-phase transformer 11, the rectifier 12, and an electromagnetic switch (not shown) and the like, and is attached by a mounting screw 20 via a spacing tube 21. 18 is made of non-magnetic material, and case 1
6 is a covering cover attached so as to cover the opening of 6.
【０００６】図５において、高電力直流負荷１５に通電
すると、三相変圧器１１及び整流器１２は発熱し、ケー
ス１６に放熱される。三相変圧器１１は整流器１２に比
べ発熱量が大きいので、ケース１６の底面の温度上昇が
高くなり、整流器１２の放熱が低下する。In FIG. 5, when the high power DC load 15 is energized, the three-phase transformer 11 and the rectifier 12 generate heat and are radiated to the case 16. Since the three-phase transformer 11 generates a larger amount of heat than the rectifier 12, the temperature rise on the bottom surface of the case 16 increases, and the heat dissipation of the rectifier 12 decreases.
【０００７】[0007]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】上記従来の車両の電源
装置では、三相変圧器１１の発熱量が大きくケース１６
の底面の温度上昇が高くなり、整流器１２の放熱が阻害
されるという問題点があった。In the above-described conventional vehicle power supply device, the three-phase transformer 11 generates a large amount of heat and the case 16 is used.
There is a problem in that the temperature rise of the bottom surface of the rectifier becomes high and the heat dissipation of the rectifier 12 is hindered.
【０００８】この発明は、上記のような問題点を解決す
るためになされたもので、ケース内に三相変圧器ととも
に収容された第２の整流器の放熱を良好にし、また、ケ
ースの取付け面積を減少した車両の電源装置を得ること
を目的としている。The present invention has been made in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, and improves the heat dissipation of the second rectifier housed in the case together with the three-phase transformer, and the mounting area of the case. The purpose is to obtain a reduced power supply device for a vehicle.
【０００９】[0009]
【課題を解決するための手段】この発明にかかる車両の
電源装置は、非磁性金属材からなるケースの底部に三相
変圧器の鉄心を取付け、ケースの上部開口部又は側部の
開口部に取付けた非磁性金属材からなるカバーの内面に
第２の整流器を取付け、三相変圧器から離れた位置でそ
の放熱の影響を少なくしたものである。さらには、ケー
スとカバーの取付面の間に断熱材を介在したものであ
る。In a power supply device for a vehicle according to the present invention, an iron core of a three-phase transformer is attached to the bottom of a case made of a non-magnetic metal material, and the iron core of the three-phase transformer is attached to the upper opening or side opening of the case. The second rectifier is attached to the inner surface of the attached cover made of non-magnetic metal material to reduce the influence of heat radiation at a position away from the three-phase transformer. Furthermore, a heat insulating material is interposed between the mounting surfaces of the case and the cover.
【００１０】[0010]
【作用】三相変圧器の発熱によりケースの底部は温度上
昇するが、第２の整流器はカバーに取付けられており、
良好な放熱がなされる。さらには、ケースに断熱材を介
しカバーを取付けることにより、カバーはケースからの
熱影響が阻止され、第２の整流器の放熱はいっそう向上
する。[Function] Although the temperature of the bottom of the case rises due to the heat generation of the three-phase transformer, the second rectifier is attached to the cover.
Good heat dissipation is achieved. Furthermore, by attaching the cover to the case via a heat insulating material, the cover is prevented from being affected by heat from the case, and the heat dissipation of the second rectifier is further improved.
【００１１】[0011]
【実施例】実施例１．図１はこの発明の実施例１による
車両の電源装置のケースに収容された三相変圧器と第２
の整流器の要部断面図である。なお、電源装置の回路図
は図３と同様である。図１において、３０はアルミダイ
カストなど非磁性金属材からなり、熱伝導の良好なケー
スで、底部に三相変圧器１１を取付けねじ１９により固
定している。３１はアルミ材など良熱伝導性の非磁性金
属材からなり、ケース３０の開口部に取付けられたカバ
ーで、接続作業用の窓穴３１ａが設けられ、ふさぎ板３
２で閉じられている。カバー３１の内面に第２の整流器
１２と回路基板３３とを取付けねじ２０により間隔管２
１を介し取付けている。なお、カバー３１の外面に放熱
フィンを設けてもよい。EXAMPLES Example 1. First Embodiment FIG. 1 shows a three-phase transformer housed in a case of a vehicle power supply device according to a first embodiment of the present invention and a second phase transformer.
3 is a cross-sectional view of the main parts of the rectifier of FIG. The circuit diagram of the power supply device is similar to that of FIG. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 30 denotes a case made of a non-magnetic metal material such as aluminum die cast, which has a good heat conduction, and the three-phase transformer 11 is fixed to the bottom by mounting screws 19. Reference numeral 31 is a cover made of a non-magnetic metal material having good heat conductivity such as aluminum material and attached to the opening of the case 30. The cover is provided with a window hole 31a for connection work.
It is closed at 2. The second rectifier 12 and the circuit board 33 are attached to the inner surface of the cover 31 with the screws 20 and the spacer tube 2 is attached.
It is attached through 1. A heat radiation fin may be provided on the outer surface of the cover 31.
【００１２】高電圧直流負荷１５に通電すると、三相変
圧器１１及び整流器１２が発熱し、三相変圧器１１の放
熱によりケース１６の底部側が温度上昇する。しかし、
カバー３１はケース１６の底部から相当に離れており、
その温度上昇の影響を受けず、整流器１２はカバー３１
に良好に放熱される。When the high-voltage DC load 15 is energized, the three-phase transformer 11 and the rectifier 12 generate heat, and the heat dissipation of the three-phase transformer 11 causes the temperature of the bottom side of the case 16 to rise. But,
The cover 31 is far away from the bottom of the case 16,
The rectifier 12 is not affected by the temperature rise, and the rectifier 12 has a cover 31.
Dissipates heat well.
【００１３】実施例２．図２はこの発明の実施例２によ
る車両の電源装置のケースに収容された三相変圧器と第
２の整流器の要部断面図である。３４は合成樹脂材など
非磁性の断熱材で、断熱パッキンをなし、ケース３０の
開口部とカバー３１の取付面間に接着剤などにより取付
けられている。ケース３０が温度上昇しても、断熱材３
４によりカバー３１は熱的遮断され、整流器１２の放熱
がいっそう向上する。Example 2. Second Embodiment FIG. 2 is a sectional view of essential parts of a three-phase transformer and a second rectifier housed in a case of a vehicle power supply device according to a second embodiment of the present invention. Reference numeral 34 denotes a nonmagnetic heat insulating material such as a synthetic resin material, which forms a heat insulating packing, and is attached between the opening of the case 30 and the attachment surface of the cover 31 with an adhesive or the like. Even if the temperature of the case 30 rises, the heat insulating material 3
4, the cover 31 is thermally cut off, and the heat dissipation of the rectifier 12 is further improved.
【００１４】実施例３．図３はこの発明の実施例３によ
る車両の電源装置のケースに収容された三相変圧器と第
２の整流器の要部断面図である。３５はアルミダイカス
トなど非磁性金属材からなり良熱伝導性のケースで、上
面と一側面とに開口部が設けられている。ケース３５の
底部に三相変圧器１１が鉄心１１ａでボルト１９により
取付けられ、上部の開口部にふさぎカバー３６が取付け
られている。３７はケース３５の一側面の開口部に断熱
パッキンなどからなる断熱材３８を介し取付けられたカ
バーで、アルミ材など良熱伝導性の非磁性金属材からな
り、外面に複数の放熱フィン３７ａが設けられている。
カバー３７の内面に第２の整流器１２と回路基板３３と
を取付けねじ２０により間隔管２１を介し取付けてい
る。ケース３５の底部が温度上昇しても、カバー３７は
距離が離れており、また、断熱材３８の介在により、熱
的影響は遮断される。Example 3. Third Embodiment FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of essential parts of a three-phase transformer and a second rectifier housed in a case of a vehicle power supply device according to a third embodiment of the present invention. Reference numeral 35 denotes a case made of a non-magnetic metal material such as aluminum die cast and having good heat conductivity, and has openings provided on the upper surface and one side surface. The three-phase transformer 11 is attached to the bottom of the case 35 by the bolts 19 with the iron core 11a, and the covering cover 36 is attached to the upper opening. Reference numeral 37 denotes a cover attached to an opening on one side surface of the case 35 via a heat insulating material 38 such as a heat insulating packing. It is provided.
The second rectifier 12 and the circuit board 33 are attached to the inner surface of the cover 37 by the attachment screws 20 via the spacing tube 21. Even if the temperature of the bottom of the case 35 rises, the cover 37 is away from the case, and the heat insulating material 38 intervenes to block the thermal influence.
【００１５】[0015]
【発明の効果】以上のように、この発明によれば、底部
に三相変圧器を取付けたケースの開口部のカバーの内面
に第２の整流器を取付けたので、カバーはケース底部の
温度上昇の影響を受けず、整流器の放熱が向上される。
また、ケースの取付け面積が縮小される。さらには、ケ
ースの開口部とカバーの取付面の間に断熱材を介在する
ことにより、整流器の放熱がいっそう向上する。As described above, according to the present invention, since the second rectifier is attached to the inner surface of the cover of the opening of the case where the three-phase transformer is attached to the bottom, the temperature rise of the cover at the bottom of the case is achieved. The heat dissipation of the rectifier is improved without being affected by.
Moreover, the mounting area of the case is reduced. Furthermore, by interposing a heat insulating material between the opening of the case and the mounting surface of the cover, the heat dissipation of the rectifier is further improved.
【図１】この発明の実施例１による車両の電源装置のケ
ースに収容された三相変圧器と第２の整流器部の要部断
面図である。FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of main parts of a three-phase transformer and a second rectifier unit housed in a case of a vehicle power supply device according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】この発明の実施例２による車両の電源装置のケ
ースに収容された三相変圧器と第２の整流器部の要部断
面図である。FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of essential parts of a three-phase transformer and a second rectifier unit housed in a case of a power supply device for a vehicle according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
【図３】この発明の実施例３による車両の電源装置のケ
ースに収容された三相変圧器と第２の整流器部の要部断
面図である。FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of main parts of a three-phase transformer and a second rectifier unit housed in a case of a power supply device for a vehicle according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
【図４】従来の車両の電源装置の回路図である。FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a conventional vehicle power supply device.
【図５】従来の電源装置のケースに収容された三相変圧
器と第２の整流器部の要部断面図である。FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of essential parts of a three-phase transformer and a second rectifier unit housed in a case of a conventional power supply device.
１ 三相交流発電機 ４ 第１の整流器 ６ 蓄電池 ７ 低電圧直流負荷 11 三相変圧器 12 第２の整流器 15 高電圧直流負荷 30、35 ケース 31、37 カバー 34、38 断熱材 1 Three-phase AC generator 4 First rectifier 6 Storage battery 7 Low voltage DC load 11 Three-phase transformer 12 Second rectifier 15 High voltage DC load 30, 35 Case 31, 37 Cover 34, 38 Insulation material
Claims (2)
流低電圧を発生する三相交流発電機と、この三相交流低
電圧を整流し直流低電圧を蓄電池及び低電圧直流負荷に
供給する第１の整流器と、上記三相交流電圧を昇圧する
三相変圧器と、この昇圧された三相交流高電圧を整流し
直流高電圧を高電圧直流負荷に供給する第２の整流器を
備えた車両の電源装置において、 上記三相変圧器を非磁性金属材からなるケースの底部に
取付け、このケースの開口部を覆って取付けられた、非
磁性金属材からなるカバーの内面に、上記第２の整流器
を取付けたことを特徴とする車両の電源装置。1. A three-phase AC generator that is driven by the rotation of a vehicle engine to generate a three-phase AC low voltage, and a three-phase AC low voltage that is rectified to supply a DC low voltage to a storage battery and a low-voltage DC load. A first rectifier, a three-phase transformer that boosts the three-phase AC voltage, and a second rectifier that rectifies the boosted three-phase AC high voltage and supplies the DC high voltage to a high-voltage DC load are provided. In a vehicle power supply device, the three-phase transformer is attached to a bottom portion of a case made of a non-magnetic metal material, and the second surface is attached to an inner surface of a cover made of a non-magnetic metal material so as to cover an opening of the case. A power supply device for a vehicle, wherein the rectifier is attached.
流低電圧を発生する三相交流発電機と、この三相交流低
電圧を整流し直流低電圧を蓄電池及び低電圧直流負荷に
供給する第１の整流器と、上記三相交流電圧を昇圧する
三相変圧器と、この昇圧された三相交流電圧を整流し直
流高電圧を高電圧直流負荷に供給する第２の整流器を備
えた車両の電源装置において、 上記三相変圧器を良熱伝導性の非磁性金属材からなるケ
ースの底部に取付け、このケースの開口部を覆う良熱伝
導性の非金属材からなるカバーを断熱材を介して取付
け、上記カバーの内面に上記第２の整流器を取付けたこ
とを特徴とする車両の電源装置。2. A three-phase AC generator driven by rotation of a vehicle engine to generate a three-phase AC low voltage, and a DC low voltage rectified to supply the DC low voltage to a storage battery and a low-voltage DC load. A vehicle including a first rectifier, a three-phase transformer that boosts the three-phase AC voltage, and a second rectifier that rectifies the boosted three-phase AC voltage and supplies a DC high voltage to a high-voltage DC load. In the power supply device, the three-phase transformer is attached to the bottom of a case made of a non-magnetic metal material having good heat conductivity, and a cover made of a non-metal material having good heat conductivity covering the opening of the case is provided with a heat insulating material. A power supply device for a vehicle, characterized in that the second rectifier is mounted on the inner surface of the cover.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4192891A JPH0614547A (en) | 1992-06-25 | 1992-06-25 | Power unit for vehicle |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4192891A JPH0614547A (en) | 1992-06-25 | 1992-06-25 | Power unit for vehicle |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0614547A true JPH0614547A (en) | 1994-01-21 |
Family
ID=16298700
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4192891A Pending JPH0614547A (en) | 1992-06-25 | 1992-06-25 | Power unit for vehicle |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0614547A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4852041A (en) * | 1984-12-17 | 1989-07-25 | Micro Co., Ltd. | Interface converter |
-
1992
- 1992-06-25 JP JP4192891A patent/JPH0614547A/en active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4852041A (en) * | 1984-12-17 | 1989-07-25 | Micro Co., Ltd. | Interface converter |
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