JPH0422489B2 - - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a liquid crystal device applied to display devices, liquid crystal-optical shutter arrays, etc., and more particularly to a liquid crystal device with improved display characteristics and drive characteristics.

[Conventional technology]

As a conventional liquid crystal element, for example, M. Schadt (M.Schadt) and Double You. “Applied Physics” by W. Helfrich.
Leders” (“Applied Physics Letters”) No. 18
Volume, No. 4 (published February 15, 1971), pp. 127~
“Voltage dependent optical activity of a twisted nematic liquid crystal” on page 128
(“Voltage Dependent Optical Activity of a
Twisted Nematio Liquid Crystal”
Nematic) devices using liquid crystals are known.
This TN liquid crystal has a problem in that crosstalk occurs during time-division driving using a matrix electrode structure with high pixel density, so the number of pixels is limited.

Furthermore, a display element is known in which a switching element using a thin film transistor is connected to each pixel and switching is performed for each pixel, but the process of forming the thin film transistor on the substrate is extremely complicated, and
There is a problem that it is difficult to create a display element with a large area.

To improve the shortcomings of conventional liquid crystal devices, the use of bistable liquid crystal devices was proposed by Clark and Lagerwall (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 56
-107216, U.S. Patent No. 4,367,924, etc.), liquid crystals with bistability generally include:
A ferroelectric liquid crystal having a chiral smectic C phase (AmC ^* ) or H phase (SmH ^* ) is used.
This liquid crystal has a bistable state with respect to an electric field, and therefore, unlike the optical modulation element used in the TN type liquid crystal described above, for example, the liquid crystal is in one optically stable state with respect to one electric field vector. The liquid crystal is oriented in the other optically stable state with respect to the other electric field vector. Furthermore, this type of liquid crystal has the property of very quickly taking one of the above two stable states in response to an applied electric field, and maintaining that state when no electric field is applied. By utilizing these properties, the conventional
Significant substantial improvements can be made to many of the problems of TN type devices. This point will be explained in more detail below in connection with the present invention. However, this ferroelectric liquid crystal element with bistability is
Generally, the cell thickness is 2 μm or less, and if the cell thickness is greater than that, there is a problem that high contrast display cannot be obtained.

[Problem that the invention seeks to solve]

In view of the above-mentioned circumstances, an object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal optical element with improved display characteristics and drive characteristics.

[Means and actions for solving problems]

The present invention provides a matrix electrode structure in which pixels are formed at the intersections of a scanning electrode group and a signal electrode group, and a matrix electrode structure that is arranged between the scanning electrode group and the signal electrode group, and when no electric field is applied, The molecules are oriented in either a first stable orientation or a second stable orientation, and the first stable orientation
a ferroelectric liquid crystal that produces an angle 2θ between the average molecular axis of a stable orientation and the average molecular axis of a second stable orientation, and a negative value of dielectric anisotropy; The liquid crystal molecules in the first stable orientation are moved to the opposite side to the second stable orientation and aligned to the third stable orientation, and the liquid crystal molecules in the second stable orientation are moved to the opposite side to the first stable orientation. An alternating voltage is applied to the matrix electrode to cause the matrix electrode to have a fourth stable orientation, and to make the angle between the average molecular axis of the third stable orientation and the average molecular axis of the fourth stable orientation larger than the angle 2θ. c) means for sequentially scanning the scan electrodes and applying a third voltage to the pixels on the scan selected scan electrodes in a first phase and simultaneously;
A first voltage of one polarity sufficient to transfer liquid crystal molecules in a stable orientation to a fourth stable orientation is applied, and in a second phase, selectively transfers liquid crystal molecules in a fourth stable orientation to a third stable orientation. means for applying a second voltage of the other polarity sufficient to transition the liquid crystal molecules to a stable orientation of d; A means for creating an optical difference between the light rays passing through the liquid crystal device.

〔Example〕

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings as necessary.

A particularly suitable liquid crystal material for use in the present invention is a chiral smectic liquid crystal having ferroelectric properties. Specifically, chiral smectic C phase (SmC ^* ), chiral smectic G phase (SmG ^* ), chiral smectic F phase (SmF ^* ), chiral smectic I phase (SmI ^* ),
Alternatively, a chiral smectic H phase (SmH ^* ) liquid crystal can be used.

For more information on ferroelectric liquid crystals, see for example “Le Géneurard de Feuisique L’Etre”.
(“LE JOURNAL DEPHYSIQUE LETTRE”)
36 (L-69) 1975 "Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal"
Crystals; “Applied Physics Letters” 36 (11) 1980
"Submicro Second Bistable Electrooptic Switching in Liquid Crystals"
Bistable Electrooptic Switching in Liquid
“Crystals”); “Solid State Physics” 16 (141) 1981 “Liquid Crystals”
Among those disclosed in these publications, ferroelectric liquid crystals having negative dielectric anisotropy can be used in the present invention. Particularly, as a preferable ferroelectric liquid crystal, one that exhibits a cholesteric phase on the high temperature side can be used, for example, a phenyl ester liquid crystal that exhibits a phase transition temperature listed in the Examples below can be used. .

When constructing an element using these materials, the element can be supported by a copper block or the like in which a heater is embedded, if necessary, in order to maintain the temperature at which the liquid crystal compound forms a desired phase.

Figure 1 is for explaining the operation of ferroelectric liquid crystal.
This is a schematic drawing of an example of a cell. Hereinafter, explanation will be given using SmC ^* as an example of the desired phase.

11a and 11b are In ₂ O ₃ , SnO ₂ or ITO
A substrate (glass plate) coated with a transparent electrode made of a thin film of (Indium-Tin Oxide), etc., between which SmC ^* phase liquid crystal with liquid crystal molecular layer 12 oriented perpendicular to the glass surface is sealed. ing. A thick line 13 represents a liquid crystal molecule, and the liquid crystal molecule 13 continuously forms a helical structure in the plane direction of the substrate. The central axis 15 of this helical structure
The angle between the axial direction of the liquid crystal molecules 13 and the axial direction of the liquid crystal molecules 13 is expressed as. This liquid crystal molecule 13 has a dipole moment (P⊥) 14 in a direction perpendicular to the molecule. When a voltage higher than a certain threshold is applied between the electrodes on the substrates 11a and 11b, the helical structure of the liquid crystal molecules 13 is unraveled, and the dipole moment (P⊥) 14
The alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules 13 can be changed so that all of the liquid crystal molecules are oriented in the direction of the electric field. The liquid crystal molecules 13 are
It has an elongated shape and exhibits refractive index anisotropy in its major and minor axis directions. Therefore, for example, if crossed Nicol polarizers are placed above and below the glass surface,
It is easily understood that this results in a liquid crystal optical element whose optical properties change depending on the polarity of applied voltage.

The liquid crystal cell preferably used in the liquid crystal optical element of the present invention can be, for example, 10 μm or less.
As such a liquid crystal layer becomes thinner, the helical structure of the liquid crystal molecules unwinds and becomes a non-helical structure even when no electric field is applied, as shown in FIG. Either the downward direction 24b is taken. The angle that is 1/2 of the angle formed between the liquid crystal molecular axis 23a and the liquid crystal molecular axis 23b is called a tilt angle, and this tilt angle is equal to the apex angle formed by a cone when it has a helical structure. In such a cell, an electric field Ea or Eb of different polarity above a certain threshold value is applied as shown in Figure 2.
is applied by the voltage applying means 21a and 21b, the dipole moment is directed upward 24a or downward 24 depending on the electric field vector of the electric field Ea or Eb.
b, and accordingly the liquid crystal molecules are either in one stable orientation 23a or in another stable orientation 23b.
Orient in either direction.

As mentioned earlier, there are two advantages to using such ferroelectricity as a liquid crystal optical element. The first is that the response speed is extremely fast, and the second is that the response speed is extremely fast.
is that the orientation of liquid crystal molecules has bistability. To further explain the second point with reference to FIG. 2, for example, when an electric field Ea is applied, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in one stable orientation 23a, and this state remains stable even when the electric field is turned off. Furthermore, when an electric field Eb in the opposite direction is applied, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned to another stable orientation 23b and the orientation of the molecules is changed, but they remain in this state even after the electric field is turned off.

In order to effectively realize such fast response speed and bistability, it is preferable that the cell thickness be as thin as possible.

The biggest problem in forming devices using liquid crystals with such ferroelectric properties is, as mentioned earlier, that the layer having the SmC ^* phase is aligned perpendicularly to the substrate surface and the liquid crystal It is difficult to form a highly monodomain cell in which molecules are oriented substantially parallel to the substrate surface.

Incidentally, in manufacturing large-area liquid crystal cells, a method has been known in which a uniaxial alignment treatment is applied to the surface of a substrate. Examples of the uniaxial alignment treatment include a method of rubbing the substrate surface in one direction with velvet, cloth, or paper, and a method of obliquely vapor depositing SiO or SiO ₂ on the substrate surface.

However, even if such rubbing methods or oblique evaporation methods are applied to ferroelectric liquid crystals, the alignment treatment itself inhibits the bistability of the liquid crystal molecules described above, resulting in the so-called memory property. When adopting a driving method that takes advantage of
It was considered inappropriate.

However, as a result of intensive studies by the present inventors, it has been found that it is possible to achieve a specific bistable state as detailed below by applying an appropriate uniaxial alignment treatment to the substrate surface. It has become clear that a drive that takes advantage of memory properties can be achieved.

FIGS. 3A and 3B show an embodiment of the liquid crystal element of the present invention. FIG. 3A is a plan view of the liquid crystal element of the present invention, and FIG. 3B is a sectional view taken along the line AA'.

The cell structure 100 shown in FIG. 3 includes a pair of substrates 101 made of glass plates, plastic plates, etc.
It has a cell structure in which a and 101b are held at a predetermined distance by a spacer 104 and bonded with an adhesive 106 to seal the pair of substrates.
Furthermore, a plurality of transparent electrodes 10 are provided on the substrate 101a.
A group of two electrodes (for example, a group of electrodes for applying a scanning voltage in a matrix electrode structure) is formed in a predetermined pattern such as a strip pattern. On the substrate 101b, an electrode group (for example, a signal voltage application electrode group in a matrix electrode structure) is formed, which is made up of a plurality of transparent electrodes 102b intersecting with the transparent electrode 102 described above.

A substrate 10 provided with such a transparent electrode 102b
1b includes, for example, inorganic insulating materials such as silicon monoxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, zirconia, magnesium fluoride, cerium oxide, cerium fluoride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and boron nitride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide,
An alignment control film coated with an organic insulating material such as polyamideimide, polyesterimide, polyparaxylylene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide polystyrene, cellulose resin, melamine resin, urea resin, or acrylic resin. 105 can be provided.

This orientation control film 105 is obtained by forming a film of an inorganic insulating material or an organic insulating material as described above, and then rubbing the surface in one direction with velvet, cloth, or paper.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, SiO or SiO ₂
The alignment control film 105 can be obtained by forming a film of an inorganic insulating material such as the above on the substrate 101b by an oblique vapor deposition method.

In the apparatus shown in FIG.
1 is placed on an insulating substrate 803 having a suction port 805, and the bell gear 801 is evacuated by a vacuum pump (not shown) extending from the suction port 805. A crucible 807 made of tungsten or molybdenum is placed inside and at the bottom of the bell jar 801.
A crystal 808 of SiO, SiO ₂ , MgF ₂ or the like is placed. The crucible 807 has two lower arms 807
a, 807b, and each arm has a conducting wire 80.
9,810. The power supply 806 and the switch 804 are connected to the external conductor 809 of the bell gear 801,
810 are connected in series. Substrate 802 is positioned inside bell gear 801 directly above crucible 807 at an angle K to the vertical axis of bell gear 801 .

When the switch 804 is opened, the bell gear 8
01 is first brought to a vacuum state of about 10 ^-5 mmHgk, then the switch 804 is closed and the power source 806 is turned on until the crucible 807 becomes incandescent at an appropriate temperature and the crystal 808 evaporates.
Power is supplied by adjusting the Suitable temperature range (700~
(1000℃), the required current is approximately 100amps. The crystal 808 is then evaporated to form an upward molecular stream indicated by S in the figure, and the fluid S is directed toward the substrate 802.
The light is incident on the substrate 802 at an angle K relative to the substrate 802, so that the substrate 802 is coated. The angle K is the above-mentioned "incident angle", and the direction of the fluid S is the above-mentioned "oblique deposition direction". The thickness of this coating is determined by the time-versus-thickness calibration of the apparatus prior to inserting the substrate 802 into the bell gear 801. When a coating of appropriate thickness is formed, the power from power source 806 is reduced and switch 804 is opened to cool bell gear 801 and its interior. Next, the pressure is increased to atmospheric pressure and the substrate 80
2 from the bell jar 801.

In another specific example, the surface of the substrate 101b made of glass or plastic or the surface of the substrate 101
By forming a film of the above-mentioned inorganic insulating material or organic insulating material on b and etching the surface of the film by an oblique etching method, an orientation control effect can be imparted to the surface.

The above-mentioned orientation control film 105 preferably functions as an insulating film at the same time, and for this purpose, the thickness of the orientation control film 105 can be generally set in the range of 100 Å to 1 μ, preferably 500 Å to 5000 Å. This insulating film also has the advantage of being able to prevent the generation of current caused by trace amounts of impurities contained in the liquid crystal layer 103, and therefore does not deteriorate the liquid crystal compound even if the operation is repeated. do not have.

Furthermore, in the liquid crystal element of the present invention, a film similar to the above-described alignment control film 105 can be provided on the other substrate 101a.

Liquid crystal layer 10 in cell structure 100 shown in FIG.
3 can be SmC ^* . Also, liquid crystal layer 1
The thickness of 03 is sufficiently thin, and the liquid crystal molecules do not have a helical structure.

FIG. 4 shows another specific example of the liquid crystal element of the present invention. In the liquid crystal element shown in FIG. 4, a plurality of spacer members 203 are arranged between a pair of substrates 101a and 101b. This spacer member 20
3 is, for example, an inorganic compound such as SiO, SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , TiO ₂ or polyvinyl alcohol, on the substrate 101 on which the alignment control film 105 is not provided.
Resins such as polyimide, polyamideimide, polyesterimide, polyparaxylylene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyamide, polystyrene, cellulose resin, melamine resin, urea resin, acrylic resin and photoresist resin This can be obtained by forming a film using a suitable method and then etching it so that the spacer member 203 is placed at a predetermined position.

Such a cell structure 100 includes a substrate 101a
Polarizers 107 and 108 in a crossed Nicol state are arranged on both sides of electrodes 102a and 101b, respectively.
Optical modulation when a voltage is applied between 2b can be detected.

Next, a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal element according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 5, using an ester liquid crystal as an example of a liquid crystal material. This ester compound is It is a three-component mixed system. This liquid crystal material exhibits the following phase transition during the cooling process.

Iso ―→ 63℃Ch ―→ 50℃SmA ―→ 35℃SmC ^* ―→ 3℃Crystal (Iso: isotropic phase, Ch: cholesteric phase, SmA;
Smectic A phase) When the liquid crystal layer is sufficiently thick (~100μ), SmC ^* has a helical structure with a pitch of about 5μ.

First, the cell structure 100 in which the aforementioned ester-based liquid crystal is sealed is set in a heating case (not shown) in which the entire cell 100 is uniformly heated.

Next, the compound in the cell 100 is heated to a temperature (approximately 70° C.) at which it becomes an isotropic phase. After that, lower the temperature of the heating case. The compound in the isotropic phase in the cell 100 is transferred to a cooling process. During this temperature-lowering process, the isotropic phase of the compound undergoes a phase transition to a cholesteric phase with a Grangean structure at approximately 63°C, and when the temperature-lowering process continues further, a phase transition occurs from the cholesteric phase to SmA, a uniaxially anisotropic phase, at approximately 50°C. can occur. At this time, the liquid crystal molecular axis of SmA is aligned in the rubbing direction.

Afterwards, this SmA undergoes a phase transition to SmC ^* during the cooling process, resulting in, for example, a monodomain with a non-helical structure with a cell thickness of about 6 μm or less.
SmC ^* is obtained.

FIG. 5 schematically shows the alignment state of liquid crystal molecules, and is a view seen from above the substrate surface 505.

In the figure, 500 is the direction of uniaxial alignment treatment, that is,
In this embodiment, this corresponds to the rubbing direction.
In the SmA phase, liquid crystal molecules are aligned with the average molecular axis direction 501 of the liquid crystal coinciding with the rubbing direction 500. In the SmC ^* phase, the average molecular axis direction of liquid crystal molecules is tilted in the direction 502a, and the rubbing direction 500 and the average molecular axis direction 502a of SmC ^* are
The angle θ is formed and the first stable orientation state is achieved. When a voltage is applied to the upper and lower substrates in this state, the average molecular axis direction of the liquid crystal molecules of SmC ^* changes to an angle larger than the angle θ, and assumes a third stable alignment state saturated at the angle. The average molecular axis direction at this time is 503
Let it be a.

Next, when the voltage is returned to zero, the liquid crystal molecules return to the original state in the first molecular axis direction 502a. Therefore, in the state of the first molecular axis direction 502a, the liquid crystal molecules have memory properties. Furthermore, when a voltage in the opposite direction is applied in the state of the molecular axis direction 502a, if the voltage is sufficiently high, the average molecular axis direction of the liquid crystal molecules becomes saturated and forms a fourth stable orientation state forming an angle. It is transferred in the average molecular axis direction 503b. Then, when the voltage is returned to zero again, the liquid crystal molecules settle into a second stable alignment state forming an angle θ in the average molecular axis direction 502b. The state of molecular alignment in the thickness direction of the liquid crystal cell in these first and second stable alignment states is not yet clearly known, but it is likely that there is some kind of "twisting" of the liquid crystal molecules in the thickness direction. It is assumed that Further, the third and fourth orientation states are considered to correspond to the ideal bistable state shown in FIG. 2.

Therefore, by aligning one polarization axis direction 504 of the polarizer with the molecular axis direction 502a forming an angle θ as shown in the figure, the first and second stable orientation states due to the electric field as described below can be achieved. When using a driving method that creates an orientation transition between the two and a memory property, it is possible to improve the optical contrast between the on state and the off state.

Figure 6 shows the SmC ^* of the ester compound liquid crystal mentioned above.
An example of the dependence of the optical contrast ratio on the angle θ between the uniaxial processing direction and the average molecular axis direction in the phase and the state of the molecular axis 502a and the state of the molecular axis 502b on the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is shown. According to curve 61, the contrast increases as the thickness of the liquid crystal layer decreases. Further, 62 represents the relationship between the thickness of the liquid crystal layer and θ. Note that these measurements are based on SmA→
The temperature was 7°C lower than the phase transition temperature of SmC ^* . Also, when a sufficient electric field (for example, about 20V to 30V) is applied, the average molecular axis direction value is
Although it differs slightly depending on the thickness of the liquid crystal layer, it was approximately 15°.

Now, by applying an alternating current electric field parallel to the smectic phase liquid crystal molecular layer 12 to the liquid crystal cell having the first and second stable alignment states, the first and second stable alignment states can be changed to the first and second stable alignment states, respectively. It became possible to switch to the third and fourth stable orientation states. It is assumed that such a phenomenon occurs because the liquid crystal material has negative dielectric anisotropy. The frequency of this alternating electric field must be set to a sufficiently high value so that the liquid crystal cannot respond at a predetermined voltage value. At this time, the polarization axis of one of the crossed Nicol polarizers is the average molecular axis direction 503a of the third stable orientation state shown in FIG.
The average molecular axis direction 503b of the stable orientation state was made to match. The AC voltage has a frequency of 400 Hz or more and 100 KHz or less, and triangular, sine, or rectangular waves can be used as the waveform. Depending on the thickness of the liquid crystal layer, Vpp
(peak-to-peak) was about 20V to 100V (as the voltage value increases, the apparent size increases;
saturated at 15°).

Figure 7 shows the angle and contrast when using a rectangular wave with a frequency of 10 KHz and Vpp = 60 V. As is clear from this drawing, the third and fourth
By utilizing the stable orientation state of , it is possible to obtain high contrast even in regions with large cell thicknesses. That is, 71 in FIG. 7 clarifies the relationship between the thickness of the liquid crystal layer and contrast, and according to 71, high contrast is obtained even in a region where the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is large. Further, 72 in the figure clarifies the relationship between the liquid crystal layer and the cell thickness.

When the cell thickness was thin, the contrast was about the same as in the case of FIG. 6, but the advantage was that the light transmittance increased. For example, when the cell thickness is 1μ, the amount of light transmitted in the "bright" state when displaying using the third and fourth stable orientation states is greater than when displaying using the first and second stable orientation states θ. is about 3
It has doubled.

An example of a driving method used in the liquid crystal optical element of the present invention is shown below.

FIG. 9A shows a displayable matrix electrode structure, in which 91 is used as a scanning electrode and 92 is used as an information signal electrode. 9B, a and b are signals applied to the scanning electrodes, with FIG. 9a representing a scanning selection signal and FIG. 9B and b representing a scanning non-selection signal. FIGS. 9C and 9D are information signals applied to the information signal electrodes, which are selectively applied to the information signal electrodes according to write input information, respectively. FIG. 9C shows a voltage waveform when applied to a pixel using the electrical signal shown in FIG. 9B. That is, Figure 9C, a and b
is the voltage waveform applied to the pixels on the scan line to which the scan selection signal is applied, and the ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal corresponding to all or a predetermined pixel on the scan line at phase _t1 is as shown in FIG. It is oriented in the stable orientation direction 503a of No. 3 (eg, "black" state) and refreshed. At phase _t2 , pixels on the scanning line that have been refreshed to the black state are selectively written to the white state according to input information. That is,
At phase t ₂ in FIG. 9C, a, the ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal of the corresponding pixel is aligned from the third stable orientation 503a to the fourth stable orientation 503b shown in FIG. 5 corresponding to the white state, and the white state For the other pixels, as shown in FIGS. 9c and 9d, since the applied voltage is set below the threshold value in phase _t2 , they are eventually written into a black state.

9C, c and b correspond to pixels to which no scan selection signal is applied, respectively. The voltage applied to these pixels is set below a threshold value. Therefore, writing can be performed sequentially for each scanning line by selectively applying the writing signals shown in FIG. Since the voltages applied to the pixels are set below the threshold values as shown in Figure 9C, c and d, the written state on the scanning line is memorized for one frame or one field. become.

FIG. 10A shows a time-series signal when such a signal is applied to perform the display shown in FIG. 9A.
In FIG. 10A, the high frequency alternating current component added by superimposing it on the information signal is omitted for the sake of simplicity. FIG. 10B shows an embodiment in which an auxiliary signal corresponding to the information signal is applied at a phase of Δt to prevent crosstalk.

Furthermore, as another embodiment, it is also possible to provide a high frequency shunt component to the scanning electrode side.

Furthermore, by applying phase matching to the scanning electrode side and the signal electrode side, it is also possible to reduce the required breakdown voltage of the terminal driver ICs on the scanning electrode side and the signal electrode side.

FIG. 11 shows yet another embodiment.

In this embodiment, the AC signal is provided as a scanning non-selection signal. The scan selection signal provides the same waveform as that shown in FIGS. 9B and 9A. High frequency when selected
By turning it off, liquid crystal molecules become more mobile,
The scanning side driver
This has the advantage of reducing the required breakdown voltage of the IC.

Now, the liquid crystal material described in this embodiment has a liquid crystal cell thickness of about 6 μm or less and has first and second bistable states when no electric field is applied. In addition to the case where such a cell is converted to the third and fourth bistable states by a high-frequency electric field, a cell that is thicker and does not exhibit a clear bistable state (a liquid crystal cell with a cell thickness of 15 μm) is converted to the third and fourth bistable states using a high-frequency electric field. A comparison of the switching characteristics when the third and fourth bistable states are converted by an electric field is shown below (FIG. 12).

122 in FIG. 12 is a liquid crystal cell with a cell thickness of 15 μm that produces a ferroelectric liquid crystal with a spiral structure when no electric field is applied, and does not substantially produce the first and second stable alignment states shown in FIG. At this time, an electrical signal shown in FIG. 9B in which a rectangular wave of 10 KHz and ±40 Vpp was superimposed as a high-frequency AC voltage was applied to form the third and fourth stable orientation states, respectively. It shows the results of plotting the voltage value V and the applied pulse width τ until the state is reversed to the fourth stable orientation state and the fourth stable orientation state is reversed to the third stable orientation state. In addition, 121 in FIG. 12 is a liquid crystal cell with a cell thickness of 4 μm that produces ferroelectric liquid crystal with a non-helical structure in the first and second stable orientation states shown in FIG. 5 when no electric field is applied, and a high-frequency alternating current. It shows the results obtained by the same method as described above, except that a 10 KHz, ±20 Vpp square wave was used as the voltage.
Therefore, in FIG. 12, the horizontal axis shows the voltage value V (threshold value) of the drive pulse required for switching, and the vertical axis shows the applied pulse width τ. In FIG. 12, ○ indicates the actual measured value when using a liquid crystal cell with a cell thickness of 4 μm, and ● indicates an actual measured value when using a liquid crystal cell with a cell thickness of 15 μm.

As is clear from Figure 12, the slope of the 4μ cell is steeper. This means that the 4μ cell is more advantageous in time-division driving and in terms of preventing crosstalk.

The 4μ cell has a lower driving voltage. This indicates that the 4μ cell allows the use of low voltage IC drivers.

Figure 13 shows the modulated wave AC component on the information signal electrode side.
A block diagram of the drive circuit when Vac is superimposed.
131 is a display matrix of n×m (n, m are integers), y ₁ , y ₂ , ... y _o are each information (signal) line, q ₁ ,
q ₂ , . . . q _n are each scanning line, 132 is a scanning line drive circuit, c is a timing input, and d is a transfer clock input. Reference numeral 133 denotes an information (signal) line driving circuit, of which a is an information (signal) input, b is a transfer clock input, and y' ₁ , y' ₂ , . . . y' _o are output lines.
134 is a modulated wave alternating current component superimposition circuit, _x is a modulated wave alternating current input, y ₁ , y ₂ , . That is, xy′ ₁ =y ₁ xy′ ₂ =y ₂ 〓 〓 xy′ _o =y _o .

Figure 14 shows the modulated wave AC component Vac on the scanning electrode side.
13. This is a block diagram of the drive circuit when the two are superimposed, and the numbers in the figure are the same members as in FIG. 13. The modulated wave alternating current component Vac is added to the output lines q' ₁ , q' ₂ , . . . q' _n of the 132 scanning line drive circuits, respectively. That is, xq′ ₁ =q ₁ xq′ ₂ =q ₂ 〓 〓 xq′ _n =q _n .

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a drive circuit when a modulated wave alternating current component Vac/2 is superimposed on both the information (signal) electrode and the scanning electrode, and a modulated wave alternating current component of Vac is given to each display pixel. The phase of the superimposed wave is shifted by 180° and input to the superimposing circuit 134.

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a drive circuit for turning off the modulated wave at the time of selection, in which 161 is a shift register, c' is its timing input, and d' is a transfer clock input. 162 is an AND gate, and only when its input line q'' is in negative logic, the input line x'' cannot pass through and becomes the reference level. That is, x″AND q″ ₁ = q ₁ x″AND q″ ₂ = q ₂ 〓 〓 x″AND q″ _n = q _n .

〔effect〕

According to the present invention, high contrast display characteristics can be obtained even in areas where the cell thickness is large, and
When the cell thickness is thin, the light transmittance can be increased by about three times or more compared to the case where no alternating current electric field is applied, and as a result, the display characteristics can be improved.

[Brief explanation of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a device using a ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal that forms a helical structure when no electric field is applied. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an element using a ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal that forms a non-helical structure when an electric field is applied, which is used in the present invention. Third
Figure A is a plan view of the liquid crystal optical element of the present invention, and Figure 3B is a sectional view taken along line A-A'. FIG. 4 is a sectional view of another liquid crystal optical element of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a plan view schematically showing the direction of stable alignment of liquid crystal molecules and the direction of uniaxial alignment treatment. Figure 6 shows
When using the liquid crystal element shown in Figure 1, the thickness of the liquid crystal layer, θ
FIG.
FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram showing the relationship between the thickness of the liquid crystal layer and the contrast when the liquid crystal element of FIG. 2 according to the present invention is used. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an apparatus for forming an obliquely deposited layer used in the present invention. FIG. 9A is a plan view of a matrix electrode structure used in the present invention. Figure 9B
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing waveforms of a scanning signal and an information signal used in the present invention. FIG. 9C is an explanatory diagram showing a voltage waveform applied to a pixel when the signal waveform of FIG. 9B is used. Figure 10A is Figure 9B
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing time-series waveforms when using signal waveforms of FIG. FIG. 10B is an explanatory diagram showing another time series waveform used in the present invention. FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram showing waveforms of another scanning signal and information signal used in the present invention. FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram showing the relationship between the pulse width of the applied voltage when a ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal element is used. Figure 13, 1st
4, FIG. 15, and FIG. 16 are circuit diagrams showing drive circuits used in the present invention.

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1a A matrix electrode structure in which pixels are formed at intersections between a scanning electrode group and a signal electrode group, and a matrix electrode structure arranged between the scanning electrode group and the signal electrode group to which no electric field is applied. When the liquid crystal molecules are oriented in either the first stable orientation or the second stable orientation, an angle is formed between the average molecular axis of the first stable orientation and the average molecular axis of the second stable orientation. 2θ and a ferroelectric liquid crystal that produces a negative dielectric constant anisotropy; b) a liquid crystal cell having a first stable orientation by moving the liquid crystal molecules in the first stable orientation to the opposite side from the second stable orientation; 3, and the liquid crystal molecules in the second stable orientation are moved to the opposite side from the first stable orientation to be aligned in a fourth stable orientation, and the average molecular axis of the third stable orientation is means for applying to the matrix electrode structure an alternating current voltage that makes the angle between the fourth stable orientation and the average molecular axis larger than the angle 2θ; pixel in the first phase and simultaneously in the third pixel.
A first voltage of one polarity sufficient to transfer liquid crystal molecules in a stable orientation to a fourth stable orientation is applied, and in a second phase, selectively transfers liquid crystal molecules in a fourth stable orientation to a third stable orientation. means for applying a second voltage of the other polarity sufficient to transition the liquid crystal molecules to a stable orientation of d; A liquid crystal device comprising: means for creating an optical difference between the light rays that have passed therethrough.