JP7589558B2 - Evacuation doors and disaster prevention equipment - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to an evacuation door and a disaster prevention facility that uses the evacuation door.

For example, as shown in Patent Document 1, a pressurized smoke control system is known as an example of disaster prevention equipment for buildings. In order to support the activities of firefighters, pressurized smoke control systems are equipment that can effectively remove smoke that occurs when a fire occurs and, by pressurizing the air supply, prevent smoke from entering rooms that serve as the base of such activities.

Buildings to which pressurized smoke control equipment is applied have a first room where a fire is expected to break out, and a second room connected to the first room through an opening with an evacuation door. The second room forms part of the evacuation route from the first room and also functions as a base of operations for the fire brigade.

The pressurized smoke control system includes an exhaust system that exhausts air from the first room, an air supply system that supplies air to the second room, and an evacuation door that opens and closes the opening. In the event of a fire in the first room, the pressurized smoke control system exhausts smoke from the first room using the exhaust system and pressurizes the second room using the air supply system. This prevents smoke from entering the second room from the first room through the opening, allowing occupants to evacuate safely.

JP 2015-171415 A

When a fire occurs, smoke generated in the first room accumulates over time from the ceiling toward the floor. For this reason, it is desirable to prevent smoke from entering the second room from the first room, not only during evacuation but also during firefighting activities. This desire is not limited to pressurized smoke control equipment, but is common to disaster prevention equipment that has exhaust equipment to vent the first room in the event of a fire.

The escape door that solves the above problem is an escape door that is installed via a door frame in an opening formed in a wall that separates a first room from which smoke is exhausted by an exhaust system in the event of a fire and a second room that forms part of the escape route from the first room, and that opens and closes the opening. The escape door has a first door that can open and close the upper part of the opening, and a second door that is configured to be able to open and close at least a part of the lower part of the opening when the first door is closed, and that can be opened and closed together with the first door when the first door is opened and closed, and the height of the second door is equal to or lower than the height of the bottom of the smoke layer in the first room when a fire occurs.

The disaster prevention equipment that solves the above problem includes an exhaust system that exhausts smoke from the first room when a fire breaks out in the first room, and an evacuation door that is installed via a door frame in an opening formed in a wall that separates the first room from a second room that forms part of an evacuation route from the first room and opens and closes the opening, the evacuation door having a first door that can open and close the upper part of the opening, and a second door that is configured to open and close at least a part of the lower part of the opening when the first door is closed and that can be opened and closed together with the first door when the first door is opened and closed, and the height of the second door is equal to or lower than the height of the bottom of the smoke layer when a fire breaks out in the first room.

With the above configuration, firefighting activities can be carried out by opening the second door, which has a height equal to or lower than the height of the bottom end of the smoke layer. As a result, the intrusion of smoke from the first room to the second room can be suppressed even during firefighting activities.

In the above configuration, it is preferable that the second door is configured to be able to open and close the entire lower portion of the opening.
According to the above configuration, firefighting activities can be carried out utilizing the entire width of the opening.

In the above configuration, it is preferable that the second door is rotatably supported by the door frame, and a rotation area of the first door and the second door is the second chamber.
According to the above-mentioned configuration, the emergency door can be rotated by utilizing the hinge that connects the second door to the door frame. That is, the hinge that rotates the second door can be used as a hinge that rotates the entire emergency door.

In the above configuration, it is preferable to have a connecting member provided on the second room side, which connects the second door to the first door and can disconnect the second door from the first door by a release operation.

According to the above configuration, the second door can be opened and closed independently simply by performing a release operation on the connecting member.
In the above configuration, it is preferable that the first door is rotatably supported by the door frame, and the second door is provided so as to be surrounded by the first door and is rotatably supported by the first door.

According to the above configuration, it is possible to effectively prevent smoke from entering the second chamber from the first chamber when only the second door is open.
In the above configuration, it is preferable that a rotation area of the first door is the second chamber, and that when the first door is in a closed state, the rotation area of the second door is the first chamber.

According to the above configuration, since the rotation area of the second door is the first room, the second door does not become an obstacle during firefighting activities around the emergency door in the second room.
In the above configuration, it is preferable to have a first operating unit provided on the first door so as to be operable from both the first chamber side and the second chamber side, and which enables the second door to rotate in conjunction with the first door, and a second operating unit provided on the second door so as to be operable only from the second chamber side, and which enables the second door to rotate relative to the first door.

With the above configuration, the second door can be opened and closed only from the second room side, so there is no risk of accidentally opening the second door when evacuating from the first room to the second room.

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a disaster prevention facility in a first embodiment. FIG. 4 is a front view showing a schematic view of the emergency door as seen from the second room in the first embodiment. FIG. 4 is a top view illustrating an example of a state in which the first door and the second door are open in the first embodiment. Schematic diagram for explaining a method for calculating the bottom height of the smoke layer in the first chamber in the first embodiment. FIG. 11 is a front view showing a schematic view of the emergency door as seen from the second room in the second embodiment. FIG. 11 is a top view showing an example of a state in which the first door is opened together with the second door in the second embodiment. FIG. 11 is a top view illustrating an example of a state in which only the second door is open in the second embodiment.

First Embodiment
A first embodiment of an evacuation door and a disaster prevention facility including the evacuation door will be described with reference to Figs. 1 to 4.

As shown in FIG. 1, a building 10 to which the disaster prevention equipment 20 is applied comprises a staircase 12 with an evacuation staircase 11, an ancillary room 13 connected to the staircase 12, an adjacent room 15 connected to the ancillary room 13 through a rectangular opening 14, and a general room 16 connected to the adjacent room 15. In the building 10, the adjacent room 15 and the general room 16 are a first room 18 in which a fire is expected to break out, and the ancillary room 13 is a second room 19 that forms part of the evacuation route from the first room 18 and is connected to the first room 18 to serve as a base for firefighting activities.

An example of the disaster prevention equipment 20 is a pressurized smoke control equipment. The disaster prevention equipment 20 has an exhaust equipment 21 that exhausts the first room 18 when a fire occurs in the first room 18, and an air supply equipment 22 that supplies air to the second room 19. The disaster prevention equipment 20 may also have a sprinkler equipment that sprays water on the first room 18 when a fire in the first room 18 is detected through a fire alarm or the like.

The exhaust equipment 21 has a smoke exhaust port 23 provided in the first room 18, and an exhaust machine 24 that exhausts the first room 18 through the smoke exhaust port 23. The exhaust machine 24 is started upon receiving a signal S1 from, for example, a fire alarm or a start switch. After starting, the exhaust machine 24 exhausts the first room 18 at a predetermined exhaust volume.

The air supply equipment 22 has an air supply port (not shown) provided in the second room 19, and an air supply machine 26 that sends air to the second room 19 through the air supply port. The air supply machine 26 is started upon receiving a signal S2 from, for example, a fire alarm or a start switch. After starting, the air supply machine 26 supplies a predetermined amount of air to the second room 19.

A rectangular evacuation door 30 is provided on the wall 17 that separates the first room 18 and the second room 19, opening and closing the opening 14 formed in the wall 17. The amount of air supplied by the air supply equipment 22 is determined based on the opening width of the evacuation door 30 being 40 cm.

As shown in FIG. 2, the emergency door 30 is fixed to the wall 17 via a door frame 31. The emergency door 30 is supported so as to be rotatable relative to the door frame 31. The door frame 31 is fixed to the wall 17 so as to contact the upper edge and a pair of side edges of the opening 14. The overall height H of the emergency door 30 is set to 1.8 m or more.

As shown in FIG. 3, the door frame 31 is provided with a door stop 32 on the periphery on the first chamber 18 side to prevent the evacuation door 30 from rotating toward the first chamber 18 side and to position the evacuation door 30 at a position where a latch (not shown) engages with the door frame 31.

As shown in Figures 2 and 3, the emergency door 30 has a first door 33 and a second door 34. The first door 33 is a partial door that opens and closes the upper part of the opening 14. The second door 34 is a partial door that opens and closes at least a part of the lower part of the opening 14. Note that the rotation of the emergency door 30 refers to the rotation of both the first door 33 and the second door 34 as a unit.

The first door 33 and the second door 34 are arranged vertically. The first door 33 is supported by the door frame 31 via a hinge 35 so as to be rotatable. The second door 34 is supported by the door frame 31 via a hinge 36 so as to be rotatable. The first door 33 and the second door 34 have a rotation area in the second room 19. The first door 33 is configured to be able to open and close the part above the center of the opening 14. The second door 34 is configured to be able to open and close the part below the center of the opening 14. It is desirable to set the height Ha of the second door 34 to 1.2 m or more so that the opening formed by opening the second door 34 conforms to the structure of the emergency entrance stipulated in Article 126-7 of the Enforcement Order of the Building Standards Act. The height Ha is set to be equal to or less than the smoke layer bottom height Zs at the time of the occurrence of a fire in the first room 18. Details of the smoke layer bottom height Zs will be described later.

The evacuation door 30 has a connecting member 37. The connecting member 37 is provided on the second chamber 19 side. The connecting member 37 connects the second door 34 to the first door 33, and is configured to be able to release the connection of the second door 34 to the first door 33 by a release operation. The release operation of the connecting member 37 is, for example, a removal operation for removing the connecting member 37 from the evacuation door 30. The release operation of the connecting member 37 may also be an operation for rotating the connecting member 37 around the connection part to the first door 33 so that the tip of the connecting member 37 faces the door frame 31.

The emergency door 30 has an operating unit 38. The operating unit 38 is configured to be operable from both the first chamber 18 side and the second chamber 19 side. The operating unit 38 is provided on the second door 34. The operating unit 38 is configured to be able to release the engagement of a latch (not shown) with the door frame 31.

When the connecting member 37 connects the first door 33 and the second door 34, the evacuation door 30 is configured so that the first door 33 and the second door 34 can be rotated as a single integrated door. When the connecting member 37 is released, the evacuation door 30 is configured so that the second door 34 can be rotated independently. In other words, when the evacuation door 30 is in a closed state, the connecting member 37 is released so that only the second door 34 can be opened while keeping the first door 33 in a closed state.

The height Zs of the bottom end of the smoke layer when a fire breaks out in the first chamber 18 will be described with reference to FIG.
As shown in Fig. 4, the smoke layer bottom height Zs is the height from the floor surface 40 to the bottom of the smoke layer 41 (the height of the air layer 42). The smoke layer bottom height Zs is calculated taking into consideration the smoke exhaust effect of the exhaust equipment 21, the combustible materials and interior materials stored in the first chamber 18, and the fire spread suppression effect of equipment such as sprinkler equipment that suppresses the spread of a fire after the outbreak of a fire.

First, the smoke layer bottom height Zs is stabilized at a position where the smoke generation rate Vs [m ³ /s] and the exhaust rate Ve [m ³ /s] by the exhaust equipment 21 are balanced, as shown in formula (1).

The smoke generation rate Vs is calculated according to the entrainment coefficient cm, the heat generation rate Qf [kW] of the fire source 43, the smoke layer density ρs [kg/m ³ ], and the smoke layer bottom height Zs [m], as shown in equation (2).

The entrainment coefficient cm is a coefficient when an ascending air current containing combustion gas generated from the fire source 43 entrains the surrounding air and expands. An example of the entrainment coefficient cm is 0.076 [kg/kJ ^1/3 ·m ^5/3 ·s ^2/3 ].

The heat release rate Qf is expressed by formula (3) using the flame growth rate α defined in Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Notification No. 510 and the transition time tc for the flame source 43 to transition from a growing flame source to a steady flame source.

The transition time tc is, for example, the time from the occurrence of a fire until the sprinkler system is activated. Also, for example, the transition time tc is the time from the occurrence of a fire until the combustion spreads to the entire surface of the combustible material that is the fire source 43.

Then, by substituting equation (2) into equation (1) and rearranging it for the height Zs of the bottom of the smoke layer, we obtain equation (4).

For the smoke layer density ρs, for example, 1.0 [kg/m ³ ] is used so that the calculation result is on the safe side.
(Action)
In the above-mentioned configuration, when a fire breaks out in the first room 18, the occupants operate the operating unit 38 from the first room 18 side to open the escape door 30 to the second room 19 side. At this time, both the first door 33 and the second door 34 are opened. This allows the occupants to evacuate using the entire opening 14. In addition, the fire brigade that arrives at the second room 19 closes the escape door 30 once, and then operates the operating unit 38 from the second room 19 side to open the second door 34 to the second room 19 side. The fire brigade performs firefighting activities using the entire lower part of the opening 14. At this time, the height Ha of the second door 34 is equal to or less than the smoke layer lower end height Zs, so that the intrusion of smoke from the first room 18 to the second room 19 is suppressed.

The effects of the first embodiment will be described.
(1-1) By setting the height Ha of the second door 34 to be equal to or less than the lower end height Zs of the smoke layer, the intrusion of smoke from the first room 18 to the second room 19 during firefighting activities can be prevented.

(1-2) There is no need to provide a fire-fighting opening in the wall 17 separate from the evacuation opening 14. This makes it possible to prevent smoke from entering the second room 19 from the first room 18 during firefighting activities while also preventing a decrease in the strength of the wall 17.

(1-3) The second door 34 is configured to be able to open and close the entire lower part of the opening 14. This allows firefighting activities to be carried out using the entire width of the opening 14.
(1-4) The second door 34 is rotatably supported by the door frame 31, and the rotation area of the first door 33 and the second door 34 is configured to be the second chamber 19. This allows the evacuation door 30 to be rotated by utilizing the hinge 36 that connects the second door 34 to the door frame 31. As a result, the number of components of the evacuation door 30 having the first door 33 and the second door 34 can be reduced.

(1-5) The evacuation door 30 is configured so that the second door 34 can open and close the entire lower part of the opening 14, and the rotation areas of both the first door 33 and the second door 34 form the second chamber 19. This allows the door stop for the first door 33 to be the same as the door stop for the second door 34. As a result, the structure of the door frame 31 can be simplified.

(1-6) The evacuation door 30 has a connecting member 37 on the second room 19 side that connects the second door 34 to the first door 33 and can be released to release the connection of the second door 34 to the first door 33. This allows occupants to evacuate using the entire opening 14, and during firefighting activities, the second door 34 can be opened and closed independently by simply releasing the connecting member 37.

Second Embodiment
A first embodiment of an evacuation door and a disaster prevention facility including the evacuation door will be described with reference to Figures 5 to 7. Note that the configuration of the evacuation door in the second embodiment is different from that in the first embodiment. Therefore, in the second embodiment, the parts different from the first embodiment will be described in detail, and the parts similar to those in the first embodiment will be denoted by the same reference numerals and their detailed description will be omitted.

As shown in FIG. 5, in the second embodiment, the first door 51 is supported rotatably relative to the door frame 31 via a hinge 52. The second door 53 is provided so that the top and sides are surrounded by the first door 51. The second door 53 is supported rotatably relative to the first door 51 via a hinge 54 provided on the first room 18 side. The width Wa of the second door 53 is set to 75 cm or more and the height Ha is set to 1.2 m or more so that the opening formed by opening the second door 53 conforms to the structure of the emergency entrance stipulated in Article 126-7 of the Enforcement Order of the Building Standards Act. The height Ha is set to be equal to or less than the height Zs of the bottom of the smoke layer when a fire occurs in the first room 18.

6 , the first door 51 has a rotation area in the second chamber 19. The first door 51 is prevented from rotating toward the first chamber 18 by a door stop 32.
7, the second door 53 has a rotation area on the opposite side to the first door 51. That is, the second door 53 has a rotation area in the first chamber 18 when the first door 51 is closed.

As shown in FIG. 5, the first door 51 is provided with a first operating unit 56. The first operating unit 56 is configured to be operable from both the first chamber 18 side and the second chamber 19 side. The first operating unit 56 is configured to be capable of releasing the engagement of the first door 51 with the door frame 31 by a latch (not shown). In other words, the first door 51 is configured to be able to be opened with respect to the door frame 31 by operating the first operating unit 56.

The second door 53 is provided with a second operating unit 57. The second operating unit 57 is configured to be operable from the second chamber 19 side. The second operating unit 57 is configured to be capable of releasing the engagement of the second door 53 with the first door 51 by a latch (not shown). In other words, the second door 53 is configured to be able to be opened with respect to the first door 51 by operating the second operating unit 57.

The first door 51 may be provided with a door stopper for the second door 53, which prevents the evacuation door 30 from rotating toward the second room 19 and positions the second door 53 in a position where a latch (not shown) engages with the first door 51.

(Action)
In the above-mentioned configuration, when a fire breaks out in the first room 18, the occupants operate the first operating unit 56 from the first room 18 side to open the escape door 30 to the second room 19 side. At this time, both the first door 51 and the second door 53 are opened. This allows the occupants to evacuate using the entire opening 14. In addition, the fire brigade that arrives at the second room 19 closes the escape door 30 once, and then operates the second operating unit 57 from the second room 19 side to open the second door 53 to the first room 18 side. The fire brigade uses the lower part of the opening 14 to carry out firefighting activities. At this time, the height Ha of the second door 53 is equal to or less than the smoke layer lower end height Zs, so that the intrusion of smoke from the first room 18 to the second room 19 is suppressed.

According to the second embodiment, in addition to the effects described in (1-1) and (1-2) above, the following effects can be obtained.
(2-1) The second door 53 is provided so as to be surrounded by the first door 51 and is rotatably supported by the first door 51. As a result, the width Wa of the second door 53 when only it is opened is smaller than the width W of the opening 14, so that the intrusion of smoke from the first chamber 18 to the second chamber 19 can be effectively suppressed.

(2-2) The rotation area of the first door 51 is the second room 19, and when the first door 51 is closed, the rotation area of the second door 53 is the first room 18. This ensures that the second door 53 does not become an obstacle during firefighting activities around the emergency door 30 in the second room 19.

(2-3) The first door 51 is provided with a first operating unit 56 that is operable from both the first room 18 side and the second room 19 side and that allows the second door 53 to rotate in conjunction with the first door 51. The second door 53 is also provided with a second operating unit 57 that is operable only from the second room 19 side and allows the second door 53 to rotate relative to the first door 51. This allows the occupants to operate the first operating unit 56 to open the evacuation door 30, while preventing the second door 53 from being opened by mistake during evacuation.

The above embodiment can be modified as follows: The above embodiment and the following modifications can be combined with each other to the extent that no technical contradiction occurs.
In the second embodiment, the second operating portion 57 may be operable from the first chamber 18 side.

- In the second embodiment, the rotation area of the second door 34 when the first door 33 is closed may be the second chamber 19. Also, the second door 34 may be capable of rotating with respect to both the first chamber 18 and the second chamber 19. In other words, according to the configuration in which the second door 34 is provided so as to be surrounded by the first door 33 as in the second embodiment, the rotation area of the second door 34 can be selected according to the design specifications at any given time.

In the first embodiment, an operating unit capable of opening and closing only the second door 34 may be provided separately. In this case, it is preferable that the operating unit can be operated only from the second chamber 19 side.
In the first embodiment, the rotation area of the second door 34 when the first door 33 is closed may be the first chamber 18 .

- The disaster prevention equipment 20 need only be equipped with an exhaust system 21, and is not limited to pressurized smoke control equipment.

10...building, 11...emergency stairs, 12...stairwell, 13...annex, 14...opening, 15...adjacent room, 16...general room, 17...wall, 18...first room, 19...second room, 20...disaster prevention equipment, 21...exhaust equipment, 22...air supply equipment, 23...smoke vent, 24...exhaust fan, 26...air supply fan, 30...emergency door, 31...door frame, 32...door stop, 33...first door, 34...second door, 35, 36...hinge, 37...connecting member, 38...operating part, 40...floor, 41...smoke layer, 42...air layer, 43...fire source, 51...first door, 52...hinge, 53...second door, 54...hinge, 56...first operating part, 57...second operating part.

Claims (8)

An evacuation door is provided via a door frame in an opening formed in a wall that separates a first room from which smoke is exhausted by an exhaust system in the event of a fire and a second room that constitutes a part of an evacuation route from the first room, and opens and closes the opening,
A first door that can open and close an upper portion of the opening;
a second door configured to open and close at least a part of a lower portion of the opening when the first door is closed, and capable of being opened and closed together with the first door when the first door is opened and closed;
An escape door , wherein the height of the second door is 1.2 m or more and is equal to or lower than the height of the bottom of the smoke layer in the first room when a fire occurs. The escape door according to claim 1 , wherein the second door is configured to be able to open and close the entire lower portion of the opening. The escape door according to claim 2 , wherein the second door is rotatably supported by the door frame, and a rotation area of the first door and the second door is the second room. The escape door according to claim 2 or 3, further comprising a connecting member provided on the second room side for connecting the second door to the first door and capable of disconnecting the second door from the first door by a release operation. The first door is rotatably supported by the door frame,
The escape door according to claim 1 , wherein the second door is provided so as to be surrounded by the first door and is rotatably supported by the first door. A rotation area of the first door is the second chamber,
The emergency door according to claim 5 , wherein a rotation area of the second door is the first room when the first door is closed. a first operation unit provided on the first door so as to be operable from the first chamber side and the second chamber side, and allowing the second door to rotate in conjunction with the first door;
The escape door according to claim 5 or 6, further comprising: a second operation portion provided on the second door so as to be operable only from the second room side, and allowing the second door to rotate relative to the first door. an exhaust system for exhausting smoke from the first room in the event of a fire in the first room;
an evacuation door provided via a door frame in an opening formed in a wall that separates the first room from a second room that constitutes a part of an evacuation route from the first room, and configured to open and close the opening;
The evacuation door is
A first door that can open and close an upper portion of the opening;
a second door configured to open and close at least a part of a lower portion of the opening when the first door is closed, and capable of being opened and closed together with the first door when the first door is opened and closed;
A fire prevention system in which the height of the second door is 1.2 m or more and is equal to or lower than the height of the bottom of the smoke layer in the first room when a fire occurs.