JPH02135077A - Laver-drying method and apparatus using heat pump-type dehumidifier - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To accomplish drying of laver in high thermal efficiency by partitioning the interior of a closed-type laver dryer into a laver-drying chamber and an air conditioning one and by installing a heat pump-type dehumidifier in the air conditioning chamber. CONSTITUTION:The interior of a closed-type laver dryer 1 is partitioned, through a wall 5, into a laver drying chamber 3 where laver drainboards 9 are circulating and an air conditioning chamber 2 for temperature-and-humidity conditioning. And a heat pump-type dehumidifier 10 is installed in the air conditioning chamber 2, and the air dehumidified with this dehumidifier 10 is fed, through fans 4, into the laver-drying chamber 3. Furthermore, a hygrosensor 7 is equipped in the laver-drying chamber 3, and the humidifier 10 is controlled so that the sensor 7 gives a specified value.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION "Field of Industrial Application" The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for drying seaweed using a heat pump type dehumidifier.

``Prior art'' When drying seaweed, the temperature and humidity of the seaweed drying room has a great effect on the finished product. For example, if the seaweed drying room is too hot and has low humidity, it will generally lead to overdrying, causing tearing and shrinkage. There may be an adverse effect on quality, such as generation or loss of flavor.

In addition, there may be adverse effects on manufacturing or equipment, such as not being able to peel off smoothly after drying, and accompanying equipment such as a humidifier being required.

In addition, it has recently been revealed that when the temperature of the seaweed drying room is controlled at around 35℃, bacteria actively reproduce and abnormal occurrences occur in the seaweed drying room. The surface of fresh seaweed is attacked by bacteria, causing symptoms such as destruction of its cells and tissues, and the surface of dried seaweed loses its luster and texture, causing the so-called cloudy seaweed, resulting in a decline in quality and low prices. It is something to do.

Technical documents related to these methods of drying seaweed include the following: For example, Japanese Patent Publication No. 52-42869 describes a method for drying raw seaweed that utilizes hot air at a temperature that is at a critical temperature at which raw seaweed will wither and deteriorate, only in certain steps; Japanese Patent Publication No. 57-56872 describes a method for drying seaweed in which the burner is controlled based on the temperature and humidity in the drying chamber, and Japanese Patent Publication No. 59-48630 discloses a drying method in which the drying chamber is divided into upper and lower drying sections with perforated plates. Seaweed drying equipment in which each drying section has a heating chamber (pot), and the other Nori drying chambers of Utility Model Publication No. 56-7190 are divided into a pre-drying section, a main drying section, and a ripening/drying section, each of which is controlled by a heating chamber. Furthermore, there was a seaweed dryer that was similar to the above-mentioned Japanese Patent Publication No. 59-48630, which was divided into two rooms with a perforated plate and each room was equipped with a heating chamber. Each can be seen here and there.

"Problems to be Solved by the Invention" As mentioned above, the conventional hot air drying method, that is, the drying method in an atmosphere where the temperature of the seaweed drying room is 30°C to 45°C and the relative humidity is 40% to 60%. Since the temperature and humidity environment is perfect for the reproduction of bacteria, the number of bacteria grows abnormally, which is thought to be as follows.

That is, it is said that the bacteria that are contained in the cut seaweed that has been washed in the previous step multiply by about 100 to 1,000 times.

The proliferation of this bacteria causes the symptoms of destruction of seaweed cells and tissues as mentioned above, and the surface of the dried seaweed loses its luster and texture, causing the so-called spidery seaweed, resulting in a decline in quality and low prices. There were problems such as.

In addition, the above-mentioned technical literature also describes how to dry seaweed by blowing high-temperature hot air from a heating chamber using a combustion method (oil combustion, specifically, a method in which the combustion of heavy oil in a pot is used as a heat source and heat exchanges with the air). Since this is a method or device for supplying seaweed to a room, the inside of the nori drying room is high temperature and high humidity, resulting in drying by so-called high temperature drying. Fortunately, this is an optimal environment for bacteria, and as mentioned above, their proliferation is unavoidable.

Furthermore, since the above-mentioned high temperature dryness is maintained, many fuels,
Specifically, the current situation is that the thermal efficiency is not as good as expected because of the problem of increased consumption of heavy oil and the fact that heat exchange is performed through a pot.

"Means for Solving the Problems" In view of the above, the present invention uses a heat pump dehumidifier to generate air at a low temperature of about 10°C to 30°C and a low humidity of 20% to 25%. It is designed to supply low-temperature, low-humidity air to the seaweed drying room to suppress bacterial growth as much as possible, thereby improving quality. This air-conditioned room is equipped with a heat pump dehumidifier, and the low-humidity air generated in this air-conditioned room is passed through a fan to dry the seaweed from a vent installed in the wall of the air-conditioned room. Supplying the drying room, and sending the moist air that has finished working to the air conditioning room, and dehumidifying it to generate low-humidity air.
The structure forms an air circulation pattern.

In order to maintain a constant humidity in the seaweed drying room, a humidity sensor is provided in the seaweed drying room to control the heat pump type dehumidifier.

Furthermore, by utilizing low-humidity air and the high coefficient of performance of heat pump dehumidifiers, we aim to contribute to energy savings and cost reduction.

In order to maintain a constant temperature state in the seaweed drying room using the bomb type dehumidifier or to further improve thermal efficiency, the present invention uses a closed type seaweed dryer.
This method dehumidifies the circulating air and dries it at low humidity.

"Function" The present invention will be described in detail below. Raw seaweed made by papermaking is sequentially supplied to the seaweed cage that circulates between the papermaking machine and the seaweed drying room, and at the same time, a heat pump type dehumidifier is operated. Low humidity air is generated in the air conditioned room. This low-humidity air is supplied to the seaweed drying room via a fan in the air-conditioned room and a vent provided in the wall.

As a result, the seaweed drying room is maintained at a constant temperature as shown in FIG. 7, and an ideal humidity environment is maintained. However, in the conventional example shown in Fig. 8, there are large changes in temperature and humidity, and the average temperature is in a high temperature range of 30°C to 46°C, and the humidity is in a high humidity range of 40% to 60%. It is something that changes over time.

Therefore, the raw seaweed that circulates through the seaweed drying chamber is sequentially dried through the low-humidity air supplied there, and usually circulates within the seaweed drying chamber and is transported toward the outlet. −
The humid air that has come into contact with the seaweed and has finished its work is sent into the air-conditioned room where it is dehumidified to produce low-humidity air.

Raw seaweed is sequentially dried through this air circulation pattern.

The seaweed drying room is configured to be constantly maintained in a constant humidity state through the above-described air circulation pattern and control of the heat pump dehumidifier.

Therefore, it is expected that bacterial proliferation will be suppressed and quality will be greatly improved.

On the other hand, in the conventional seaweed dryer shown in Figure 8, there are large changes in temperature and humidity, the average temperature is in a high temperature range of 30℃ to 45℃, and the humidity is Also 40
% to 60%. There are problems such as the proliferation of bacteria, the tendency to overdry, the production of large quantities of inferior quality dried seaweed, and the need for additional equipment during the peeling process.

The above figure 8 is published by the National Seaweed and Shellfish Fisheries Cooperative Federation, and was published on June 1, 1988, co-authored by Hiroyuki Noda and Seimasa Mita, and was published in 24 of ``New Edition: Handbook for Improving Seaweed Products.''
It is a figure shown with reference to the figures and tables on pages 8 to 255.

In addition, if the air conditioning room and seaweed drying room are separated into upper and lower air conditioning rooms and seaweed drying rooms with an intermediate floor, the above-mentioned A similar control or air circulation pattern is provided.

However, in this case, each heat pump type dehumidifier can be controlled individually using the setting value of the humidity sensor installed in the seaweed drying room, depending on the condition of the raw seaweed to be supplied. This makes it possible to separately place the seaweed drying room in an optimal low-humidity environment, allowing precise drying that corresponds to the physical properties of raw seaweed, improving quality, and saving energy. It can contribute to

Furthermore, if the air-conditioning room and the seaweed drying room are separated into upper and lower air-conditioning rooms and seaweed drying rooms with an intermediate floor, as another example, when the air-conditioning room and the seaweed drying room are separated from each other by an intermediate floor, A heat pump type dehumidifier is provided for each, and humidity control or air circulation is performed separately in each seaweed drying room through these several heat pump type dehumidifiers, as described above. However, in this example, the seaweed drying room is divided into four blocks, allowing for more precise humidity control.

However, in this case, depending on the condition of the raw seaweed to be supplied, the humidity in the seaweed drying room can be controlled individually based on the set value of the humidity sensor as described above. This makes it possible to precisely control humidity according to the drying status of raw seaweed, the physical properties of raw seaweed, etc.
- It can contribute to improving the quality of the layer and saving energy.

``Example'' An example of the present invention will be specifically described below with reference to the drawings. For convenience of explanation, a seaweed drying apparatus (hereinafter simply referred to as the apparatus) using a heat pump dehumidifier will first be described. .

1 and 2 show that the simplest device is a closed-type seaweed dryer 1 (however, the seaweed dryer 1 is sealed except for the entrance or exit of the seaweed basin 9; the same shall apply hereinafter). The room is divided into an air-conditioned room 2 and a seaweed drying room 3, which are independently divided and communicated through a vent 6 provided in the wall 6.

Therefore, the low-humidity air A generated by the heat pump dehumidifier 10, which is installed facing the air-conditioned room 2 (for example, installed near the front and rear parts of the seaweed drying room 3), is It is sequentially supplied to the seaweed drying chamber 3 via the section 6 and comes into contact with the raw seaweed to dry the raw seaweed.

In addition, the so-called moist air B, which has become moist air due to contact with the raw seaweed, is sent into the air conditioned room 2 through the ventilation section 6, and is dehumidified by the heat pump dehumidifier 10, resulting in low humidity. Air A is generated and the same air circulation pattern as described above is then repeated.

In the figure, 4 is a fan installed in the air conditioning room 2. In the illustrated example, it is ideal because it can be installed below the heat pump dehumidifier 10 to supply low-humidity air A to the seaweed drying room 3 in a diffused state. However, it is not necessarily limited to this illustrated example, and it is also possible, for example, above the heat pump type dehumidifier 10 (the same applies hereinafter). As mentioned above, the main role of this fan 4 is to
It serves to discharge low-humidity air A to the seaweed drying room 3 and to send finished humid air B to the air-conditioned room 2.

Further, 7 is a humidity sensor provided in the seaweed drying room 3.

The humidity sensor 7 is configured to operate when the humidity in the seaweed drying chamber exceeds a set value. Therefore, by the operation of this humidity sensor 7, the heat pump type dehumidifier 10 is operated to dehumidify, and by actively dehumidifying the humid air that has finished working, the humidity is restored to the appropriate value, and then the same as described above is performed. Nori drying room 3
supply to.

Voice\ Then, when the humidity falls below the setting of the seaweed drying room 3, the dehumidifying operation of the heat pump type dehumidifier 10 is stopped and the normal air circulation pattern similar to that described above is resumed.

Reference numeral 8 in the figure indicates a similar conventional seaweed making machine (description will be omitted below, but the same applies hereinafter).

Next, FIGS. 3 and 4 show that in an apparatus using an intermediate bed, which will be described later, the closed type seaweed dryer 1 is separated into an air-conditioned room 21.22 and a seaweed drying room 31.32, which are separated by a wall 5. The upper air-conditioned room 21 is divided into sections and has an intermediate floor 11.
and a lower air-conditioned room 22, and similarly divided into an upper seaweed drying room 31 and a lower seaweed drying room 32 by an intermediate floor 11. The upper and lower air-conditioned rooms 21 and 22 and the upper and lower seaweed drying chambers 31 and 32 are communicated through a ventilation section 6 provided in the wall 5.

Therefore, the warm air A with low temperature and humidity generated by the heat pump dehumidifier 10 arranged in the upper air conditioned room 2 is as follows:
It is sequentially supplied to the upper seaweed drying chamber 31 through the ventilation section 6 and comes into contact with the raw seaweed to dry the raw seaweed.

In addition, the low-humidity air A generated by the heat pump dehumidifier installed in the lower air-conditioned room 22 is sequentially supplied to the lower seaweed drying room 32 through the ventilation section 6, and the raw seaweed is Dry raw seaweed on contact.

In addition, the so-called moist air B, which has become moist air due to contact with the raw seaweed, returns to the upper and lower air-conditioned rooms 21 and 22 through the ventilation section 6, and is heated by the heat pump dehumidifier 10. The air is dehumidified again to produce low-humidity air A, and the same air circulation pattern as described above is repeated.

4 in the figure is a fan installed in the upper and lower air conditioning rooms 21 and 22,
As mentioned above, low-humidity air A is sent to the upper and lower seaweed drying chambers 31.
32, and sends the moist air B that has finished working to the upper and lower air conditioned rooms 21 and 22, respectively.

The effect is considered to be similar to that of the first embodiment described above.

Further, 7 is a humidity sensor provided in the upper and lower seaweed drying chambers 31 and 32.

The function of this humidity sensor 7 is to
．． 32 is detected, and the detected value is compared with a set value, and if it exceeds the set value, the dehumidification function of the heat pump type dehumidifier 10 is activated. Also, when the detected value reaches the set value, the dehumidification function is stopped. In this way, the humidity in the upper and lower seaweed drying chambers 31 and 32 can be controlled independently. Therefore, in consideration of the drying conditions and physical properties of raw seaweed, in this example, the humidity can be controlled separately (low humidity, of course) in the upper seaweed drying chamber 31 and the lower seaweed drying chamber 32. , a humidity tube optimal for fresh seaweed +6- Through this process, high-quality dried seaweed can be efficiently produced.

Furthermore, FIGS. 5 and 6 show that in a device using an intermediate bed 11,
The closed type seaweed dryer 1 has air-conditioned rooms 21a (22a), 21b (22b) partitioned by a wall 5a, and seaweed drying rooms 31a (32a), 3 partitioned by a wall 5a.
1b (32b), and furthermore, the intermediate floor 11 is used to divide the upper air-conditioned room 21a (21b) and the lower air-conditioned room 22a (22b).
1 into an upper seaweed drying chamber 31a (31b) and a lower seaweed drying chamber 32b (32b).

These upper and lower air conditioning rooms 21a (24b), 22a (22
b) and upper and lower nori drying chambers 31a (31b), 32a
(32b) are communicated through ventilation #6 provided in the wall 5. In addition, the upper air conditioning room 21a and the upper air conditioning room 2
1b, a heat pump dehumidifier 1o is installed, and a heat pump dehumidifier 10 is installed in the lower air conditioning room 22a and the lower air conditioning room 22b, respectively.

However, the low-humidity air A generated by the heat pump dehumidifier 10 installed in the upper air-conditioned room 21a is sequentially supplied to the upper seaweed drying room 31a through the ventilation section 6, and Contact with seaweed dries raw seaweed. Similarly, low-humidity air A5 generated by the heat pump dehumidifier 10 installed in the other upper air-conditioned room 21b is sequentially supplied to the upper seaweed drying room 31b via the ventilation section 6, and comes into contact with the raw seaweed. to dry the raw seaweed. Similarly, the low-humidity air A generated in the lower air-conditioned rooms 22a and 22b is sent to each seaweed drying room 32 through the ventilation section 6.
a, 32b are sequentially supplied.

The so-called moist air B, which has become moist air due to contact with the raw seaweed as described above, is sent to the upper air conditioned rooms 21a and 21b via the ventilation section 6, for example, and is sent to the heat pump dehumidifier 10. By dehumidifying the air, low-humidity air A is generated. The low-humidity air A thus generated then repeats the same air circulation pattern as described above.

On the other hand, the lower empty JI chambers 222L and 22b are
The heat pump type dehumidifier 10 dehumidifies the air, thereby generating a low-humidity air pocket. The low-humidity air A thus generated then repeats the same air circulation pattern as described above.

Therefore, in this example, the upper seaweed drying chamber 31a (31b) and the lower seaweed drying chamber 32a (32b) are each partitioned through several heat pump dehumidifiers 10, and the humidity level is controlled independently. This allows for more precise humidity management.

4 in the figure indicates upper and lower air conditioning chambers 21a (21b), 22a (
As mentioned above, the fan 4 installed in the upper and lower seaweed drying chambers 31a (31b) and 32a (
32b), and the humid air B that has finished working is supplied to the upper and lower air conditioned rooms 21&(21b) and 22a(22a), respectively.
b). The effect can be considered to be the same as that of the first embodiment described above.

In addition, 7 is the upper and lower nori drying chambers 31a (311)), 3
This is a humidity sensor installed at 2a (32b).

The function of this humidity sensor 7 is to
Detect the humidity of a (31b) and 32a (32b), compare the detected value with the set value, and if it exceeds the set value, the dehumidification function of the heat pump dehumidifier 10 has been activated, and the detected value is compared with the set value. When the value reaches the set value, the dehumidification function is stopped. In this way, the upper and lower nori drying chambers 3] a (3
1b) and 32a (32b) can be controlled independently. Therefore, in consideration of the drying condition and physical properties of raw seaweed, in this example, the upper seaweed drying chamber 31a (31
b) and the lower seaweed drying chamber 32a (32b), the humidity is controlled separately (of course, the humidity is low).

), and has the same effect as the second implementation example described above, such as being able to efficiently produce high-quality dried seaweed, so its explanation will be omitted.

The method of the present invention using the above-mentioned apparatus has been explained in the above-mentioned operation, so a description thereof will be omitted.

"Experimental Example" Next, an experimental example will be described for reference. Experimental results using the conventional -20 = combustion method and the heat pump dehumidifier type seaweed dryer of the present invention are described below.

First, the combustion method is that the seaweed dryer in which the seaweed cage circulates is composed of a seaweed drying chamber and a heating chamber that communicates with the front and rear sides of this seaweed drying chamber.
Highly humid hot air is supplied to each seaweed drying chamber and returned to the heating chamber as moist air.

In contrast, the present invention has a structure in which a closed type seaweed dryer in which a seaweed cage is circulated is divided into an air conditioning room and a seaweed drying room, and a heat pump type dehumidifier is provided in this air conditioning room. This method supplies warm air at a lower temperature and humidity to the nori drying room, and sends the humid air into the air-conditioned room for dehumidification. (However, this is an example of the method of the present invention shown in Figures 1 and 2.) ``Effects of the Invention'' As detailed above, the present invention utilizes a heat pump type dehumidifier to reduce humidity in an air-conditioned room. Since the structure generates air and supplies this low-humidity air to the seaweed drying room, it has the effect of maintaining the seaweed drying room at a constant temperature, thereby suppressing the proliferation of bacteria as much as possible, which in turn greatly improves quality. I can wait a month.

In addition, the closed-type seaweed dryer is divided into an air-conditioned room and a seaweed-drying room, and this air-conditioned room is equipped with a heat pump dehumidifier to drain the low-humidity air generated in this air-conditioned room. A so-called air circulation pattern in which air is supplied to the seaweed drying room from a vent installed in the wall of the air-conditioned room via a fan, and air that has completed its work is sent into the air-conditioned room and dehumidified to produce low-humidity air. This dehumidifying and drying process uses water to prevent seaweed from tearing, shrinking, and helping to stabilize quality.

In addition, the seaweed dryer is a closed type, and low-humidity air circulates inside the closed type seaweed dryer.
Since the area required to maintain low humidity air is reduced and the low humidity air can be used effectively, it can greatly contribute to resource conservation.

In addition, in order to maintain a constant temperature in the seaweed drying room, a humidity sensor is installed in the seaweed drying room and the heat pump dehumidifier is controlled. It is expected that the recovery will be faster. Furthermore, since the humidity is controlled, there is little chance of overdrying, and there is no need for any auxiliary equipment for the peeling process, such as tearing, shrinkage, or poor peeling of the dried seaweed.

Furthermore, the use of low-humidity air and the high coefficient of performance of heat pump dehumidifiers can contribute to energy conservation and cost reduction.

In addition, in order to maintain a constant temperature state in the nori drying room using a heat pump type dehumidifier, and for the purpose of freely and easily controlling the humidity in the nori drying room, or to further improve the overall efficiency, In the present invention, the seaweed dryer is of a closed type. In addition, since the seaweed dryer is a closed type, it is extremely unaffected by temperature and humidity outside the machine, weather conditions such as wind, and other conditions, making it easy and reliable to control humidity according to each person's preference. This makes it possible to efficiently produce high-quality dried seaweed.

[Brief explanation of the drawing]

The drawings show one embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of the first embodiment, FIG. 2 is a front sectional view of the same, and FIG. 3 is a schematic side view of the second embodiment. , FIG. 4 is a front sectional view of FIG. 3, FIG. 5 is a schematic side view of the third embodiment, FIG. 6 is a front sectional view of FIG. 5, and FIG. 7 is a front sectional view of the nori drying chamber of the present invention. Figure 8 is a diagram showing the temperature and humidity situation in a conventional seaweed drying room, and Figure 9 shows the change in moisture content in the first embodiment of the present invention and the change in moisture content in the conventional method. It is a diagram comparing changes in the moisture content of raw seaweed. 1: Closed seaweed dryer 2.21.21a, 21b, 22.22a122b:
Air conditioning room 3.31.31a, 31b, 32.32a132b=
Nori drying room 4: Fan 5.5a: Wall 6: Ventilation section 7: Humidity sensor 8: Paper machine
9: Seaweed cage 10: Heat pump dehumidifier 11: Intermediate floor A: Low humidity air B: Humid air that has finished working

Claims (4)

[Claims] (1) A closed-type seaweed dryer is divided into an air-conditioned room and a seaweed-drying room where a seaweed cage circulates, and this air-conditioned room is equipped with a heat pump dehumidifier and fan, and the seaweed-drying room is equipped with a humidity sensor. Drying raw seaweed using equipment. When the humidity sensor detects humidity higher than the set value, the heat pump dehumidifier is activated, and the low-humidity air generated by the heat pump dehumidifier is supplied to the seaweed drying room via a fan to dry raw seaweed. The air circulation pattern must be such that the humid air that has been dehumidified and dried is sent into the air conditioned room to be dehumidified and produce low-humidity air. A seaweed drying method using a heat pump type dehumidifier configured to efficiently dry raw seaweed that is circulated through a seaweed drying room through the above device and an air circulation pattern. (2) The closed-type seaweed dryer is divided into an air-conditioned room and a seaweed-drying room where a seaweed cage circulates, and the air-conditioned room and the seaweed-drying room are communicated through a vent, and the air-conditioned room is equipped with a heat pump type. Two dehumidifiers are installed facing each other, and this heat pump type dehumidifier is equipped with a large number of fans attached to it, and the seaweed drying room is equipped with a humidity sensor. The low-humidity air generated by the dehumidifier is supplied to the nori drying room via a fan, and the humid air that has finished working is sent to the air-conditioned room, and the air circulation pattern dehumidifies the nori to produce low-humidity air. A seaweed drying device that uses a heat pump dehumidifier configured to dry raw seaweed in a drying room. (3) The closed-type seaweed dryer is divided into upper and lower air-conditioned rooms with an intermediate floor, and upper and lower seaweed drying rooms where the seaweed cage circulates, and the upper and lower air-conditioned rooms and the upper and lower seaweed drying rooms. The upper and lower air conditioned rooms are each equipped with a heat pump dehumidifier, and each heat pump dehumidifier is equipped with a large number of fans. Each of the seaweed drying rooms is equipped with a humidity sensor, and the low-humidity air generated by the heat pump dehumidifiers installed in the upper and lower air conditioning rooms is sent to the upper and lower seaweed drying rooms through fans. The humid air that has finished working is sent to the upper and lower air conditioning rooms, and is dehumidified to produce low-humidity air.
A seaweed drying device that uses a heat pump type dehumidifier configured to dry raw seaweed in the upper and lower seaweed drying chambers through an air circulation pattern. (4) The closed type seaweed dryer is divided into upper and lower air-conditioned rooms with an intermediate floor, and upper and lower seaweed drying rooms where the seaweed cage circulates, and the upper and lower air-conditioned rooms and the upper and lower seaweed drying rooms. The upper and lower air conditioned rooms are equipped with heat pump type dehumidifiers facing each other, and each of the heat pump type dehumidifiers is equipped with a large number of fans. In the upper and lower nori drying rooms,
Each is equipped with humidity sensors facing each other, and the low-humidity air generated by the respective heat pump dehumidifiers installed in the upper and lower air-conditioned rooms is sent to the front and rear of the upper and lower nori drying rooms via fans. The fresh nori in the upper and lower seaweed drying rooms is supplied through an air circulation pattern that sends the moist air that has finished working to the upper and lower air-conditioned rooms, and dehumidifies it to produce low-humidity air. A seaweed drying device that uses a heat pump dehumidifier that is configured to dry seaweed using several heat pump dehumidifiers.