JP7627118B2 - Methods and Apparatus for Treating Refractive Errors of the Eye - Patent application - Google Patents

Description

(Cross Reference)
This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 62/669,580, filed May 10, 2018, and entitled "METHODS AND APPARATUSES OF TREATING REFRACTIVE ERROR OF THE EYE," the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

(background)
Previous approaches to visual correction of refractive errors of the eye are not ideal in at least some respects. Although glasses and contact lenses may correct vision, these corrective devices may not reduce the occurrence and severity of myopia and other refractive errors. Similarly, most surgical approaches do not address the underlying causes of eye development that may result in an eye with refractive errors.

In view of the above, there is a need for improved methods and devices for treating refractive errors of the eye. Ideally, such methods and devices would at least partially address the progression and development of refractive errors of the eye, such as myopia.

(overview)
Embodiments of the present disclosure provide improved methods and devices for the treatment of refractive errors with light, such as violet light. In some embodiments, a source of light energy, such as a source of violet light energy, is coupled to a structure configured to contact the eye. The light source and structure are arranged to provide light, such as a therapeutic dose of violet light energy, to the eye to inhibit the progression or development of refractive errors, such as myopia. The light source may be configured in many ways and may comprise a radioisotope and a phosphorescent material. The structure configured to contact the eye may comprise a contact lens or an implant.

In a first aspect, a device for treating refractive error of an eye includes a structure for contacting the eye and a light source coupled to the structure. The light source is configured to direct light energy to a retina of the eye to treat refractive error of the eye.

In some embodiments, the light source emits purple light.

In some embodiments, the structure comprises a contact lens, and optionally the light source is one or more of embedded in the contact lens, located on the anterior surface of the contact lens, or located on the posterior surface of the contact lens.

In some embodiments, the light energy comprises violet light energy having a wavelength in the range of about 360 nm to about 400 nm.

In some embodiments, the light energy comprises violet light energy, and the light source is configured to direct the violet light energy to the retina at an illuminance in the range of about 0.1 mW/cm ² to 5 mW/cm ² .

In some embodiments, the light source illuminates the pupil of the eye with light energy in the range of 0.1 nits to 10 nits, optionally in the range of 0.5 nits to 10 nits.

In some embodiments, the contact lens comprises one or more of a structure in front of the light source for reflecting light onto the retina of the eye, a structure behind the light source for focusing light onto the retina of the eye, a lens structure behind the light source for focusing light onto the retina of the eye, or a diffractive structure behind the light source for diffracting light toward the retina of the eye.

In some embodiments, the contact lens comprises a lens body, the lens body comprising one or more of a soft contact lens, a hydrogel contact lens, a hard contact lens, a rigid gas permeable contact lens, a polymethylmethacrylate contact lens, or an orthokeratology contact lens.

In some embodiments, the light energy comprises violet light energy, and the contact lens is configured to direct the violet light energy onto the cornea and toward the retina in an amount sufficient to promote a change in the curvature of the cornea of the eye.

In some embodiments, the structure comprises a contact lens comprising a posterior surface with a posterior radius of curvature sized to fit the cornea of the eye and an anterior surface with an anterior radius of curvature configured to correct vision of the eye, and optionally, the anterior surface comprises a second anterior radius of curvature oriented relative to the anterior radius of curvature to correct astigmatism of the eye.

In some embodiments, the eye-contacting structure comprises an implantable structure, the implantable structure comprising a cover disposed over the light source, and optionally, the implant is configured to be turned on and off by a person receiving the implant.

In some embodiments, the light source comprises one or more of a radiation emitting light source, a light emitting diode, a laser diode, an emissive material, or a phosphorescent material, and optionally, the emissive material comprises titanium or radium.

In some embodiments, the eye-contacting structure comprises a light-transmitting material having at least 40% transmittance at 360 nm.

In some embodiments, the light sources are arranged in a pattern on the eye-contacting structure, the pattern comprising one or more of a spatial pattern on the eye-contacting structure, a spatial pattern located in an optically used portion of a contact lens, a spatial pattern on an inner portion of a contact lens for transmitting light to the retina when the pupil constricts, a circular pattern, or a radial pattern, optionally the eye-contacting structure comprises a contact lens.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a contact lens having a posterior surface shaped to receive the cornea of the eye, the contact lens material having a refractive index configured to transmit violet light from a source toward the retina, the contact lens having a front surface shaped to correct the refractive error of the eye in combination with the refractive index and the posterior surface, optionally the contact lens configured to correct higher order aberrations comprising optical aberrations higher than third order, and optionally the contact lens comprises a multifocal contact lens configured to correct presbyopia.

In another aspect, a method comprises treating an eye with an apparatus of any one of the preceding claims.
The present invention provides, for example, the following:
(Item 1)
1. An apparatus for treating refractive error of an eye, the apparatus comprising:
the eye-contacting structure;
a light source coupled to the structure;
wherein the light source is configured to direct light energy to a retina of the eye to treat the refractive error of the eye.
(Item 2)
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source emits purple light.
(Item 3)
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the structure comprises a contact lens, and optionally the light source is one or more of embedded in the contact lens, located on the anterior surface of the contact lens, or located on the posterior surface of the contact lens.
(Item 4)
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light energy comprises violet light energy having a wavelength in the range of about 360 nm to about 400 nm.
(Item 5)
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the light energy comprises violet light energy, and the light source is configured to direct the violet light energy to the retina at an illuminance in a range of approximately 0.1 mW/ ^cm2 to 5 mW/cm2 ^.
(Item 6)
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the light source illuminates the pupil of the eye with light energy in the range of 0.1 nits to 10 nits, optionally in the range of 0.5 nits to 10 nits.
(Item 7)
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the contact lens comprises one or more of a structure in front of the light source for reflecting light onto the retina of the eye, a structure behind the light source for focusing light onto the retina of the eye, a lens structure behind the light source for focusing light onto the retina of the eye, or a diffractive structure behind the light source for diffracting light toward the retina of the eye.
(Item 8)
13. The device of claim 1, wherein the contact lens comprises a lens body, the lens body comprising one or more of a soft contact lens, a hydrogel contact lens, a hard contact lens, a rigid gas permeable contact lens, a polymethylmethacrylate contact lens, or an orthocorneal contact lens.
(Item 9)
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the light energy comprises violet light energy, and the contact lens is configured to direct the violet light energy onto the cornea and toward the retina in an amount sufficient to promote a change in curvature of the cornea of the eye.
(Item 10)
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the structure comprises a posterior surface having a posterior radius of curvature sized to fit the cornea of the eye and a front surface having an anterior radius of curvature configured to correct vision of the eye, optionally the front surface comprising a second anterior radius of curvature oriented relative to the anterior radius of curvature to correct astigmatism of the eye.
(Item 11)
13. The device of claim 1, wherein the structure in contact with the eye comprises an implantable structure, the implantable structure comprising a cover disposed over the light source, and optionally the implant is configured to be turned on and off by a person receiving the implant.
(Item 12)
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises one or more of a radiation emitting light source, a light emitting diode, a laser diode, an emissive material, or a phosphorescent material, and optionally, the emissive material comprises titanium or radium.
(Item 13)
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the structure in contact with the eye comprises an optically transparent material with a transmittance of at least 40% at 360 nm.
(Item 14)
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the light sources are arranged in a pattern on the structure in contact with the eye, the pattern comprising one or more of a spatial pattern on the structure in contact with the eye, a spatial pattern located on an optically used portion of a contact lens, a spatial pattern on an inner portion of the contact lens for transmitting light to the retina when the pupil constricts, a circular pattern, or a radial pattern, and optionally, the structure in contact with the eye comprises a contact lens.
(Item 15)
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a contact lens having a posterior surface shaped to receive the cornea of the eye, a contact lens material having a refractive index configured to transmit violet light from the source toward the retina, the contact lens having an anterior surface shaped to combine the refractive index and the posterior surface to correct refractive error of the eye, optionally the contact lens configured to correct higher order aberrations comprising optical aberrations higher than third order, and optionally the contact lens comprises a multifocal contact lens configured to correct presbyopia.
(Item 16)
16. A method comprising treating an eye with the device of any one of claims 1 to 15.

(Incorporated by reference)
All publications, patents, and patent applications referenced in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1A illustrates, in cross-section, a contact lens configured to treat refractive error of the eye, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 1B shows a front view of the contact lens of FIG. 1A.

Detailed Description
The methods and devices disclosed herein are well suited for combination with conventional methods of vision correction. For example, the structure in contact with the eye may comprise a contact lens or an implant. Such structures may normally function to correct refractive errors and focus light on the eye, while a light source coupled to the structure may emit light, such as violet light, toward the retina of the eye to treat the refractive errors of the eye. In some embodiments, the emission of such violet light and the violet light received by the eye may be controlled to a level such that there is no appreciable effect on the function of the eye.

In some embodiments, the devices and methods disclosed herein are configured to prevent the progression or onset of refractive errors in an eye(s). In some embodiments, the devices and methods disclosed herein are configured to treat or improve a refractive condition in an eye(s). In some embodiments, the devices and methods disclosed herein promote a change in the curvature of the cornea of the eye, thereby improving a refractive condition in the eye(s), for example, by light-assisted corneal correction, such as violet light. In some embodiments, the devices and methods disclosed herein inhibit inappropriate increases in the axial length of the eye or allow a controlled amount of increase in the axial length of the eye, thereby reducing a refractive error in the eye(s), such as myopia.

In some embodiments, a device for treating refractive error of an eye comprises a structure for contacting an eye and a light source coupled to the structure, the light source configured to emit violet light energy toward the retina of the eye to treat refractive error of the eye. In some embodiments, the structure comprises a contact lens. The light source may be embedded in the contact lens at the anterior surface of the contact lens or the posterior surface of the contact lens, as well as combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the violet light comprises a wavelength in the range of about 360 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the light source is configured to direct violet light energy at a luminance of less than 5 mW/ ^cm2 toward the retina. In some embodiments, the light source irradiates the pupil of the eye with light energy in the range of 0.1 nits (candelas per square meter) to 10 nits, preferably 0.5 nits to 2 nits. In some embodiments, the contact lens comprises a structure in front of the light source for reflecting light to the retina of the eye, a structure behind the light source for focusing light onto the retina of the eye, a lens structure behind the light source for focusing light onto the retina of the eye, or a scattering structure behind the light source for scattering light toward the retina of the eye, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the contact lens comprises a lens body, the lens body comprising a soft contact lens, a hydrogel contact lens, a hard contact lens, a rigid gas permeable contact lens, a polymethylmethacrylate contact lens, or an orthodontic contact lens, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the contact lens is configured to direct violet light energy onto the cornea and toward the retina in an amount sufficient to promote a change in the curvature of the cornea of the eye. In some embodiments, the structure comprises a contact lens comprising a posterior surface with a posterior radius of curvature sized to fit the retina of the eye and an anterior surface with an anterior radius of curvature configured to correct vision of the eye. In some embodiments, the anterior surface comprises a second anterior radius of curvature oriented relative to the anterior radius of curvature to correct astigmatism of the eye.

In some embodiments, the eye-contacting structure comprises an implantable structure, the implantable structure comprising a cover disposed over the light source. The implant may be configured to be turned on and off by a person receiving the implant.

The light source may be configured in a variety of ways. In some embodiments, the light source comprises a radioactive light source, a light emitting diode, a laser diode, an emissive material, or a phosphorescent material, as well as combinations thereof. The emissive material may comprise, for example, titanium or radium.

In some embodiments, the eye-contacting structure comprises a light-transmitting material having at least 40% transmittance at 360 nm.

In some embodiments, the light sources are arranged in a spatial pattern on the structure that contacts the eye. The spatial pattern can be located in the optically active portion of the contact lens, in the inner portion of the contact lens to transmit light to the retina when the pupil constricts, or in a circular or radial pattern on the contact lens, as well as combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a contact lens comprising a posterior surface shaped to receive the cornea of the eye, a contact lens material having a refractive index and configured to transmit violet light from a source toward the retina, and a front surface shaped to correct the refractive error of the eye in combination with the refractive index and the posterior surface. In some embodiments, the contact lens is configured to correct higher order aberrations comprising optical aberrations higher than third order, and the contact lens may comprise a multifocal contact lens configured to correct presbyopia.

In some embodiments, a method of treating an eye comprises treating the eye with a device or devices as disclosed herein, such as a contact lens or an implant as disclosed herein.

1A-1B, in some embodiments, the device 100 comprises a structure 101 that contacts the eye. In some embodiments, the structure 101 comprises a contact lens or an intraocular lens (IOL). In some embodiments, the contact lens 101 comprises a lens body. Non-limiting examples of the lens body include soft contact lenses, hydrogel contact lenses, hard contact lenses, rigid gas permeable contact lenses, polymethylmethacrylate contact lenses, or orthodontic contact lenses, as well as combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the contact lens has a posterior surface 101b with a posterior radius of curvature sized to fit the cornea of the eye, and an anterior surface 101a with an anterior radius of curvature configured to correct the vision of the eye. In some embodiments, the anterior surface also includes a second anterior radius of curvature oriented relative to the anterior radius of curvature to correct astigmatism of the eye. In some embodiments, the contact lens material has a refractive index and is configured to focus violet light from a source toward the retina. In some embodiments, the anterior surface 101a is shaped to combine refractive index with the posterior surface 101b to correct the refractive error of the eye (e.g., myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism). In some embodiments, the contact lens is configured to correct third order optical aberrations, such as coma, and higher order aberrations comprising higher optical aberrations than spherical aberration. In some embodiments, the contact lens comprises a multifocal contact lens configured to correct presbyopia.

In some embodiments, the contact lens material has a refractive index and is configured to transmit violet light from the source toward the retina. In some embodiments, the eye-contacting structure 101 has a light-transmitting material with a transmission of at least 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% at one or more of 350 nm, 360 nm, 370 nm, 380 nm, 390 nm, or 400 nm. In some embodiments, the transmission is at least 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% throughout the range from 350 nm to 400 nm.

In some embodiments, the device 100 includes a light source 102 coupled to the structure 101. The light source 102 may comprise multiple light sources. In some embodiments, the light source is embedded in the structure, and the light source may be embedded in one or more locations of the structure. Such locations may include the optically used portion of the lens. For example, the light source may be located anywhere on the front surface 101a of the contact lens 101, or anywhere on the rear surface 101b of the contact lens, as well as combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the light source may be spatially distributed in various patterns. In some embodiments, the spatial pattern may be located on the optically used portion of the contact lens, the inner portion of the contact lens, or both, to transmit light to the retina (e.g., when the pupil contracts). In some embodiments, the light source may be distributed or in a circular or radial pattern on the contact lens, and combinations thereof. In the case shown in FIG. 1B, the light source is distributed in multiple concentric rings, with fixed or variable gaps between them. In some embodiments, the light source may be distributed in a donut-shaped pattern. Non-limiting examples of patterns in which the light sources may be spatially distributed include spider web patterns, helical patterns, swirl patterns, and radially scattered patterns (optically from the center of the structure). In some embodiments, the spatial pattern may include an area that is at or substantially at the circumference of the structure (e.g., closer than 3 mm, 2 mm, 1 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.2 mm or less to the circumference). By way of example, the light source may include multiple concentric rings with the largest ring covering the entire circumference.

In some embodiments, the light source is configured to emit light energy toward the retina of the eye to treat refractive errors of the eye. In the case shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the light source emits violet light toward the eye. FIG. 1A shows cross section AA′ in FIG. 1B. The violet light may have a wavelength in the range of about 350 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the light source is configured to direct violet light energy toward the retina at a radiance of less than 5 mW/cm ^2. The radiance of the violet light may be, for example, in the range of about 0.01 mW/cm ² to about 5 mW/cm ^2. With continued reference to FIGS. 1A-1B, in some embodiments, the contact lens 101 has a structure 103 in front of the light source to reflect light to the retina of the eye. Alternatively, or in combination, a structure 104 may be located behind the light source 102 to focus the light onto the retina of the eye. The structures 104 may comprise lens structures behind the light source to focus the light onto the retina of the eye, or diffractive structures behind the light source to diffract the light toward the retina of the eye, as well as combinations thereof. Alternatively, or in combination, the light source may be located closer to the posterior surface of the lens than the anterior surface to reduce the absorption of the contact lens material.

In some embodiments, the eye-contacting structure 101 comprises an implantable structure that may include a cover placed over the light source, and optionally, the implant is configured to be turned on and off by a trigger external to the implant, such as, for example, by a person receiving the implant or by the intensity of ambient light detected by the implant.

In some embodiments, the contact lens 101 or implant is configured to direct violet light energy onto the cornea and to the retina in an amount sufficient to promote a change in the curvature of the cornea of the eye. In some embodiments, the light source is configured to emit light at a substantially constant level (e.g., within 25%) over a predetermined period of time, e.g., at least 12 hours, a day, a week, two weeks, a month, or longer. In some embodiments, the light is configured to emit light when triggered by an external trigger. Non-limiting example triggers may include ambient light, opening and closing of eyelids, temperature of the light source, and the like. In some embodiments, the light source is configured to remain substantially fixed in its spatial location relative to the patient's eye.

In some embodiments, the light source 102 is configured to direct violet light energy at a certain intensity to the retina. The light source may comprise a radioactive light source, a light emitting diode, a laser diode, a radioactive material, a phosphorescent material, or a chemiluminescent compound, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the radioactive material comprises titanium and/or radium.

In some embodiments, the illuminance (energy per unit area) of the violet light (e.g., having a wavelength in the range of 350 nm to 400 nm) emitted from the light source and/or reaching the eye is not particularly limited. In some embodiments, the illuminance is preferably determined taking into consideration the effects on the human eye and skin, and the duration of exposure. When light is emitted toward the eye for a long period of time for the purpose of preventing myopia, the illuminance is also related to the emission time, and may be increased when the time is short, but is preferably decreased when the time is long. In some embodiments, the illuminance may be 20.0 mW/ ^cm2 or less. In some embodiments, the illuminance may be 10.0 mW/ ^cm2 or less. In some embodiments, the illuminance may be 80.0 mW/ ^cm2 or less. In some embodiments, the illuminance may be 5.0 mW/cm2 or ^less . In some embodiments, the preferred illuminance may be 3.0 mW/cm2 or ^less . In some embodiments, the illuminance may be preferably 2.0 mW/ ^cm2 or less, and is preferably decreased as time increases to 1.0 mW/ ^cm2 , 0.5 mW/cm2 or ^less , 0.1 mW/cm2 ^or less, or 0.05 mW/ ^cm2 or less. The illuminance may comprise an amount within a range defined by any two of the aforementioned values. The illuminance may be measured using known methods. It should be noted that "illuminance" refers to the intensity or energy of light entering or reaching the eye.

In some embodiments, the eye-contacting structure includes a piece of eyewear, such as glasses or goggles.

The disclosed methods and devices are well suited for combination with many types of lenses, such as one or more of smart contact lenses, contact lenses with antennas and sensors, contact lenses with integrated pulse oximeters, contact lenses with phase map displays, electro-optical contact lenses, contact lenses with flexible conductors, autonomous eye tracking contact lenses, electrochromic contact lenses, dynamic diffractive liquid crystal lenses, self-accommodating lenses, image display lenses with programmable phase maps, lenses with tear-powered microbatteries, tear film sensing contact lenses, lenses with multi-color LED arrays, contact lenses with capacitive sensing, lenses that detect overlap of ocular devices by eyelids, lenses with active accommodation, lenses with electrochemical sensors, lenses with enzymes and sensors, lenses with dynamic visual field adjustment, lenses for measuring pyruvate, lenses for measuring urea, lenses for measuring glucose, lenses with tear conductivity sensors, lenses with near-eye displays with phase maps, or lenses with electrochemical sensor chips.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous modifications, variations, and substitutions will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. The following claims define the scope of the invention, and it is intended that methods and structures within the scope of these claims, and their equivalents, be covered thereby.

Claims (14)

1. An apparatus for treating refractive error of an eye, the apparatus comprising:
the eye-contacting structure;
a light source coupled to the structure, the light source configured to direct light energy to a retina of the eye to treat the refractive error of the eye;
and a structure in front of the light source for directing the light energy to the retina of the eye ,
The device , wherein the structure in contact with the eye comprises a structure behind the light source for focusing the light energy onto the retina of the eye . The device of claim 1, wherein the light source emits purple light. The device of claim 1, wherein the structure in contact with the eye comprises a contact lens, and optionally the light source is one or more of embedded in the contact lens, located on the anterior surface of the contact lens, or located on the posterior surface of the contact lens. The device of claim 1, wherein the light energy comprises violet light energy having a wavelength in the range of about 360 nm to about 400 nm. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the light energy comprises violet light energy, and the light source is configured to direct the violet light energy to the retina at an illuminance in a range of approximately 0.1 mW/ ^cm2 to 5 mW/ ^cm2 . The device of claim 1, wherein the light source illuminates the pupil of the eye with light energy in the range of 0.1 candelas per square meter to 10 candelas per square meter, optionally in the range of 0.5 candelas per square meter to 10 candelas per square meter. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the structure in contact with the eye comprises a contact lens, the contact lens comprising the structure behind the light source for focusing light onto the retina of the eye, the structure behind the light source comprising a lens structure behind the light source for focusing light onto the retina of the eye or a diffractive structure behind the light source for diffracting light toward the retina of the eye. The device of claim 1, wherein the structure in contact with the eye comprises a contact lens, the contact lens comprising a lens body, the lens body comprising one or more of a soft contact lens, a hydrogel contact lens, a hard contact lens, a rigid gas permeable contact lens, a polymethylmethacrylate contact lens, or an orthokeratology contact lens. The device of claim 1, wherein the structure in contact with the eye comprises a contact lens, the light energy comprises violet light energy, and the contact lens is configured to direct the violet light energy onto the cornea and toward the retina in an amount sufficient to promote a change in the curvature of the cornea of the eye. The device of claim 1, wherein the structure in contact with the eye comprises a contact lens having a posterior surface with a posterior radius of curvature sized to fit the cornea of the eye and an anterior surface with an anterior radius of curvature configured to correct vision of the eye, and optionally the anterior surface has a second anterior radius of curvature oriented relative to the anterior radius of curvature to correct astigmatism of the eye. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises one or more of a radiation emitting light source, a light emitting diode, a laser diode, a radioactive material, or a phosphorescent material, and optionally, the radioactive material comprises titanium or radium. The device of claim 1, wherein the structure in contact with the eye comprises a light-transmitting material having a transmittance of at least 40% at 360 nm. The device of claim 1, wherein the light sources are arranged in a pattern on the structure in contact with the eye, the pattern comprising one or more of a spatial pattern on the structure in contact with the eye, a spatial pattern located on an optically active portion of a contact lens, a spatial pattern on an inner portion of the contact lens for transmitting light to the retina when the pupil constricts, a circular pattern, or a radial pattern, and optionally, the structure in contact with the eye comprises a contact lens. The device of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a contact lens having a posterior surface shaped to receive the cornea of the eye, the contact lens material having a refractive index configured to transmit violet light from the light source toward the retina, the contact lens having a front surface shaped to combine the refractive index and the posterior surface to correct refractive error of the eye, optionally the contact lens configured to correct higher order aberrations comprising optical aberrations higher than third order, and optionally the contact lens comprises a multifocal contact lens configured to correct presbyopia.

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