JPH0552861A - Method for measuring flow of liquid - Google Patents
Method for measuring flow of liquidInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0552861A JPH0552861A JP3217335A JP21733591A JPH0552861A JP H0552861 A JPH0552861 A JP H0552861A JP 3217335 A JP3217335 A JP 3217335A JP 21733591 A JP21733591 A JP 21733591A JP H0552861 A JPH0552861 A JP H0552861A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- seeding
- measuring
- liquid
- particle
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims description 42
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920005597 polymer membrane Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005373 porous glass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 230000004520 agglutination Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 15
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 alkaline earth metal carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium carbonate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]C([O-])=O AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004931 aggregating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052915 alkaline earth metal silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000378 calcium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium orthosilicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052919 magnesium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019792 magnesium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930014626 natural product Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012800 visualization Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、液体の流れの計測方法
に関する。なお、ここでいう「液体の流れの計測」と
は、液体の流速の計測のみならず、液体流分布の可視化
による計測をも意味するものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a liquid flow measuring method. It should be noted that the term "measurement of the flow of liquid" as used herein means not only measurement of the flow velocity of the liquid but also measurement by visualization of the liquid flow distribution.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術と発明が解決しようとする課題】レーザー
計測装置を用いた液体流速計測をはじめとする光計測装
置を用いた液体の流れの計測に使用するシーディング粒
子としては、ＳｉＯ２、ＴｉＯ２、ＳｉＣ等の多孔質粒
子あるいはポリスチレンラテックスなどの有機高分子よ
りなる粒子（平均粒子径０．５〜１５０μｍ程度）が用
いられていた。レーザー計測装置を用いた液体流速の計
測方法の例としては、レーザードップラー流速計、フェ
ーズドップラー流速計などを用いた方法が挙げられる。
この場合は、平均粒子径０．５〜１０μｍ程度の粒子が
用いられていた。2. Description of the Related Art Seeding particles used for measuring a liquid flow using an optical measuring device such as a liquid flow velocity measuring device using a laser measuring device include SiO 2 and TiO 2 . 2. Porous particles such as SiC or particles made of an organic polymer such as polystyrene latex (average particle diameter of about 0.5 to 150 μm) have been used. Examples of the liquid flow velocity measuring method using a laser measuring device include a method using a laser Doppler velocity meter, a phase Doppler velocity meter, and the like.
In this case, particles having an average particle diameter of about 0.5 to 10 μm were used.
【０００３】また、その他の液体の流れの計測方法の例
としては、フラッシュランプやパルスレーザーなどの瞬
間的かつ強力な光源を用いて、シーディング粒子の分布
を写真撮影することにより液体の流れを計測する方法が
挙げられる。この場合には、平均粒子径５〜１５０μｍ
程度の粒子が用いられていた。As another example of the liquid flow measuring method, the liquid flow can be measured by taking a photograph of the distribution of seeding particles using an instantaneous and powerful light source such as a flash lamp or a pulse laser. There is a method of measuring. In this case, the average particle diameter is 5 to 150 μm.
Some particles were used.
【０００４】また、セラミックス多孔質粒子としては、
共沈法により製造したもの、天然物を利用したものなど
が挙げられる。Further, as the ceramic porous particles,
Examples include those produced by the coprecipitation method and those using natural products.
【０００５】従来より使用されている代表的なセラミッ
クスのシーディング粒子の電子顕微鏡写真を、図３〜図
１４に示す。（図３、４はホワイトカーボン、図５、６
はＴｉＯ２、図７、８はタルク、図９、１０はＴｉＯ２
＋タルク、図１１、１２は関東ロームから採取したも
の、図１３、１４は白色溶融アルミナの写真である。）
しかし、このようなシーディング粒子は、写真にも明瞭
に現れているように、下記１〜５のような欠点があり、
液体の流れ計測誤差を大きくしていた。Electron micrographs of typical ceramic seeding particles conventionally used are shown in FIGS. (Figures 3 and 4 are white carbon, Figures 5 and 6
Is TiO 2 , FIGS. 7 and 8 are talc, FIGS. 9 and 10 are TiO 2.
+ Talc, FIGS. 11 and 12 are taken from Kanto loam, and FIGS. 13 and 14 are photographs of white fused alumina. )
However, such seeding particles have the following defects 1 to 5 as clearly shown in the photograph:
The liquid flow measurement error was increased.
【０００６】１）シーディング粒子の形状が不定型であ
るため、光検出器によって検出されるべき光の散乱断面
積は、光検出時における粒子の向きによって異なる。 ２）粒子の粒径分布が広く、光の散乱断面積が粒子毎で
異なり、比較的大きい粒子が２つ以上の光の干渉ジマに
おいて同時に光を散乱する。1) Since the seeding particles have an indeterminate shape, the scattering cross section of light to be detected by the photodetector differs depending on the direction of the particles at the time of light detection. 2) The particle size distribution of the particles is wide, and the light scattering cross-section is different for each particle, and relatively large particles scatter light simultaneously in two or more light interference fringes.
【０００７】３）粒子の見かけ比重が重いため、粒子が
液体の流れに充分追従しない。3) Since the apparent specific gravity of particles is large, the particles do not sufficiently follow the flow of liquid.
【０００８】４）粒径分布が広く見掛け比重の分布もあ
るため、粒子の液体流れに対する追従性がばらつき、液
体流れの定量的評価ができない。4) Since the particle size distribution is wide and the apparent specific gravity distribution is also present, the followability of the particles to the liquid flow varies, and the liquid flow cannot be quantitatively evaluated.
【０００９】５）粒子の表面に凹凸があり、粒子同志が
互いに引っ掛かって凝集を起こし、実効粒子径が増大す
る。5) The surface of the particles has irregularities, the particles are caught by each other and agglomerate, and the effective particle diameter increases.
【００１０】一方、ポリスチレンラテックスなどの有機
高分子の球状粒子を用いた場合には、前述のような欠点
がないかわりに、水との屈折率の差が少なく光の反射率
が小さいため、得られる信号強度が低いという欠点があ
った。この欠点は、光源と光検出器が同方向にある後方
散乱型の光測定装置において特に著しい。また、この欠
点はレーザー光の吸光度の大きな液体に適用する場合
や、液体の表面から測定場所迄の距離が大きい場合に著
しい。On the other hand, when spherical particles of an organic polymer such as polystyrene latex are used, the above-mentioned drawbacks are not absent, but the difference in the refractive index with water is small and the light reflectance is small. There is a drawback that the signal strength of the signal is low. This drawback is particularly remarkable in the backscattering type light measuring device in which the light source and the light detector are in the same direction. Further, this drawback is remarkable when it is applied to a liquid having a large absorption of laser light or when the distance from the surface of the liquid to the measurement location is large.
【００１１】[0011]
【課題を解決するための手段】そこで、上記の問題を解
決するために、次のような手段を講じた。[Means for Solving the Problems] Therefore, in order to solve the above problems, the following means were taken.
【００１２】すなわち、第１の発明である計測方法は、
光計測装置による液体の流れの計測方法において、直径
０．５〜１５０μｍのセラミックス多孔質の球状粒子を
シーディング粒子として用いた方法である。That is, the measuring method according to the first invention is
In the method of measuring the flow of liquid by an optical measuring device, it is a method in which spherical ceramic particles having a diameter of 0.5 to 150 μm are used as seeding particles.
【００１３】前記計測方法のうち、レーザードップラー
流速計などのレーザー計測装置を用いた液体流速の計測
方法にあっては、直径０．５〜１０μｍの球状粒子を用
いることが好適である。その中でも、直径１．５〜２．
５μｍの球状粒子を用いることがさらに好適である。Among the above measuring methods, in the liquid velocity measuring method using a laser measuring device such as a laser Doppler velocity meter, it is preferable to use spherical particles having a diameter of 0.5 to 10 μm. Among them, the diameter is 1.5-2.
It is further preferred to use spherical particles of 5 μm.
【００１４】また、写真撮影を用いた液体の流れの計測
方法にあっては、直径５〜１５０ｍμｍの球状粒子を用
いることが好適である。その中でも、直径３０〜１００
μｍの球状粒子を用いることがさらに好適である。Further, in the method of measuring the flow of liquid using photography, it is preferable to use spherical particles having a diameter of 5 to 150 mμm. Among them, diameter 30-100
It is further preferred to use spherical particles of μm.
【００１５】前記シーディング粒子がクローズドポアを
有するセラミックス多孔質からなり、クローズドポアの
容積が０．１ｃｍ３／ｇ以上である球状粒子であること
が好適である。０．１ｃｍ３未満であるとクローズドポ
アを有していることの効果が充分に得られない。It is preferable that the seeding particles are spherical particles made of ceramics having closed pores and the volume of the closed pores is 0.1 cm 3 / g or more. If it is less than 0.1 cm 3 , the effect of having closed pores cannot be sufficiently obtained.
【００１６】前記シーディング粒子がＳｉＯ２よりなる
ことが好適である。It is preferable that the seeding particles are made of SiO 2 .
【００１７】７０％以上の前記シーディング粒子の粒子
径が、平均粒子径±５０％の範囲内であることが好適で
ある。It is preferable that 70% or more of the seeding particles have a particle diameter within a range of an average particle diameter of ± 50%.
【００１８】前記シーディング粒子は逆ミセル法により
製造されることが好適である。The seeding particles are preferably produced by the reverse micelle method.
【００１９】この場合、シーディング粒子原料を含有す
る水溶液を孔径のほぼ均一な多孔質ガラス膜あるいは孔
径のほぼ均一な細孔を有する高分子膜から有機溶媒に押
出して径のそろった逆ミセルを形成することにより、前
記シーディング粒子を製造することがさらに好ましい。
一例として、ＳｉＯ２粒子を製造する場合には、前記シ
ーディング粒子原料として珪酸ナトリウムなどが用いら
れる。In this case, an aqueous solution containing the seeding particle raw material is extruded from a porous glass membrane having a substantially uniform pore diameter or a polymer membrane having pores having a substantially uniform pore diameter into an organic solvent to prepare reverse micelles having uniform diameters. More preferably, the seeding particles are produced by forming.
As an example, when producing SiO 2 particles, sodium silicate or the like is used as the seeding particle raw material.
【００２０】[0020]
【作用】光計測装置を用いた液体の流れの計測に使用さ
れるシーディング粒子が球状であれば、光検出器によっ
て検出されるべき光の散乱断面積は、光検出時における
粒子の向きに関係なく一定となる。また、表面に引っ掛
かりを生じるような凹凸が存在しないため、２つ以上の
シーディング粒子が凝集しながら流体中を流れるような
ことはない。これらにより、液体の流れの計測精度を向
上させることができる。If the seeding particles used for measuring the liquid flow using the optical measuring device are spherical, the scattering cross section of the light to be detected by the photodetector is determined by the direction of the particles at the time of light detection. It is constant regardless of. Further, since there is no unevenness that causes a catch on the surface, two or more seeding particles do not flow in the fluid while aggregating. With these, the measurement accuracy of the liquid flow can be improved.
【００２１】シーディング粒子がクローズドポアを有す
るセラミックス多孔質からなっていれば、見掛け比重が
小さくなり、また液体中における該液体の含浸を最小限
に抑えることができ、液体の流れに追従しやすくなる。
これにより、液体の流れの計測精度をより一層向上させ
ることができる。If the seeding particles are made of a porous ceramic material having closed pores, the apparent specific gravity becomes small, the impregnation of the liquid in the liquid can be minimized, and the flow of the liquid can be easily followed. Become.
As a result, the measurement accuracy of the liquid flow can be further improved.
【００２２】前記シーディング粒子の素材としては、白
色で化学的に安定であれば特に限定はなく、炭酸カルシ
ウム、炭酸バリウムなどのアルカリ土類金属炭酸塩；珪
酸カルシウム、珪酸マグネシウム、酸化銅などのアルカ
リ土類金属珪酸塩；ＳｉＯ２、酸化鉄、アルミナ等の金
属酸化物などが挙げられる。これらのうち、ＳｉＯ２が
安価で、かつ耐熱性に優れている点から好ましい。耐熱
性に優れていれば、高温流体中でも破壊されることなく
充分使用し得る。The material of the seeding particles is not particularly limited as long as it is white and chemically stable, and alkaline earth metal carbonates such as calcium carbonate and barium carbonate; calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, copper oxide and the like. Alkaline earth metal silicates; metal oxides such as SiO 2 , iron oxide and alumina. Of these, SiO 2 is preferable because it is inexpensive and has excellent heat resistance. If it has excellent heat resistance, it can be sufficiently used even in a high temperature fluid without being broken.
【００２３】シーディング粒子の粒径分布は狭いほど望
ましいが、７０％以上の前記シーディング粒子の粒子径
が、平均粒子径±５０％の範囲内であれば、ほぼ均一な
光の散乱断面積を得ることができる。また、液体中にお
けるシーディング粒子の挙動、言い換えれば、液体の流
れに対する追従のしやすさがほぼ一定となる。また、サ
ンプルデータレートが増加しても、平均有効データ率が
低下しない。すなわち、例えばレーザードップラー流速
計を用いた液体流速の計測方法において、従来では、単
位時間当りのデータ数（サンプルデータレート）を増や
すためにシーディング粒子の供給量を増加させても、平
均有効データ率が低下してしまい、サンプルデータレー
トは余り増加しない。しかし、本発明の方法を用いる
と、従来よりも大きな粒子濃度まで平均有効データ率が
低下しないため、サンプルデータレートを容易に増加さ
せることができる。It is desirable that the particle size distribution of the seeding particles is narrow, but if the particle size of 70% or more of the seeding particles is within the range of the average particle size ± 50%, a substantially uniform light scattering cross-sectional area is obtained. Can be obtained. Further, the behavior of the seeding particles in the liquid, in other words, the easiness of following the flow of the liquid becomes substantially constant. Further, even if the sample data rate increases, the average effective data rate does not decrease. That is, for example, in a liquid velocity measuring method using a laser Doppler velocity meter, conventionally, even if the amount of seeding particles supplied is increased to increase the number of data per unit time (sample data rate), the average effective data is increased. The rate drops and the sample data rate does not increase much. However, using the method of the present invention, the sample effective data rate can be easily increased because the average effective data rate does not decrease to a particle concentration higher than the conventional one.
【００２４】前記シーディング粒子を製造する際、逆ミ
セル法を採用すれば、球状のあるいはクローズドポアを
有する球状多孔質なシーディング粒子を安価に、しかも
容易に製造することができる。When the reverse micelle method is adopted when producing the seeding particles, spherical or porous seeding particles having spherical or closed pores can be produced inexpensively and easily.
【００２５】また、逆ミセルを作る際、反応物質の水溶
液を孔径のほぼ均一な多孔質ガラス膜あるいは孔径のほ
ぼ均一な細孔を有する高分子膜から有機溶媒に押し出す
方法を用いた場合には、粒子径が揃った、言い換えれば
粒径分布の狭い粒子を得ることができ、シーディング粒
子としてさらに望ましい。Further, when a reverse micelle is prepared, an aqueous solution of a reactant is extruded into an organic solvent from a porous glass membrane having a substantially uniform pore size or a polymer membrane having pores having a substantially uniform pore size when the method is used. Further, it is possible to obtain particles having a uniform particle diameter, in other words, having a narrow particle diameter distribution, which is more desirable as a seeding particle.
【００２６】[0026]
【発明の効果】本発明により液体の流れの計測精度が著
しく向上した。According to the present invention, the accuracy of measuring the flow of liquid is significantly improved.
【００２７】[0027]
【実施例】本発明をより一層明らかにするために、以下
に実施例を挙げる。EXAMPLES In order to further clarify the present invention, examples will be given below.
【００２８】実施例１ ７０％の粒子が２．５±０．７μｍの範囲にある球状Ｓ
ｉＯ２粒子（図１〜２参照）、及びレーザードップラー
流速計を用いて、円管内を乱流条件で流れている水の速
度の計測実験を行った。実験条件は下記の通り。 Example 1 Spherical S having 70% of particles in the range of 2.5 ± 0.7 μm
Using the iO 2 particles (see FIGS. 1 and 2) and a laser Doppler velocimeter, measurement experiments of the velocity of water flowing in a circular tube under turbulent flow conditions were performed. The experimental conditions are as follows.
【００２９】１．測定装置 ファイバータイプレーザ
ードップラー流速計 （仕様）レーザー：Ｈｅ−Ｎｅレーザー レーザーパワ
ー８ｍＷ×２ レンズ径：５５ｍｍ ２．測定条件 測定中心周波数：２０ＭＨｚ バンド幅：±１６ＭＨｚ 有効サンプル数：５，０００ シグナルゲイン：２４ｄＢ フォトマル電圧：７６０Ｖ その結果を表１に示す。1. Measuring device Fiber type laser Doppler velocimeter (specification) Laser: He-Ne laser Laser power 8 mW x 2 Lens diameter: 55 mm 2. Measurement conditions Measurement center frequency: 20 MHz Bandwidth: ± 16 MHz Effective sample number: 5,000 Signal gain: 24 dB Photomal voltage: 760 V The results are shown in Table 1.
【００３０】[0030]
【表１】 [Table 1]
【００３１】比較例１ 従来から用いられていた平均粒径２μｍのＴｉＯ２粉末
（図５、６参照）を用いて、実施例１と同一の条件で計
測実験を行った。その結果を表２に示す。 Comparative Example 1 Using a TiO 2 powder having an average particle size of 2 μm (see FIGS. 5 and 6) which has been conventionally used, a measurement experiment was conducted under the same conditions as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
【００３２】[0032]
【表２】 [Table 2]
【００３３】比較例２ 従来から用いられていた平均粒径３μｍのＳｉＣ粉末を
用いて、実施例１と同一の条件で計測実験を行った。そ
の結果を表３に示す。 Comparative Example 2 A measurement experiment was conducted under the same conditions as in Example 1 using a SiC powder having an average particle diameter of 3 μm which has been conventionally used. The results are shown in Table 3.
【００３４】[0034]
【表３】 [Table 3]
【００３５】表１〜３の比較で明らかなように、実施例
１の場合、比較例１、２に比べ、有効データ率が高く、
しかも高データレート迄その値が一定している。As is clear from the comparison of Tables 1 to 3, in the case of Example 1, the effective data rate is higher than in Comparative Examples 1 and 2,
Moreover, the value is constant up to the high data rate.
【００３６】実施例２、３、４及び比較例３、４ 表４に示した５種類の粒子を所定時間水に浸し、水を含
浸した状態でのカサ比重を測定した。その結果を表４に
示す。 Examples 2, 3 and 4 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4 Five kinds of particles shown in Table 4 were immersed in water for a predetermined time, and the bulk specific gravity in the state of being impregnated with water was measured. The results are shown in Table 4.
【００３７】[0037]
【表４】 [Table 4]
【００３８】表４より実施例２、３、４は比較例３、４
に比べ水とのカサ比重差が小さく、流れに対する追随性
の良さが容易に予測される。特に実施例３は優れてい
る。From Table 4, Examples 2, 3 and 4 are Comparative Examples 3 and 4.
The difference in bulk specific gravity with water is smaller than that with water, and good followability with flow is easily predicted. Particularly, Example 3 is excellent.
【００３９】また、追随性は、流体の比重差と粒子径に
反比例するので、実施例４の粒子と比較例３の粒子を比
べると流れに対する追随性がほぼ同一レベルと考えられ
るが、断面積は実施例４の粒子の方が約２５倍大きいた
め、写真撮影を用いた方法において、散乱光強度が強く
なることが容易にわかる。散乱光強度がより強い方がよ
り高い計測精度が得られる。Since the followability is inversely proportional to the difference in the specific gravity of the fluid and the particle size, it can be considered that the followability with respect to the flow is almost the same level when the particles of Example 4 and the particles of Comparative Example 3 are compared. Since the particles of Example 4 are about 25 times larger, it can be easily seen that the scattered light intensity becomes stronger in the method using photography. The higher the scattered light intensity, the higher the measurement accuracy.
【図１】実施例１で使用した粒子の電子顕微鏡写真であ
る（倍率２，０００倍）。FIG. 1 is an electron micrograph of particles used in Example 1 (magnification: 2,000 times).
【図２】実施例１で使用した粒子の電子顕微鏡写真であ
る（倍率１０，０００倍）。FIG. 2 is an electron micrograph of the particles used in Example 1 (magnification: 10,000 times).
【図３】従来より使用されていた粒子（ホワイトカーボ
ン）の電子顕微鏡写真である（倍率１０，０００倍）。FIG. 3 is an electron micrograph of conventionally used particles (white carbon) (magnification: 10,000 times).
【図４】従来より使用されていた粒子（ホワイトカーボ
ン）の電子顕微鏡写真である（倍率５０，０００倍）。FIG. 4 is an electron micrograph of conventionally used particles (white carbon) (magnification: 50,000).
【図５】比較例１で使用した粒子（ＴｉＯ２）の電子顕
微鏡写真である（倍率１０，０００倍）。5 is an electron micrograph of particles (TiO 2 ) used in Comparative Example 1 (magnification: 10,000 times).
【図６】比較例１で使用した粒子（ＴｉＯ２）の電子顕
微鏡写真である（倍率５０，０００倍）。FIG. 6 is an electron micrograph of particles (TiO 2 ) used in Comparative Example 1 (magnification: 50,000 times).
【図７】従来より使用されていた粒子（タルク）の電子
顕微鏡写真である（倍率１，０００倍）。FIG. 7 is an electron micrograph of conventionally used particles (talc) (magnification: 1,000 times).
【図８】従来より使用されていた粒子（タルク）の電子
顕微鏡写真である（倍率１０，０００倍）。FIG. 8 is an electron micrograph of particles (talc) used conventionally (magnification: 10,000 times).
【図９】従来より使用されていた粒子（ＴｉＯ２＋タル
ク）の電子顕微鏡写真である（倍率１０，０００倍）。FIG. 9 is an electron micrograph of conventionally used particles (TiO 2 + talc) (magnification: 10,000 times).
【図１０】従来より使用されていた粒子（ＴｉＯ２＋タ
ルク）の電子顕微鏡写真である（倍率５０，０００
倍）。FIG. 10 is an electron micrograph of conventionally used particles (TiO 2 + talc) (magnification: 50,000).
Times).
【図１１】従来より使用されていた粒子（関東ロームか
ら採取したもの）の電子顕微鏡写真である（倍率１０，
０００倍）。FIG. 11 is an electron micrograph of particles that have been conventionally used (collected from Kanto Loam) (magnification: 10,
000 times).
【図１２】従来より使用されていた粒子（関東ロームか
ら採取したもの）の電子顕微鏡写真である（倍率５０，
０００倍）。FIG. 12 is an electron micrograph of conventionally used particles (collected from Kanto Loam) (magnification 50,
000 times).
【図１３】従来より使用されていた粒子（白色溶融アル
ミナ）の電子顕微鏡写真である（倍率２，０００倍）。FIG. 13 is an electron micrograph of conventionally used particles (white fused alumina) (magnification: 2,000 times).
【図１４】従来より使用されていた粒子（白色溶融アル
ミナ）の電子顕微鏡写真である（倍率１０，０００
倍）。FIG. 14 is an electron micrograph of conventionally used particles (white fused alumina) (magnification: 10,000).
Times).
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (72)発明者 平野 光 大阪市中央区平野町四丁目１番２号 大阪 瓦斯株式会社内 (72)発明者 鶴谷 毅 大阪市西区京町堀１丁目４番22号 株式会 社リキツドガス内 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (72) Inventor Hirano Hikaru 4-1-2, Hiranocho, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. (72) Inventor Tsuyoshi Tsuruya 1-2-4, Kyomachibori, Nishi-ku, Osaka Company Liquid Gas
Claims (8)
孔質粒子を用いた光計測装置による液体の流れの計測方
法において、 前記シーディング粒子が、直径０．５〜１５０μｍの球
状粒子であることを特徴とする液体の流れの計測方法。1. A method for measuring a flow of a liquid by an optical measuring device using porous particles of ceramics as seeding particles, wherein the seeding particles are spherical particles having a diameter of 0.5 to 150 μm. Measuring method of liquid flow.
計測装置を用いて、液体流速を計測する方法において、 前記シーディング粒子が、直径０．５〜１０μｍの球状
粒子であることを特徴とする請求項１に記載の液体の流
れの計測方法。2. A method of measuring a liquid flow velocity by using a laser measuring device such as a laser Doppler velocity meter, wherein the seeding particles are spherical particles having a diameter of 0.5 to 10 μm. 1. The method for measuring the flow of liquid according to 1.
間的かつ強力な光源を用いて、シーディング粒子の分布
を写真撮影することにより、液体の流れを計測する液体
の流れの計測方法において、 前記シーディング粒子が、直径５〜１５０μｍの球状粒
子であることを特徴とする請求項１に記載の液体の流れ
の計測方法。3. A liquid flow measuring method for measuring a liquid flow by taking a photograph of a distribution of seeding particles using an instantaneous and powerful light source such as a flash lamp or a pulse laser. The method for measuring a liquid flow according to claim 1, wherein the ding particles are spherical particles having a diameter of 5 to 150 μm.
を有するセラミックス多孔質からなり、前記クローズド
ポアの容積が０．１ｃｍ３／ｇ以上であることを特徴と
する請求項１〜３のいずれか１項に記載の液体の流れの
計測方法。4. The seeding particles are made of a porous ceramic material having closed pores, and the volume of the closed pores is 0.1 cm 3 / g or more. The method for measuring the flow of liquid according to the item.
ことを特徴とする請求項１〜４のいずれか１項に記載の
液体の流れの計測方法。5. The liquid flow measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the seeding particles are made of SiO 2 .
が、平均粒子径±５０％の範囲内であることを特徴とす
る請求項１〜５のいずれか１項に記載の液体の流れの計
測方法。6. The liquid flow according to claim 1, wherein 70% or more of the seeding particles have a particle size within an average particle size of ± 50%. Measuring method.
製造されたことを特徴とする請求項１〜６のいずれか１
項に記載の液体の流れの計測方法。7. The seeding particle according to claim 1, wherein the seeding particle is produced by a reverse micelle method.
The method for measuring the flow of liquid according to the item.
孔径のほぼ均一な多孔質ガラス膜あるいは孔径のほぼ均
一な細孔を有する高分子膜から有機溶媒に押出して逆ミ
セルを形成することにより、前記シーディング粒子が製
造されたことを特徴とする請求項７に記載の液体の流れ
の計測方法。8. A reverse micelle is formed by extruding an aqueous solution containing a seeding particle raw material from a porous glass membrane having a substantially uniform pore diameter or a polymer membrane having pores having a substantially uniform pore diameter into an organic solvent to form reverse micelles. The liquid flow measuring method according to claim 7, wherein the seeding particles are manufactured.
Priority Applications (10)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP21733591A JP2932324B2 (en) | 1991-08-28 | 1991-08-28 | How to measure liquid flow |
| CA002061910A CA2061910C (en) | 1991-03-01 | 1992-02-26 | Method for measuring the flow of fluids |
| NO92920755A NO920755L (en) | 1991-03-01 | 1992-02-26 | PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING FLUID FLOW |
| DE69231262T DE69231262D1 (en) | 1991-03-01 | 1992-02-28 | Method of measuring liquid flow |
| EP92103447A EP0501505B1 (en) | 1991-03-01 | 1992-02-28 | Method for measuring the flow of fluids |
| KR1019920003445A KR960015071B1 (en) | 1991-03-01 | 1992-03-02 | How to measure fluid flow |
| US08/708,906 US6118519A (en) | 1991-03-01 | 1996-09-05 | Method for measuring the flow of fluids |
| US09/568,866 US6414748B1 (en) | 1991-03-01 | 2000-05-09 | Method for measuring the flow of fluids |
| US10/151,839 US6903812B2 (en) | 1991-03-01 | 2002-05-20 | Method for measuring the flow of fluids |
| US11/139,067 US20050219507A1 (en) | 1991-03-01 | 2005-05-26 | Method for measuring the flow of fluids |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP21733591A JP2932324B2 (en) | 1991-08-28 | 1991-08-28 | How to measure liquid flow |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0552861A true JPH0552861A (en) | 1993-03-02 |
| JP2932324B2 JP2932324B2 (en) | 1999-08-09 |
Family
ID=16702570
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP21733591A Expired - Lifetime JP2932324B2 (en) | 1991-03-01 | 1991-08-28 | How to measure liquid flow |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2932324B2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011099433A1 (en) * | 2010-02-12 | 2011-08-18 | 日本碍子株式会社 | Method of fluid observation and fluid for observing flow |
-
1991
- 1991-08-28 JP JP21733591A patent/JP2932324B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011099433A1 (en) * | 2010-02-12 | 2011-08-18 | 日本碍子株式会社 | Method of fluid observation and fluid for observing flow |
| US8692982B2 (en) | 2010-02-12 | 2014-04-08 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Method for observing fluid and fluid flow observation |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2932324B2 (en) | 1999-08-09 |
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