JP6588903B2 - 神経変性障害、ならびにその治療及び診断法 - Google Patents
神経変性障害、ならびにその治療及び診断法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6588903B2 JP6588903B2 JP2016529439A JP2016529439A JP6588903B2 JP 6588903 B2 JP6588903 B2 JP 6588903B2 JP 2016529439 A JP2016529439 A JP 2016529439A JP 2016529439 A JP2016529439 A JP 2016529439A JP 6588903 B2 JP6588903 B2 JP 6588903B2
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- ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N shellac Chemical compound OCCCCCC(O)C(O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O.C1C23[C@H](C(O)=O)CCC2[C@](C)(CO)[C@@H]1C(C(O)=O)=C[C@@H]3O ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- YXVCLPJQTZXJLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=C(CCOP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N YXVCLPJQTZXJLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or pantothenic acid
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Description
本出願は、その開示が全体として参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、2013年11月14日に出願された、米国仮特許出願第61/904,365号の利益を主張する。
本明細書とともに電子的に提出されたテキストファイルの内容は、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる:配列表のコンピュータ可読フォーマットコピー(ファイル名:ULPI_018_01WO_SeqList_ST25.txt、記録日:2014年11月12日、ファイルサイズ4キロバイト)。
の化合物であり、
式中、R1、R2及びR3は、独立してアルキル、アルケニルまたはアルキニルから選択される。
の化合物の1以上であってもよく、
式中、
R1、R2及びR3は、独立してアルキル、アルケニルまたはアルキニルから選択される。
材料及び方法
動物
全ての実験はクイーンズランド大学動物倫理委員会により認可されており、クイーンズランド州の動物保護法(Queensland Animal Care and Protection Act)2001のガイドラインに従っている。使用する動物の苦しみ及び数を最小にするために全ての努力がなされた。野生型及びhSOD1G93Aマウス(B6.Cg−Tg(SOD1*G93A)1Gur/J、ストック番号004435,Jackson laboratory、米国メーン州)を、hSOD1G93AのオスをC57B/L6野生型のメス(クイーンズランド大学)と交配することにより作製した。マウスを、12時間明環境、12時間暗環境に収容し、食物及び水は自由に与えた。実験は、動物の遺伝子型及び食餌介入に対し盲検法で行った(マウスがALSの表現型を発現し始めるまで)。
離乳直後、マウスを、標準食(SF11−027、Specialty Feeds、米国ワシントン州)または35%のカロリーがトリヘプタノイン油(Sasol,Germany)に由来する同等の食餌(SF11−028、Specialty Feeds)のいずれかに配置した。全ての食餌は、タンパク質、ミネラル、酸化防止剤及びビタミン含有量が、そのカロリー密度に対して同等であった(Thomasら、2012)。トリヘプタノインは、食餌中のショ糖、複合炭化水素及び長鎖脂肪の一部を置換する。
サイトゾル及びミトコンドリア画分を、冷却した分離緩衝液(10mM EDTA,215mM D−マンニトール,75mMショ糖 sucrose,0.1% BSA及び20mM HEPES,pH 7.4)中、均質化(Potter−Elvehjem組織粉砕器)により、腓腹筋から分離した。試料を、4℃、700gで10分間遠心分離した。上清を集め、4℃、10,500gで10分間遠心分離し、上清を集め、ペレットを1mLの分離緩衝液に再懸濁した。遠心分離ステップを繰り返し、集められた上清(サイトゾル画分)及び再懸濁した沈殿物(ミトコンドリア画分)を−80℃に貯蔵した。
本アッセイは、Lai及びCooper,1986から改変した。アッセイ混合物は、50mM Tris−HCl(pH 7.4)、0.2mMナトリウムCoA、2mMニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチド、0.5mM チアミンピロリン酸、0.5mM塩化マグネシウム、10mMジチオスレイトール、及び10μLの試料から分離したミトコンドリアを含んでいた。反応は、NADの還元を測定するために、10mMのオキソグルタル酸を加えることにより開始した。
グルコースリン酸イソメラーゼ(PGI)の活性を、グルコース6−リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼを介したNADP還元に反応を結合させることにより測定した。アッセイ混合物は、100mM Tris−HCl(pH 7.4)、0.6mMニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチドリン酸、17.5mM塩化マグネシウム、5U/mLグルコース6−リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(G8404,Sigma Aldrich)、及び5μLの試料からのサイトゾル画分を含んでいた。反応は、10mMのフルクトース6−リン酸を加えることにより開始した。
ホスホフルクトキナーゼの活性を、NADHの酸化を測定するための酵素、アルドラーゼ、α−グリセロホスフェートデヒドロゲナーゼ及びトリオースホスフェートイソメラーゼに、反応からのフルクトース1,6−ビスリン酸の産生を結合させることにより測定した。アッセイ混合物は、80mM Tris−HCl(pH 7.4)、2mMジチオスレイトール、3.6mMアデノシン三リン酸、0.6mM還元型ニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチド、20mM塩化マグネシウム、6U/mLアルドラーゼ(A8811,Sigma Aldrich)、1U/mLα−グリセロリン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ、及び5U/mLのトリオースホスフェートイソメラーゼ(G1881,Sigma Aldrich)、ならびに5μLの試料からのサイトゾル画分を含んでいた。反応は、15mMのフルクトース6−リン酸を加えることにより開始した。
動物は、光サイクル内で、約3〜4時間の行動試験を受けた。外部刺激の変化によって引き起こされる可能性の影響を最小にするように、全ての行動試験は、最小限の刺激での環境で行った。全ての試験セッション前に動物を秤量した。マウスを観察し、あらゆる非ALS関連死が試験から除外されることを保証するために、疾患の進行を追跡し、神経学的スコアシートに従って等級分けした。神経学的スコアは、ALS治療開発研究所(ALS therapy development institute)で開発された基準(Gillら、2009)から改変した。倫理学的要件に従い、食料ホッパーに到達するにはあまりにも弱くなったhSOD1G93Aマウスは、ケージの床に湿った食物を与えられた。マウスが仰向けにされた後、15秒以内に自分自身を正すことができない時に、試験の終点と定義された。末期または25週齢に達すると、トランスジェニックマウス及びそれぞれの野生型の同腹仔は、ペントバルビタールの過剰投与(120mg/kg、腹腔内、Provet、オーストラリア)により安楽死させた。腓腹筋及び尾を含む組織を、次の分析のために集めた。体重の減少が開始した時点を判断するため、本発明者らは、12〜17週の組み合わせた平均体重の10%以上が減少したことが観察され、それ以降の3回の全ての測定値が、もとの平均体重の90%以下であった日と定義した。
後肢握力試験を、T−バー力変換器(Ugo Basile、イタリア)を用いて週に2回行った。動物は尾より保持され、その後肢が60°の角度で下向きに引っ張られる前にT−バーをつかんでいることが確実にされた。両方の後肢が同時にバーを離れる場合にのみ、力変換器の読取りを行った。各トレーニングセッションで、マウスあたり10回の試験の平均値を記録した。握力が低下した時点を比較するため、9〜13週の組み合わせた平均握力が30%以上低下し、それ以降の3回の測定値がもとの平均強度の70%以下であった場合に、その時点を記録した。
ロータロッド試験を、マウスについて設計されたロータロッド(Ugo Basile、イタリア)を用い、週に1回を10回繰り返した。動物をロッド上に配置させ、その後、1分あたり25回転で3分間回転させた。動物が落ちる時間を記録した。本発明者らは、この時間がゼロである、ロータロッド上でバランスを失う歳を定義した。
全てのマウスは、hSOD1G93A導入遺伝子の相対的コピー数を評価するために既に開示されている手段(Alexanderら、2004)に従い、リアルタイム定量的PCRにより、死後に遺伝子型を同定した。使用したプライマーは、従来のPCRによる遺伝子型決定のためにJacksonの研究室によって文書化されている(http://jaxmice.jax.org)。5ngのゲノムDNA及び5μLのSYBR Green Mastermix(Applied Biosystems、米国カリフォルニア州)と混合した、各反応における順方向及び逆方向プライマーの最終濃度は、hSODについて0.4μMであり、マウスインターロイキン2(mIl2)について0.5μMであった。アッセイの温度プロファイルは、最初は95℃で、10分間で開始、次いで、95℃で30秒間、60℃で1分間、及び72℃で30秒間を40サイクルであった(ABI 7900HT Fast Real−Time PCR system,Applied Biosystems)。最後に、95℃で2分間加熱し、60℃に15秒間冷却し、最後に15秒間で95℃までの2%の加熱勾配により、溶解曲線を作成した。陰性対照においてDNAを置換するために水を加えた。CT値は、Sequence Detection Software 2.4により、生データから計算した。次いで、以下に記載した式を用いてコピー数を計算した。
コピー数= (2(CT hSOD1 Log 2 1.82)-(CT mIL2 Log 2 2.01))2
安楽死の後、すぐに腓腹筋を取り出し、液体窒素中に凍結させた。RNAを抽出するために、筋肉試料を製造業者の説明書に従って、液体窒素中で冷却した乳鉢及び乳棒を用いて微粉砕し、TRI試薬(Life Technologies、米国カリフォルニア州)に溶解し、抽出した。混入DNAを、DNアーゼI処理により除去し、製造業者の説明書に従って、Tetro cDNA合成キット(Bioline、英国ロンドン)を用いてcDNAを合成した。
35日〜70日齢までマウスに対照食またはトリヘプタノイン食を与え、その時点でマウスにペントバルビタール(100 mg/kg、腹腔注射)で麻酔をかけ、0.9%食塩、次いで4%パラホルムアルデヒドでかん流した。脊髄を取り出し、更に4%のパラホルムアルデヒド中で固定し、続いてOCTコンパウンド中に埋め込み、腰椎から16μmの連続薄片を切り出した。切片を冷却PBSで洗浄し、酢酸緩衝液(pH3.4)中の0.1%チオニンで染色した。既に記載したように(Banksら,2001;2003;Forgartyら,2013)、運動ニューロンを、立体的方法を用いて計数した。手短に言えば、脊髄の一方の側からの外側細胞柱(LMC)中の運動ニューロンを計数し、濃く染色された細胞質、淡い核及び暗く染色された核小体を有する大型のニューロンのみを計数した(Clarke及びOppenheim、1995)。全ニューロン計測数を得るために、第2腰椎から第5腰椎からの10薄片毎に計数し、薄片数で割り、LMCを含む薄片の合計数でかけた。
統計は、いくつかの群の解析について、一元または二元配置分散分析、それに続いてBonferroni多重比較事後試験を用い、GraphPadプリズムソフトウェア(バージョン5.03)で実施した。体重減少の発生、及び後肢握力の曲線下面積(AUC)の比較のために、両側不対t検定を使用した。勾配及び切片の比較を用いた線形回帰分析により、導入遺伝子のコピー数対後肢握力の減少及び体重減少の齢を比較した。データは、平均±標準誤差で表わす。
hSOD1G93Aマウスの筋肉における代謝の変化
最初に、本発明者らは、疾患の中期段階及び末期において、hSOD1G93Aマウスでエネルギー代謝に影響があるかを確認することを試みた。具体的には、本発明者らは、腓腹筋で、中期段階(110〜130日)で乳酸のレベルが29%低下したことを見出し、これは解糖作用が減少したことを示す(図2、パネルA)。これは、グルコースリン酸の最大活性が28.5%、またホスホフルクトキナーゼの最大活性の53%低下したが、酸化的ストレス感受性TCAサイクル酵素−オキソグルタル酸デヒドロゲナーゼの最大活性が25%低下したという観察により説明することができる(*p<0.05 t−検定、N=5−8マウス/群、図2、パネルB)。対照的に、末期においては、筋肉のグルコースレベルは1.9倍上昇し、これは、解糖作用の喪失を示唆している。
本発明者らは、疾患の発症に相当する70日での、マウスにおけるL2及びL5間の立体的計数により運動ニューロン数を評価した。ニューロン数は、野生型マウスと顕著に異ならなかったので(n=4、図4)、対照食を与えた野生型(CON、n=3〜4)に対する、hSOD1G93Aの運動ニューロンの37%の統計的に有意な喪失は、トリヘプタノインを与えることにより、軽減された。
TCAサイクル代謝またはアナプレロシスが、発症の10週目に中間のコピー数のhSOD1G93Aマウスの腓腹筋で障害を受け得る程度を評価するため、定量的リアルタイムPCRを用い、これらの経路に関与する遺伝子の発現を比較した。2つの食餌群のhSOD1G93Aマウスは類似のhSOD1G93Aコピー数を有し、対照食においては12〜17(平均14.4コピー)であり、トリヘプタノイン給餌群では12〜20(平均15.75)コピーを有した(p=0.51、不対t−検定)。本発明者らは、解糖に関与する酵素(グリセルアルデヒド−3−リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ−Gapdh)、TCAサイクル(2−オキソグルタル酸及びコハク酸デヒドロゲナーゼ、図5)及び筋肉のアナプレロティック経路に関与する酵素の発現を試験することを選択した。後者は、オキサロ酢酸を産生するピルビン酸カルボキシラーゼ(Pcx)、グルタミン酸ピルビン酸トランスアミナーゼ1及び2(Gpt1及び2、図5)、プロピオニルCoAカルボキシラーゼ経路の酵素(図6)、すなわち、一緒にプロピオニルCoAをスクシニルCoAに代謝する、プロピオニルカルボキシラーゼのアルファ及びベータサブユニット(Pcca及びPccb)、及びメチルマロニルムターゼ(Mut)を含む。トリヘプタノインが、観察された任意の変化を軽減することができるかどうかを調査するために、トリヘプタノインを与えられたマウスを本分析に含ませた。
トリヘプタノインの効果及び臨床的意義
本研究の発見の1つは、hSOD1G93Aマウスが、解糖及びTCAサイクルの活性において代謝の変化を示すことである(図7に要約)。トリヘプタノインは、グルコースに対する代替燃料を供給し、TCAサイクル、それによってグルコースを含む燃料の酸化を改善するので、これらの代謝の欠陥は、トリヘプタノインを供給することによって機構的に対処することができる。
乳酸レベルは、ピルビン酸のものと強く相関しているので、筋肉中の乳酸レベルの低下は、解糖の減少であると解釈された。本発明者らは、糖分解酵素PGI及びPFKの活性の低下、ならびにOGDHの活性の低下のためにピルビン酸のレベルが低下し、これはTCAサイクルが遅くなったことを示すと仮定した。更に、本発明者らの定量的リアルタイムPCRデータにより、健康な野生型マウスと比較した場合、解糖、TCAサイクル及びアナプレロシスに関与するいくつかの酵素の発現が、後肢握力がまだ正常である10週齢の時点で(図3B)、hSOD1G93Aマウスの腓腹筋内で顕著に減少していることが示された(図5、6)。まとめると、これらの酵素のこの特定の下方調節は、TCAサイクルが初期症状の発症前に筋肉内で減速し、組織の生存のためには十分でないATPが産生されることを示している。更に、本発明者らは、25週において、筋肉の主要なアナプレロティック酵素である、2種のグルタミン酸ピルビン酸トランスアミナーゼ(gpt1及びgpt2)のmRNAレベルが低下していることを見出たが、これは、TCAサイクル中間体のレベルが低下していることを示唆している(データは示さず)。
本研究は、トリヘプタノインが、ALSの有望な新規な治療法であることを明らかにする。本発明者らのデータは、ALS患者における、トリヘプタノインの初期臨床安全性及び認容性試験を支持している。
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Claims (7)
- トリヘプタノインを含む、動物における筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS)の治療剤、予防剤、及び/又は発症の遅延剤であって、前記剤が、前記動物に投与され、それによって、前記動物において前記ALSが治療され、予防され、及び/又は前記ALSの発症が遅延される、前記剤。
- 動物にとっての食餌由来カロリー摂取量の少なくとも5%を含む量で、前記動物に与えられる、請求項1に記載の剤。
- 動物にとっての食餌由来カロリー摂取量の少なくとも20%を含む量で、前記動物に与えられる、請求項2に記載の剤。
- 動物にとっての食餌由来カロリー摂取量の少なくとも30%を含む量で、前記動物に与えられる、請求項2に記載の剤。
- 動物がほ乳動物である、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の剤。
- ほ乳動物がヒトである、請求項5に記載の剤。
- 経口投与される、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の剤。
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WO2014093901A1 (en) | 2012-12-13 | 2014-06-19 | Baylor Research Institute At Dallas | Triheptanoin for the treatment of glucose transporter 1 deficiency |
CA2929601A1 (en) | 2013-11-14 | 2015-05-21 | Karin Borges | Neurodegenerative disorders and methods of treatment and diagnosis thereof |
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CA2929601A1 (en) | 2015-05-21 |
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AU2014348457A1 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
EP3689343A1 (en) | 2020-08-05 |
EP3068492B1 (en) | 2020-01-08 |
ES2774321T3 (es) | 2020-07-20 |
US9833430B2 (en) | 2017-12-05 |
EP3068492A4 (en) | 2017-07-05 |
AU2014348457B2 (en) | 2019-04-18 |
US20190255008A1 (en) | 2019-08-22 |
EP3068492A1 (en) | 2016-09-21 |
US20180207121A1 (en) | 2018-07-26 |
WO2015073803A1 (en) | 2015-05-21 |
JP2016539935A (ja) | 2016-12-22 |
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