JPH02504662A - Universal joint with constant speed ratio - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.

Description

[Detailed description of the invention] Universal joint with constant speed ratio The present invention relates to a constant speed ratio universal joint.

The joint according to the invention requires a relatively small angle of articulation and is primarily Used under conditions that require high rotational speed. Such conditions are Occurs at universal joints used on propeller shafts. That is, the propeller shaft is from the engine unit mounted on the front side of the car to the rear passive axle of the car. and expand vertically. A car's propeller shaft moves at the same speed as the car's engine, and rotates at a higher speed, thus 6,000 revolutions per minute or more. rotational speed is expected. At the same time, the shape of the propeller shaft is usually such that its universal joint is lO.

Such articulation angles are not possible. However, the present invention Noh joints are not only used exclusively on propeller shafts, but also when similar conditions arise. or at low speeds where only small articulation angles are required. It can be used.

Constant speed ratio universal joint used at very high rotational speeds, for example on car propeller shafts One requirement for this is that the joint must have a high degree of radial stability. This means that it must be done. In other words, there are no driving or passive members of the joint. However, if the joint restricts the rotation around the identified axis, the external Not supported by bearings. The state in which the joints are lined up, i.e., non-articulated When in use, the primary drive and passive members of the joint are radially away from each other when in use. The joint must not have sufficient stability. drive or passive components that are not well supported by external bearings should be Rotation around the axis is not restricted and the car experiences severe vibrations. cormorant.

The universal joint of British Patent No. 2,116.672 has an axially elongated groove in its inner wall. an outer hollow joint member with a groove disposed within the outer joint member and a groove in the outer wall thereof; and an inner joint member having a groove formed in the outer joint member. The groove in the joint member corresponds to the groove in the vertical direction of the joint. When viewed in cross section, it is curved, and the opposing grooves widen to form a groove. A similar opening is formed in which each ball is received to transmit torque. It can be done. The shape of the groove allows the joint to articulate and maintain a constant speed ratio (homokinetic) ratio. When applying, the center of the ball occupies a plane that forms part of the angle between the rotation axes of the joint members. The ball is retained within the groove by a pivot support member extending into the opening of the groove. held. Between those grooves, the inner and outer joint members are in contact with each other. As shown in the above-mentioned patent, such a joint has a partially spherical surface that The separate parts of the outer joint members are positioned relative to each other so that there is no directional play. held and then assembled by welding the parts together. deer While in fact such an assembly method of the fitting reduces the clearance in it at the front Since the joint cannot be removed, it has sufficient stability in high-speed operation. Not possible. Assuming all parts of the joint are perfect and match exactly as designed. All play can be eliminated by Manufacturing tolerances and errors must be taken to ensure that the , clearance is required, which leads to the instability mentioned above. Also, the succession The ball holder of the half-part member has an irregular space in the circumferential direction with respect to the joint of the groove, and Errors in groove shape at points where the cross-sectional shape is not constant along Clearance may be required at assembly joints due to surface irregularities or general surface irregularities. 0 The irregularity of the surface is caused by the fact that the grooves are manufactured by machining, especially in the ball bearings of the joint half parts. This is unavoidable when it is performed in a forming operation rather than in a forming operation.

Therefore, the clearance of the joint is such that the joint transmits little or no torque. This becomes a particular problem when this is not achieved. Under torque transmission, the ball of the joint is The force applied causes the ball to assume a position relative to the cross-section of the groove and perform a clear run. These conditions do not apply when the torque is not transmitted.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to overcome or alleviate this problem of joint stability. The purpose of the present invention is to provide a universal joint with a constant speed ratio. At the same time, of course, the joints are manufactured over time. It must be economical.

According to one aspect of the present invention, a hollow outer joint half member; an inner joint half disposed at least partially within the outer joint member; The outer and inner seam halves are configured to permit relative articulation therebetween. the outer joint halves have partially spherical surfaces that fit together with each other; a number of circumferentially spaced axially extending grooves in said inner seam half; It has a supplementary groove on the outside, and the groove faces the groove of the outer joint half member in a pair. and, The groove has an arc shape when viewed from a plane including the rotational axis of each joint half member, Furthermore, the grooves in each village are spaced apart so that they widen from each other toward one end of the joint. having a center of curvature located; a closure member for closing the outer joint half at said one end; and a joint for transmitting torque. a plurality of balls disposed in each opposing pair of grooves of the half member; Supported against the closure member of the joint for universal pivot movement and in contact with the ball. an annularly shaped pole contacting member for contacting and retaining within the groove; a spring hand supporting said ball contacting member for forcing the ball into the paired grooves; To provide a constant speed universal joint consisting of stages.

In the joint according to the invention, supporting the ball contact member by spring means: The ball is constantly being pushed as far as possible into each expanding pair of grooves. , the inner and outer seam halves remain centered relative to each other. Ba The effect of the torque means is that the joint rotates but transmits little or no torque. It is especially effective when Under such conditions, traditional joints as mentioned above The clearance required for the ball to be held as far as possible within the convergent groove The inner and outer seam halves are thus kept centered relative to each other. means to be held.

According to another aspect of the invention, a hollow outer joint half member; an inner joint half member at least partially disposed within the outer joint member; The outer and inner seam halves are configured to allow relative articulation therebetween. having partially spherical surfaces that conform to each other; The outer joint half has a plurality of circumferentially spaced axial portions located therein. the inner seam half has a supplementary groove on its outer side, which facing the groove of the side joint half member, The groove has an arcuate shape when viewed in a plane that includes the rotational axis of each joint half member; These are spaced so that the grooves in each village widen from each other toward one end of the joint. having a center of curvature, The cross-sectional shape of each groove is such that each ball makes contact when the joint transmits torque. and a base portion, and the outer joint half is closed at one end of the lie. one in each opposing pair of grooves in the closure and the joint half for transmitting torque. Multiple balls arranged, Supported against the closure member of the joint for universal pivot movement and in contact with the ball. an annularly shaped ball contact member for retaining the ball in the groove; The ball should be in contact with the base of the groove when the joint is not transmitting torque. spring means supporting the ball contact member and urging the ball into the paired grooves; Provides a universal joint with constant speed ratio.

Preferably, the spring means bows against the spring means towards said end of the joint. The ball contact member and the ball are moved by a limited amount.

Joint according to the invention (or in fact, the expanding ball catch is a universal joint with grooves) When transmitting torque, the forces acting on the balls are located at their widely spaced At the end, the joint according to the invention serves to push the ball out of its groove. , such force exceeds the force exerted by the spring means, but the ball is the outer member of the joint towards the closing member by the limited amount possible, and then Movement of the ball beyond this limit is restricted. When the joint transmits torque, the ball the sides of the inner and outer seam halves so that they are centered relative to each other. Indicates the position within the groove relative to the cross section.

Each ball socket of the joint according to the invention has a cross-sectional shape such that the groove extends transversely. i.e., when viewed along the length direction of the groove Φ, according to the torque transmission direction. , the side part where the ball contacts one side or the other when the joint transmits torque and a base portion, the spring means is configured to When the hand is not transmitting torque, the ball bottoms out in the groove and contacts the base of the groove. Push the ball as far as possible into the opposing groove until it . Shape of cross section of each desert can be made with a topical oval or a topical gothic arc, and the elliptical The groove, or Gothic arc-shaped groove, made the ball make so-called angular contact with the groove. It is well known for its universal joints.

Preferably, the joint further includes a peripheral portion supporting the ball contacting member and a closure member. a support member having a central portion supported for movement of said universal pivot thereon; It consists of Conveniently, such a support member is a metal stamping member.

The central part of the support member has a partially spherical formation, which is connected to the closure member of the seam half. A universal pivot movement in contact with a partially spherical complementary formation, with low friction. In order to A coating may be provided.

Preferably, spring means are arranged between the ball contacting member and the peripheral portion of the support member. Ru. Such spring means consist of radially extending spring fingers, which are preferably Preferably, it is formed on the peripheral portion of the support member itself. However, separate cases You can also provide the spring means between the support member and the ball contact member; The present invention also applies if the within the bright range. For example, the support member may pivot on a separate member from the closure member. It rotates and is supported by a spring against it.

Preferably, the peripheral portion of the support member also has ball contact towards the closure member of the joint. Ball contact occurs after limited movement of the member occurs against the force exerted by the spring means. It also forms stop means for contacting the member.

Assembling a joint according to the invention ensures that the spring means is in the groove when the joint is not transmitting torque. and when the joint transmits torque, ball contact with the closure member against the outer seam half so that they exhibit the correct position. Requires setting with parts. Details on how to make such settings will be provided later. .

As mentioned above, the support of the ball by the ball contact member and the spring means, even if Even in the presence of deviations from the desired shape of the half-parts and the aforementioned errors, the required This has the effect of maintaining stability. In particular, it requires mechanical operation next to the groove The ball receiver forms a groove in the joint half member by the forming operation of the joint half member without You can also.

In joints according to the invention, the outer joint halves are typically in partially finished form. Surface finishing and/or grinding operations (hereinafter referred to as (all referred to as machining operations). As mentioned above, the ball The grooves of the receivers can be cut to the desired degree with sufficient accuracy without the need for further machining. formed into a shape. Apart from the shape of the groove, the partially spherical surface of the outer joint half between the grooves Placement and shape are also important, and the invention provides that during the manufacture of the outer joint halves, the ball receivers are placed in grooves. The formed component will move up to the theoretical desired position of the joint ball with a corresponding shape. A member with a formation formed therein is inserted axially into the groove and the outer joint half is inserted between the grooves. A known factor for determining the placement of a partially spherical surface is that the formation bottoms out in the groove. It is determined by using the position of such a member when attached.

Formation of partially spherical surfaces is typically done by machining the outer joint halves using the known elements described above. It is done by doing.

The above procedure ensures that the relationship between the grooves and the partially spherical surfaces of the joint halves is consistent with the assembled joint. to ensure that the parts are formed to fit together to the desired limit. Ru.

The invention will now be described by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG.

FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a joint according to the present invention; Figure 2 is a detailed view of the inner and outer joint halves of the joint of Figure 1; Figure 3 shows how to assemble the joint and the relationship of the joint parts during use. This section is schematically shown.

FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a joint according to the invention; Figure 5 schematically shows how the outer joint half of a joint according to the invention is manufactured. Shown schematically.

FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a joint according to the invention.

First, referring to Figure 1.2, a universal joint is shown, which is an outer joint. It consists of a joint half member 10 and an inner joint half member 11 disposed within the outer joint member. Ru. The outer joint half has a partially spherical inner surface 12, as best shown in FIG. , the inner seam half has a complementary partially spherical surface 13 in contact with the surface of the outer seam half. has. The seam halves thus articulate with each other.

The outer joint half has a plurality of circumferentially spaced generally axially extending sections therein. It has a groove 14. The inner seam half has supplementary grooves 1 located at circumferentially spaced intervals. 5, which are opposed to the grooves of the outer seam halves and formed in pairs facing each other, 2 When two joint halves are aligned with each other (i.e., not articulated), their two When viewed in the cross-sectional view of FIG. The groove 15 has an arcuate shape where it comes into contact with the ball in use. have a shape Each opposing pair of grooves 14 is provided for torque transmission between the joint members. ．． A plurality of balls 16 are arranged, one for each ball 15. Also, if you look at the above surface, the groove 14 and arcuate groove 15 have their centers of curvature offset from each other in the conventional manner; The grooves widen from each other towards the right end of the joint (as viewed in the drawing) until the joint is articulated. When mating, the ball occupies a position within the groove, so the surface containing the center of the ball is the inside joint. An angle is formed between the axes of rotation of the half member and the outer joint half member. This allows the joint to Maintains operating characteristics of constant speed ratio (uniform motion).

The outer joint half 10 is closed at its right end by a closing member 17, and the closing member 1 7 is removed by welding, e.g. laser beam welding or electron beam welding. Attached to side joint half member. The closure member 17 is also welded to the tubular shaft member 18. Connected. The inner joint half 11 has a splined hole 19, which is a tapped hole. The splined end portion 20 of the shaft 21 is received. Spring ring 22 is part of the tap shaft 20 is retained within the inner seam half 11. The opposite end of the stamp shaft 21 is for general use. A perforated flange 23 is provided for bolting to a rotary drive member that can be rotated. .

Annular to seal the universal fitting and keep the lubricant within it and eliminate lumps A visible elastic seal boot 24 is provided.

One end portion 25 of this boot covers the outer joint half member 1o and is attached to the outer side of that member. It fits into an annular groove 26 located on the top of which is held by a protective metal can 27. boo The outer end portion 28 of the ring is held in the annular groove 29 by a retaining ring 30. be done.

Ball 16 contacts an annular ball contact member 31 . The circumference of the circular support member 32 is A recess 33 is formed in the center of the circular support member 32 and is in contact with the member 31. The part pivots on a ball 34.

The ball is received within the cup 35 held by the closure member 17. spring 36 acts between the ball contact member 31 and the support member 32, and connects the ball contact member to the support member. Press the material in the direction of the ball 16.

The cooperation between the ball contact member 31, the spring 36, and the support member 32 is shown in FIG. The most clearly visible part 31 has an abutment surface 37, which part 31 After being pressed against the member 32 by a limited amount in the direction of the closure member 17 of the joint, the support is It contacts the holding member 32. The spring 36 extends radially from the central annular portion in contact with the member 32. It consists of multiple spring fingers that extend in the direction.

During assembly of the joint, ensure that the ball contact member 31, support member 32, and spring 36 are correctly connected. A correct positional relationship is established between the outer joint half 10 and the closure member 17 so that they cooperate. Must be set. In particular, when the joint does not transmit torque, the spring is The ball contact member 31 acts to hold the ball at the deepest point within the groove. There must be. At the same time, when torque is transmitted, the ball is subjected to the force of the spring. on the contrary, against the joint until the limit of such elastic counter-movement is reached. It must be possible to move in the axial direction, and then the ball must be able to move in the This creates a large amount of resistance.

To achieve these conditions, the joint is assembled and the cover member 17 is attached to the outer joint half. The member is moved to the left in the drawing to the position shown in Figure 3A. In other words, the button With the ball 16 pushed as deep as possible into the convergence groove, the ball contact member 31 Since the abutment surface 37 of the is in contact with the support member 32, the assembly is in a solid state. Ru.

The cover member 17 is then moved back a predetermined distance and welded to the outer joint halves.

Then, when the joint does not transmit torque, the relationship shown in Figure 3B occurs. That is, Under the action of spring 36, the ball is pushed as deep as possible into the converging groove of the joint half to the bottom of the bottom. It is pushed into the room.

When torque is transmitted through the joint, the state shown in FIG. 3C occurs. Depending on the shape of the convergent groove Due to the force on the balls, they move to the widened end of the groove and contact the balls. The contact member 31 returns against the action of the spring 36. As the ball moves toward the expanded end of the groove, The amount of force applied to the ball is determined by the force acting on the ball according to the transmitted torque. but However, as the member 31 eventually comes into contact with the member 32, the ball does not move any further.

Figures 30 and 3E are cross-sectional views of one of the grooves 14 of the outer joint half 10.

The cross-sectional shape of this groove consists of a curved side portion 140 and a flat base portion 141. It has the shape of a capitol ellipse, that is, a Gothic arch. Figure 3D is shown in Figure 3B. , which indicates the position of ball 16 when the joint does not transmit torque. bottoms out in the groove and contacts its base portion 141. Figure 3E is the third Corresponding to diagram C, the position of the ball in the groove when torque is transmitted is shown. The ball moves away from the base 141 of the groove and contacts one of its side portions 140, causing its Theoretically, the contact is at one place, but in reality, the contact is over the curved contact pressure portion 143. ing. The ball holder of the joint half member is designed so that the side part of the groove and the ball are in contact with each other in this way. The formula is well known for so-called corner contact universal joints.

Additionally, of course, the spring-loaded relationship between the ball contact member and the support member is Slight irregularities in joint dimensions and shapes resulting from tolerances are accommodated. The ball is formed in the groove with no backlash in the joint as a whole. It is formed so that it is sufficiently flexible that it is maintained at all times.

When the joint rotates in an articulated state, the ball contact member 31 and the support member 32 are Pivot movement about the ball 34 occurs due to the action of the rotating swashplate. And in the pot Since the center does not coincide with the bending center of the joint, the balls 16 and those balls are in contact with each other. A relative radial movement must occur between the ball contact member 31 and the stomach.

Referring now to FIG. 4, which corresponds to FIG. Another example of a hand is shown. The main parts of this joint are the same as those shown in Figure 1. Although I will not go into details because there are many It consists of a splice half, a torque transmitting ball, and a sealing boot assembly.

The joint includes an encircling portion of the outer joint half member, the ball contact member, and its support member. It differs from the joint shown in Figure 1 in the shape of the material.

The ball contact member 40 of the joint in FIG. 4 is a rigid annular member; 31 has a slightly different shape. The supporting member is a pressed metal member 41. The center 42 is formed as a dome projection having a partially spherical surface. The periphery of member 41 includes radially extending spring fingers 43 that contact member 40. The other end is a stop fin that is more rigid than the spring finger 43. It is formed as a gar 44. The support member 41 is connected to the spring finger 43 and the stop fit. By selecting the material used to form an integral body with the ringer 44, FIG. There is no need to provide a separate spring as in the embodiment. The closure member 45 also includes a metal plate. It is a stress member whose center 46 is formed as a partially spherical cup, and its periphery is It is formed as a generally cylindrical wall for welding to the outer joint half and the tubular shaft member.

The joint of Figure 4 is assembled in the same manner as described above for the joint of Figure 1. . A spring finger 43 provided around the support member 41 is connected to the ball contact member 40. When the joint is not transmitting torque, the deepest point in each groove is The roller holds the ball, but when the joint transmits torque, the ball contact member 40 is pushed back against the resistance by the spring finger 43 and finally the stop valve It comes into contact with the finger 44 and is prevented from moving any further.

The balls are retained within the grooves of the joint halves, which allows for a fit between the dimensions and shape of the joint. A joint according to the invention due to the spring method, which allows small irregularities to be absorbed. The inner and outer joint halves of the It is particularly suitable for manufacturing to a large extent by metal forming or forging methods.

Returning now to FIG. 2, in the preferred embodiment of this joint, grooves 14.15 are Shaped by a forming method. Only the partially spherical surface 12.13 of the joint half is finished. All you have to do is machine it into the raised shape.

When forming half-parts by forging or forming, the dimensions of the parts are as follows: It may change depending on factors such as wear of the tools used in the process.

In the method of manufacturing an outer member of a joint according to the invention, the ball receiver is formed with a groove. As already formed by the method, the partially formed member has the desired pitch circle. A periphery with a surface portion that corresponds in shape to the ball of the joint located on the diameter. axially inserting a member with circumferentially spaced formations therein; The size is measured by The insertion distance through which such a member is inserted is The ball receiver formed in this way can be used to determine whether the groove is at the upper or lower limit of the tolerance range. Therefore, it is determined. When the formation bottoms out in the groove of the outer joint half, the The position of the inserted part is determined by machining the partially spherical surface of the outer joint half between its grooves. This allows it to be used as a known element for subsequent production. This is shown in Figure 5. shown in connection.

Figures 5A and 5B show the outer joint half in the process of being manufactured, with groove 5 for the ball receiver formed therein. A member 50 is shown. Equipped with a plurality of ball forming bodies 53 located at intervals in the circumferential direction. When the gauge member 52 is inserted axially from the right end of the member, it is inserted into the groove 51. The size is at the upper end of the tolerance range as shown in Figure 5A, but as shown in Figure 5B. so that the ball is at the lower end of the tolerance range by only a different distance. The groove former 53 moves within the member until it bottoms out within the groove 51. The member 52 is like this. The position thus reached is at the end of the component 50, as shown by dotted lines 55,56. In order to scrape off the excess material from Used as a known element to machine surfaces. Axial dimensions of finished parts By so manufacturing the outer member of the joint, the method of which is designated by the reference numeral 57, The hand is assembled in the manner described above to still obtain the necessary radial stability. the ball This method of resilient retention within the groove allows the ball to bottom out within the groove, causing the seam halves to The ball bearing for the rotating shaft ensures that changes in the slope of the groove do not affect the operation of the joint. means.

This same principle can be applied to the fabrication of the inner part of the joint using a suitably shaped gauge member. It can also be used for construction. However, in general, the problem of manufacturing distortion of inner joint half members is Since the side members are different, the method described above should not be used.

Referring now to FIG. 6, this is an outer joint of virtually the same form as the outer joint described above. A joint is shown comprising a mating member 60, which joint is further integrated with a shaft portion 62. It consists of an inner member 61. The outer and inner joint halves 60 and 61 are torque transmitting balls 6 3, the receiver has an arcuate groove for receiving the groove, and further includes the groove described above in connection with the joint of FIGS. 1 and 4. In between, there is a partially spherical mutual contact surface.

A closure member 64 is attached to the outer joint half by welding and is attached to the tubular shaft member 65. Attached. The center of the closure member 64 consists of a projection 66, which has a partially spherical surface at the end. The center of curvature is located at the center of flexion of the universal joint. In other words, it is shown as 67. located at the center of curvature of the partially spherical surfaces of the outer and inner seam halves. closure member This partially spherical surface of 64 provides a pivot support point for the joint support member 68, which is a circular sheet metal member, around its periphery 69 is a corresponding part of the aforementioned joint. a spring finger and a stop finger cooperating with the ball contact member 7o in the manner of is formed.

The center 71 of the support member 6 is located on a partially spherical surface at the end of the portion 66 of the closure member 64. Formed as a cup for pivoting movement. The closure member portion 66 and the support The joint inner member 61 is relatively deep to allow for good placement of the member portion 71. The recess 72 extends in the axial direction.

In the joint of FIG. 6, when the joint articulates, the support member 68 Pivots around the center of flexion of the hand.

Therefore, the above-mentioned relative radial direction that occurs between the ball of the joint and the ball contact member There is no movement in the direction, which has the effect of reducing the internal friction of the joint, and when in use The heat generation rate is also low.

Fig, 3E l Fig, 4 F, 5A, Fig, 5BFig, 6 Submission of translation of written amendment February 20, 1990

Claims (15)

[Claims] 1. a hollow outer joint member (10; 60) and at least a portion of the outer joint member an inner joint member (11; 61) disposed within; The outer and inner joint members are partially spherical to provide relative articulation therebetween. having mutually compatible surfaces (12, 13) of; The outer joint member includes a plurality of axially spaced circumferentially spaced parts therein. The inner joint member has a supplementary groove (15) on its outer surface. , which faces the groove of the outer joint member in a paired manner; The grooves (14, 15) have an arc shape when viewed from a plane including the rotation axis of each joint member. shaped and spaced such that each pair of grooves diverges from each other toward one end of the fitting. having a center of curvature located at a closing member (17; 45; 64) for closing the outer joint member at the one end; One groove is placed in each opposing pair of grooves in the joint member to transmit torque. Multiple balls placed (16; 63) and joints for universal pivot movement an annular shape supported against the closure member of the ball and contacting the ball and retaining it in the groove ball contact members (31; 40; 70) having spring means (36; 43; 69) supporting the ball contact member for pressure; Universal joint with constant speed ratio. 2. a hollow outer joint member (10; 60); and at least one inner joint member within the outer joint member. an inner joint member (11; 61) arranged in the The outer and inner joint members are partially configured to provide relative articulation therebetween. having spherical mutually compatible surfaces (12, 13) and said outer joint member having an inner surface thereof; a plurality of axially elongated grooves (14) located at intervals in the circumferential direction; The inner joint member has a supplementary groove (15) on its outer side, which is connected to the outer joint member. facing the groove in a pair; The grooves (14, 15) have an arc shape when viewed from a plane including the rotation axis of each joint member. curves spaced such that each pair of grooves diverges from each other toward one end of the joint. Having a center and the cross-sectional shape of each groove are important when the joint transmits torque. consisting of a side portion (140) with which the balls come into contact and a base portion (141); and, a closing member (17; 45; 64) for closing the outer joint member at the one end; In order to transmit torque, one groove is placed in each pair of opposing grooves in the joint member. Multiple balls (16; 63) and joint closure for versatile pivot movement an annular shape that is supported against the material and contacts the ball to keep it in the groove Press the ball contact member (31; 40:70) and the ball into the paired grooves and When the hand is transmitting torque, the ball is in contact with the base part (141) of the groove. and spring means (36; 43; 69) supporting the ball contact member. A versatile joint. 3. Spring means (36; 43; 69) extend against said spring means to said end of the joint. The ball contact member and the ball are moved by a limited amount in the opposite direction, and then the movement is Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that greater resistance occurs than Fittings listed. 4. The cross-sectional shape of each groove (14, 15) is a truncated Gothic arch or a partial ellipse. A joint according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is in the form of a Ginger. 5. on the peripheral part supporting the ball contact member and on the closure member (17; 45; 64); a central portion (33; 42; 71) supported for said universal pivoting movement; and a support member (32; 41; 68) having a A joint according to any one of the preceding claims. 6. The central portion (33; 42; 71) of the support member and the closure member are in mutual contact. Claims characterized in that it has a partially spherical member (34; 46; 66) that Joints as described in paragraph 5. 7. Said spring means (36; 43; 69) connect the ball contact member and said periphery of the support member. Claim 5 or 6, characterized in that it is arranged between the surrounding part. joints. 8. The spring means includes a radially extending spring formed in a peripheral portion of the support member. according to claim 7, characterized in that it consists of fingers (43; 69). joint. 9. The peripheral portion of the support member also contacts the ball contact member after moving against the spring means. Claim 8, characterized in that it also forms contacting stop means. joints. 10. The ball contact member (70) pivots about the joint's center of flexion. A joint according to any one of the claims, characterized in that: 11. The outer joint member has its groove (14) created by the forming process and its groove (14). characterized in that it has a partially spherical surface (12) which is machined into the finished shape. A joint according to any one of the preceding claims. 12. The mechanical finish is determined by measuring the part in the process of being manufactured that has grooves formed on it. Claim 11, characterized in that the invention is made with reference to known elements specified in the claims. Fittings described in . 13. Said measurement corresponds in shape to the desired theoretical position of the ball in the joint A part with a forming body is inserted axially into the part being manufactured, and the forming body bottoms out in the groove. is done by using the position of the member as the known element. 13. The joint according to claim 12, characterized in that: 14. A part with a ball-receiving groove formed in it is made during production, and a known Measure the groove to set the element and adjust the number of fitting parts against the known element. Both are formed by mechanically finishing a part of the spherical surface, and the joint according to claim 12. A method of manufacturing an external member of a hand. 15. axially inserting a member having a shaped body corresponding thereto into the member being manufactured; Insert the ball of the joint to the desired theoretical position and make sure that the formation bottoms out in the groove. When attaching, the position of the member is used as the known element. The method described in item 14 of the scope of the request.