JPH03274516A - Compact zoom lens - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain the compact zoom lens which consists of a small number of lenses and is low in cost by providing at least one lens which is made of a glass material satisfying specific requirements each in a front and a rear group respectively. CONSTITUTION:The front and rear groups each consists of two lenses and at least one lens made of a glass material satisfying a conditional expressions I and II or III each is provided in the front and rear groups. In the expressions, Nd is the refractive index of the glass material to the (d) line and nud is the Abbe number of the glass material to the (d) line. For example, when this glass material is used for a convex lens, the inclination of the image plane in the positive direction due to a decrease in the Petzval's sum can be prevented. Consequently, while high optical performance is maintained, the zoom lens consists of a small number of lenses and is made low in cost and made compact.

Description

[Detailed description of the invention]

The present invention relates to a compact zoom lens, and more particularly to a zoom lens used in a lens shutter camera with a built-in zoom lens. In order to achieve compactness and cost reduction of a lens shutter camera with a built-in zoom lens, there is a demand for compactness and cost reduction of photographic lenses. In order to make the lens system more compact, including the amount of movement of the lens during zooming, it is necessary to strengthen the refractive power of each lens group, but it is necessary to increase the refractive power of each lens group without maintaining performance. It can be said that the direction is to increase the number of sheets. On the other hand, in order to reduce costs, it is effective to reduce the number of nons. In this way, there are many conflicting elements involved in making a lens system more compact and lowering its cost. By the way, recently, technological advances in plastic molding, glass molding, etc. have been remarkable, and aspherical surfaces are being produced at low cost. As a result, various zoom lenses using plastic lenses, aspherical surfaces, etc. have been proposed (
Japanese Patent Publication No. 62-251710. No. 63-148223, No. 63-139314,
No. 63-266413. JP-A No. 1-191114, JP-A No. 1-193807, JP-A No. 1-193808, etc.). However, it cannot be said that the compactness and cost reduction described above have been sufficiently achieved even in such zoom lenses. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a compact zoom lens with a small number of lenses and a low cost. In order to achieve the above object, the zoom lens of the present invention consists of two components, a front group having a positive refractive power and a rear group having a negative refractive power, in order from the object side. In a zoom lens that changes the focal length of the entire system by changing the air distance between the
The front group and the rear group each include at least one lens made of a glass material that satisfies the following conditional expressions [1] and [2] or satisfies the following conditional expression [3]. The structure is as follows. N, ≦1.60 ......■ Shiro≦35.0 ......■ N6≦1.50 ......■ However, Nd: refractive index of the glass material for the d-line νd: glass material d
This is the Atsbe number for the line. As mentioned above, in order to make a zoom lens compact, it is generally necessary to shorten the overall length and further reduce the amount of movement, and to achieve these, the refractive power of each zoom component must be increased. If this is done in a positive and negative two-component zoom lens like the present invention and a sufficient back focus is to be ensured, the negative refractive power of the rear group must be made strong. As a result, the Petzval sum becomes a large negative value, and the image plane tends to tilt in the positive direction. In the present invention, in order to prevent this tendency, both the front group and the rear group are each composed of two lenses, and the above conditional expression [1
] and [2] or [3]. For example, if such a glass material is used for a convex lens, the positive direction caused by the negative Petzval sum increases. This prevents the image plane from collapsing. If a glass material with a high refractive index exceeding the upper limit of conditional expressions [1] and [2] or conditional expression (2) is used in that part, the tendency for the Petzval sum to become a large negative value becomes strong. In such a case, it becomes difficult to match the best positions of the on-axis and off-axis MTFs. Furthermore, if a d-region (high dispersion) glass material is used for the concave lens of the front group, as shown in conditional expression (2), it is very advantageous in achieving achromatism. For example, if the concave lens in the front group is a lens that exceeds the region of condition (2), the convex lens and the concave lens in the front group will have almost the same νd. In the end, in order to achieve achromatization, it is necessary to increase the refractive power of each convex and concave surface, so even if an aspheric surface is used, monochromatic aberrations cannot be eliminated. By providing at least one lens in each of the front group and the rear group that satisfies the above conditional expressions [1] and [2] or conditional expression [3], the performance in each group can be improved, and It is also possible to improve the performance of the lens system as a whole. Preferably, at least one aspherical surface is provided in the front group. By using at least one aspherical surface in the front group, it is possible to prevent coma aberration from occurring in the peripheral area of the screen. Further, it is preferable that at least one aspherical surface is provided in the rear group. By using at least one aspherical surface in the rear group, distortion near the wide-angle end can be favorably corrected. By using many aspheric surfaces in this way, the number of lenses in the lens system can be significantly reduced. For example, the conventional 3
A zoom lens with an 8-90 mm specification is composed of seven to eight lenses, but according to the present invention, it can be composed of four lenses as in an embodiment described later. Furthermore, the total length of the lens can be reduced by 5 to 10 mm compared to the conventional lens. In addition, low refraction as shown in the above conditional expression ■■■,
Anything in the high dispersion region is mostly plastic. Therefore, when this is used in a lens, it not only reduces the weight of the entire lens system but also reduces cost, which has the advantage of being suitable for mass production. It is preferable that at least one of the aspheric surfaces in the front group satisfies the following conditional expression [4]. Conditional expression (2) is: When the maximum effective diameter of the aspherical surface is Yl, for any height y in the vertical direction of the optical axis where 0.7Ymm, <y<Y, a, ・(X(y)− L+(y)) < 0...
・■Here, φ, : Refractive power of the front group N : Refractive index of the aspherical object-side medium N゛ : Refractive index of the aspherical image-side medium X(y) : Surface shape of the aspherical surface X5(y) : Reference spherical shape of aspherical surface However, it is preferable that conditional expression [5] of +ΣAay≧2 be satisfied. Conditional formula 〇 is, when the maximum effective diameter of the aspherical surface is Yll,
0.8Y+msy<y<Yll. For any vertical height y of the optical axis, r: reference radius of curvature of the aspherical surface ε: quadratic surface parameter A,: aspherical surface coefficient 7' is the paraxial radius of curvature of the bi-aspherical surface. Condition (2) means that the positive refractive power of the aspherical surface in the front group becomes weaker (the negative refractive power becomes stronger) near the periphery, and is a condition for correcting spherical aberration. If the upper limit of conditional expression (2) is exceeded, the spherical aberration will be under-corrected over the entire zoom range, and if the lower limit is exceeded, the spherical aberration will be over-corrected over the entire zoom range. At least one of the aspherical surfaces in the rear group has the following shape: (X(
y)-to++(y)) < O・・・・・・■Here,
φ2: Refractive power of the rear group. Conditional expression ■ means that the aspheric surface in the rear group has weaker negative refractive power (stronger positive refractive power) at the periphery, and is used to correct distortion and field curvature in a well-balanced manner. It is a condition. If the upper limit of conditional expression (2) is exceeded, the distortion at the wide-angle end will take on a large positive value, and if the lower limit is exceeded, the image plane will tend to curve in the negative direction significantly over the entire zoom range. In order to reduce the Petzval sum and correct various aberrations, it is desirable that the refractive power of the lens be arranged in order from the object side to negative-positive-positive-negative. With this configuration, chromatic aberration can be corrected in each group. In order to make the overall length compact, it is necessary to strengthen the refractive power of both the front group and the rear group. To do this, the front group with positive refractive power is arranged with negative and positive refractive power, and the rear group with negative refractive power is arranged with negative refractive power. It is preferable to have positive and negative refractive powers. Eliminate aberrations while making zoom lenses more compact (
In order to improve performance), it is desirable to use at least three aspherical surfaces in a zoom lens. It is desirable that all the aspheric surfaces in the front group satisfy the following conditional expression (2). Conditional expression (■) specifies that the maximum effective diameter of the aspherical surface is Y, 1. When 0<y<0.7Y, , for any height y in the vertical direction of the optical axis, (X(y)-Xs(y))<0001------
■It is. If the upper limit of conditional expression (2) is exceeded, the annular spherical aberration will have a large negative value, and a shift in the focus position due to aperture will become a problem. Moreover, if the lower limit is exceeded, the spherical aberration correction effect on the annular beam becomes excessive, making it difficult to correct other various aberrations and spherical aberration in a well-balanced manner. In addition, in this case, spherical aberration tends to take a wavy shape. When a 1-piece lens having aspherical surfaces on both sides is used in the front group, it is desirable that one surface satisfies the following conditional expression (2) and the other surface satisfies the following conditional expression (2). Conditional formula (■) indicates that the maximum effective diameter of the aspherical surface is Y. , then for any height y in the vertical direction of the optical axis where 0.7Y-ay<y<Yo-, ・(X(y)-L(y))<O...■ It is. Conditional expression 〇 is 0.7Ymm-<y<Y when the maximum effective diameter of the aspherical surface is Yl, 8. For any optical axis vertical height y of X, ・(X(y)−X@(y)) < 0.04...
・It is ■. In the front group, an aspherical surface that satisfies conditional formula (■) means that the positive refractive power becomes weaker (the negative refractive power becomes stronger) toward the periphery. This is a condition for correcting aberrations from falling to the under side to the over side. At this time, axial light that passes far from the optical axis of the lens may be overcorrected and go to the over side, so in order to return this light to the under side, it is necessary to satisfy conditional formula (■). What is necessary is to introduce an aspherical surface whose positive refractive power becomes stronger (negative refractive power becomes weaker) closer to the periphery to the other surface. Further, preferably, the amount of deviation of the aspherical surface on the side satisfying conditional expression (2) from the reference spherical surface is greater than the amount of deviation from the reference spherical surface of the aspherical surface on the side satisfying conditional expression (2). It is desirable that all aspheric surfaces in the rear group satisfy the following conditional expression 〇. Conditional formula (■) specifies the maximum effective diameter of the aspherical surface as Yma. When 0<y<0. For any optical axis vertical height y of BY, ・(X(y)−X[1(y))<0.02−・・−
■It is. When the upper limit of conditional expression (2) is exceeded, the tendency for positive distortion and positive deviation of the curvature of field increases in the intermediate field angle band from the wide-angle end to the intermediate focal length region. Furthermore, when the lower limit is exceeded, negative distortion becomes large from the intermediate focal length region to the telephoto end, and in addition, the negative shift tendency of the field curvature becomes significant in the entire zoom range. When a lens having aspherical surfaces on both surfaces is used in the rear group, it is desirable that the negative surface satisfies the following conditional expression [phase], and the other surface satisfies the following conditional expression @. The conditional expression [phase] is 0.8Y, when the maximum effective diameter of the aspherical surface is Y, 8. It is desirable that the configuration is as follows for any height y of x in the direction perpendicular to the optical axis.・(X(y)−X@(y)) < O・・・・・・［
phase]. Conditional formula (■) indicates that the maximum effective diameter of the aspherical surface is Y. 8, 0.8Y*ax <'l< Yma. For any height y in the vertical direction of the optical axis, ・(X(y)−Xs(y))<0.10−■. In the rear group, an aspherical surface that satisfies the conditional expression [phase] means that the negative refractive power becomes weaker <' (the positive refractive power becomes stronger) as it gets closer to the periphery. This corrects distortion aberration. Furthermore, at this time, by using an aspheric surface that satisfies conditional expression (2), the curvature of field is favorably corrected. The front and rear groups are designed to satisfy the following conditional expression @, [phase], φ-: Refractive power of the entire system at the wide-angle end φτ: Refractive power of the entire system at the telephoto end β: Zoom ratio However, φ2<0 β = φ−/φT. These are conditions for keeping the overall length of the lens, the amount of movement for zooming, the back focus, and the state of correction of various aberrations in a good balance. If the lower limit of the conditional expression @ is exceeded, it becomes difficult to maintain the back focus at an appropriate value (15z of the focal length at the wide-angle end) at the wide-angle end, and the diameter of the rear group lens ends up increasing. Become. Moreover, if the upper limit is exceeded, the amount of movement of the front group and the rear group due to zooming becomes excessive*, which is disadvantageous in terms of mq configuration. If the lower limit of conditional expression 0 is exceeded, the Petzval sum will take a large negative value, the image plane will tilt significantly in the positive direction, and the distortion at the wide-angle end will take a large positive value. . Furthermore, when the upper limit is exceeded, it is necessary to increase the distance between the front and rear groups during zooming, and the distance between the front and rear groups becomes large at the wide-angle end, resulting in an increase in the overall length of the lens. The total length of the lens also satisfies the following conditional expressions [stock] and [5]. This is effective for maintaining a good balance between the amount of movement for zooming, the back focus, and the state of correction of various aberrations. However, φ2 < 0. The conditional expression [share] defines the ratio between the refractive power of the entire system and the refractive power of the front group at the wide-angle end. When the upper limit of conditional expression [share] is exceeded, the front group refractive power becomes excessive, and even if an aspherical surface is used in the front group, it becomes difficult to correct various aberrations occurring in the front group, especially spherical aberration. Also,. When the lower limit is exceeded, there is a marked tendency for downward coma aberration to occur at the periphery of the screen. Conditional expression (2) defines the ratio between the refractive power of the entire system and the refractive power of the rear group at the wide-angle end. When the upper limit of conditional expression (2) is exceeded, the rear group refractive power becomes excessive, and even if an aspherical surface is used in the rear group, it becomes difficult to correct various aberrations occurring in the rear group, especially image curvature and distortion. Furthermore, when the lower limit is exceeded, there is a marked tendency for downward coma aberration to occur at the periphery of the screen, and it becomes difficult to secure sufficient back focus. Embodiments of the compact zoom lens according to the present invention are shown below. However, in each example, r, ~rllll represent the radius of curvature of the surface as counted from the object side, d, ~d9 represent the axial spacing as counted from the object side, and N, ~N6. h, ~v5 indicate the refractive index and Atsube number of each nons with respect to the d-line counted from the object side. In addition, f is the focal length of the entire system, and Fso is the open F-number. The surface shape (X
(y)). <Example 1>f"29.0~39.3~53.3 Fso=4.1
〜5.6～7.6 Bloody eyes 1jLE side 1 day ``Hot'' back 1'' BiΣ d21.500 rl: e = 0.21656X 10Aa: 0
．． 14,925 1O-7 r5 : ε: 0°61354 A4=0.39082X10-' Ae=0.17456x 1O-11 A,=0.25816x 10-'<Example2> f =29.0~39.3~53 .3 F N0=4
．． 1-5.6-7.6re-3s. 152 Valve JJL weight 1 ds 3゜000 N3 1.58340 ν3
30.23r6 -18.149 rl -42,210 Valve'l 纺子IL r,: ε=0.22038X 10A,=0.22
559X 1O-s Aa=0.47146X 10-" As2-0.12054X 1O-7 r2: t: =0.12202X 10Aa=
0.33655X 10-' Ae=0.22956X 10-' Ae=0.18420X 1O-7 r,: ε=0.66020 A4=0.22371X 10-' Ae=0.12042X 10-' As=0. 16891X 10-'<Example3> f "29.0~39.3~53.3 F Tto=
3.6 ~ 5.0 ~ 6.7re -39,148 式ITL 類 RL rl: ε=-0,12243 A4=0.80992X 10S Ae=0.15371X 10-' As knee 0.15720X 1O-7 r2: ε=-0゜51536X10A, =0.2
2100X 1O-3 As=0.23097X 1O-5 Ae=0.28762X 1O-7 r5: ε=-0,50602X 10A,=0.3
1888x 10-'A6"0.21809X 10-6 As=0.44687X 10-8 <Example 4>f"36.2~53.0~77.5 Fso=3.
6 ~ 5.3 ~ 7.8 Emperor] Risu LJL, Rin fit JLI cold Ejikuchifu number r @ -49,657 way"■

[J1C r, : ε=0.97655 A4=-0,33474X 1O-3 As=-0,60425X 1O-6 As=0.11236X 10-' A7:0.56836X 10-" As=-〇, 75125X 10-@ A*knee 0.14727X 10-” A+I! =-0,21764X 10-”A+ + =
-0,26297X 1 leaf 12A+2=0.29088
X10-13 r2: t= =0.11103X 10A, =-
0.29953 -0
,25639X 10th A11=-0,28984X
10-+2A+2=-0,30917X 1O-13r
, : t=0.12965X 10Aa"0.3
4637X 10-' A6 knee 0.24973 X 1 leaf 6Ae=0.87
763X 1O-7 A7=0.17228x 10-' As=0.16024X 10-' As=0.29245X 10-mouth A+s knee 0.70529X 10-12A++ =-
0,15113X 10-field 2A+ 2=-0,209
52X 1 leaf 13r5: ε=0.97478 A4=0.81649X 10-' A also=-0,59969X 10-' Ae=0.58736X 10-' A7: 0.44158X 10-" As knee 0.18426X 1O -e A9=-0,35058X 10-" A+s knee 0.15637X 10-th A-th = 0.19
821 X 10" 2A+2=0.59421X 1
0-'”〈Example 5〉 f=36.2~53.0~77.5 FNO=3.6
~5.3~7.8ds 3.680 Na 1.
49300 ν358.34re -20,475 rs -34,678 Valve m arc IL r, : ε=0.95658 A,=-0,36046X 10~3 As=-0,62131X 10-' Aa=0.72014X 1吋7 Av = 0.63443
36425X 1 inch I2 A+ 2=-0,34643X 1 leaf 13r2: ε
=0.12515X 10Aa=-0,29680x
1 leaf 3 /b; -0,44849X 1 leaf 5 Ae; 0.76943 .93349X 1O-14All===
-0,14338XlO-12A+2=-0,2265
8X10-”r,: E =0.11804X 10A4=0.3
6394X 10-' A6=-0.45598X 1O-6 As"0.13964X 10-' Aw=0.25012X No-7 As-0,23532X 10-'Ae;0.64998X 1 leaf fil A+s"0.40513X 10-'A++"0.19753X 1O-12A+2J, 39
046X 10-” r6: t: =0.97670AJ=0.72
747X 10-' A-%=-0゜50282X 1O-5Ae=0.61
192X No-6 /h=o, 42032X 1O-7 As=-0, 21139x 10-1'As knee 0.5
1894X IQ-+1A1 day=-0,20801X
10-th A+ +”0.22556X 10-+2A+
2=0.65815X 10-13 <Example 6> f=29.0~39.3~53.3 FNO=4.1
~5.8~7.61 Supervisor! Lj-1111 near! 2221d. 13.305~8.179~4.399rs-a4
．． 640 Bud] Eye [Hold JL r+: ε: 0.21680X 10Aa: 0.
15318X 1O-3 A6=0.12171X 1O-5 As=-0,13072X 10-' r2: ε=0.11369X 10A4"0.26
026X 10 bow Ae=0.26458X 1O-5 As=0.73430X 10-' r,: ε=0.62310 A,=0.45079x 1O-4 As=0.17834X 10-' Ae=0.26092X 10 -''r6: ε=0.100OOX10 A,=0.41364X 10-' Aa=0.14385X 10-' Ae=0.23560X 10-' Figures 1 to 6 are based on the above Examples 1 to 6. This is a corresponding lens configuration diagram, and the arrows in the figure schematically indicate the movement of the front group and the rear group from the widest angle end (S) to the most telephoto end (L). Examples 1 to 3 , each of which is composed of, in order from the object side, a front group consisting of a concave negative meniscus lens and a biconvex positive second lens, and a rear group consisting of a third lens and a fourth lens. The third lens is composed of a positive lens with almost no power, and the fourth lens is composed of a negative meniscus lens that is concave on the object side.The object side surface of the negative lens and the image The side surface and the object side surface of the positive !!l!S lens are aspherical. In Examples 4 and 5, the lens is composed of a negative meniscus lens that is concave from the object side to the image side, and a biconvex lens. It is composed of a front group consisting of a positive second lens, and a rear group consisting of a third lens and a fourth lens.The third lens is composed of a positive lens with almost no power, and the fourth lens is a positive lens. It is composed of a negative meniscus lens that is concave on the object side.The object side surface and image side surface of the negative lens, the image side surface of the positive second lens, and the object side surface of the positive third lens. The surface of Embodiment 6 is an aspherical surface. In Example 6, a front group consisting of a concave negative meniscus lens, a biconvex positive second lens, a third lens, and a fourth lens are arranged in order from the object side. The third lens is composed of a positive lens with almost no power, and the fourth lens is composed of a negative meniscus lens that is concave on the object side. The object-side surface and image-side surface of the third lens and the object-side surface and image-side surface of the positive third lens are aspherical surfaces. In the corresponding aberration diagrams, (S) shows the aberration at the wide-angle end focal length, (M) shows the aberration at the intermediate focal length, and (L) shows the aberration at the telephoto end focal length.In addition, the solid line (d) shows the aberration for the d-line. The dotted line (SC) represents the sine condition.Furthermore, the dotted line (DM) and the solid line (DS) represent astigmatism on the meridional plane and the sagittal plane, respectively. Table 1 shows conditional expressions (1) in Examples 1 to 6, respectively. Tables 3 to 8 correspond to Examples 1 to 6, respectively, and express the conditional expression (%) for each aspherical surface with respect to the value of y as (I), and in the conditional expression ■■[phase]■ of (where,
i=1.2) is expressed as (II). Table 2 is the first table (values for the conditional expression @@ of each example) in the conditional expression (■) in Examples 1 to 6. Table 3 (Example 1) Table 2 (the conditional expression @ of each example) Values for ■) Table 4 (Example 2) Table 5 (Example 3) Table 7 (Example 5) Table 6 (Example 4) Table 8 (Example 6) As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to realize a low-cost and compact zoom lens with a small number of lenses while maintaining high optical performance. Also,
If the zoom lens according to the present invention is applied to a lens shutter camera with a built-in zoom lens, the camera can be made more compact and lower in cost.

[Brief explanation of drawings]

FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5, and FIG. 6 are lens configuration diagrams corresponding to Examples 1 to 6 of the present invention, respectively. Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10, Figure 11 and Figure 1
FIG. 2 is an aberration diagram corresponding to Examples 1 to 6 of the present invention, respectively.

Claims (5)

[Claims] (1) It consists of two components, a front group with positive refractive power and a rear group with negative refractive power, in order from the object side, and by changing the air distance between the front group and the rear group, In a zoom lens that changes the focal length, each of the front and rear groups consists of two lenses, and the following conditional expressions [1] and [
2] or at least one lens made of a glass material satisfying the following conditional expression [3] is provided in each of the front group and the rear group; N_d≦1.60・...[1] ν_d≦35.0...[2] N_d≦1.50...[3] However, N_d: refractive index of the glass material for the d-line ν_d: glass material is the Abbe number for the d-line. (2) The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the front group has at least one aspherical surface. (3) The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the rear group has at least one aspherical surface. (4) A zoom lens according to claim 2, wherein at least one of the aspherical surfaces in the front group satisfies the following conditional expression [4]; the maximum effective diameter of the aspherical surface is Y_m_a_x. When doing so, 0.
7Y_m_a_x<y<Y_m_a_x for any height y in the vertical direction of the optical axis, -0.03<φ_1・(N'-
N)・d/dy・{X(y)−Xe(y)}<0...
...[4] Here, φ1: Refractive power of the front group N: Refractive index of the aspherical object-side medium N': Refractive index of the aspherical image-side medium X(y): Surface shape of the aspherical surface Xe (y): Reference spherical shape of aspheric surface However, ▲ There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc. ▼ ▲ There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc. ▼ r: Reference radius of curvature of aspheric surface ε: Quadratic surface parameter A_i: Aspheric surface Coefficient ■: Paraxial radius of curvature of an aspheric surface ▲ Numerical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc. are available ▼. (5) A zoom lens according to claim 3, wherein at least one of the aspherical surfaces in the rear group satisfies the following conditional expression [5]; the maximum effective diameter of the aspherical surface is Y_m_a_x. When doing so, 0.
8Y_m_a_x<y<Y_m_a_x, -0.10<φ_2・(N'-
N)・d/dy・{X(y)−Xe(y)}<0...
...[5] Here, φ2: Refractive power of the rear group N: Refractive index of the aspherical object-side medium N': Refractive index of the aspherical image-side medium X(y): Surface shape of the aspherical surface Xe (y): Reference spherical shape of aspheric surface However, ▲ There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc. ▼ ▲ There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc. ▼ r: Reference radius of curvature of aspheric surface ε: Quadratic surface parameter A_i: Aspheric surface Coefficient ■: Paraxial radius of curvature of an aspheric surface ▲ Numerical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc. are available ▼.