JP6518143B2 - Connection member and connector of twisted pair electric wire - Google Patents

Description

  BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a connecting member and connector for twisted pair wire for connecting the end of twisted pair wire to a connector.

  In recent years, high-speed LAN of a transmission system for automobiles has been advanced, and in order to obtain good transmission performance of electric signals, a twisted pair electric wire formed by twisting two electric wires at a predetermined pitch is used. When this twisted pair wire is connected to a LAN connector or the like, the wire at the end of the twisted pair wire is untwisted, and a contact is connected to the end of each untwisted wire.

  By the way, at the terminal part of the twisted pair electric wire which is untwisted when connecting the contacts, the electric wires of the untwisted part are separated from each other, so the electrical coupling (capacitance) between the electric wires is small. As the impedance becomes high. That is, the untwisted portion is not matched with the impedance of the transmission path, and if this mismatch is too large, there is a problem that signal reflection or the like occurs in transmission of a higher speed electrical signal.

In order to solve this problem, conventionally, for example, an end processing structure of a twisted pair wire shown in Patent Document 1 is known.
In the end processing structure of the twisted pair electric wire shown in Patent Document 1, the electric wire holding member brings two electric wires of the twisted back portion of the twisted pair electric wire partially untwisted on the outside of the connector housing into close proximity. Thereby, the impedance matching of this part is achieved.

Moreover, in order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the end connection structure of the twisted pair electric wire shown in patent document 2 conventionally, for example is known.
In the terminal connection structure of the twisted pair wire shown in Patent Document 2, the signal terminal connected to the twisted pair wire, the outer conductor shell electromagnetically shielding the signal terminal, the signal terminal and the outer conductor shell are insulated. And a dielectric to be held. Then, the terminal portion of the twisted pair wire is untwisted, and the terminals of the two signal lines constituting the untwisted portion are connected to the signal terminals, and the signal terminals are accommodated in the dielectric chamber. Further, the untwisted portion connected to the signal terminal is covered by the outer conductor shell and fixed and held by the barrel provided on the outer conductor shell. Then, an assembly including the signal terminal, the dielectric and the outer conductor shell is accommodated in the connector housing.

Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 2004-71404 JP 2004-63360 A

However, the terminal processing structure of the twisted pair electric wire shown in the conventional patent document 1 and the terminal connection structure of the twisted pair electric wire shown in the patent document 2 have the following problems.
That is, in the case of the end processing structure of the twisted pair electric wire shown in Patent Document 1, the electric wire holding member for holding two electric wires of the untwisted portion of the twisted pair electric wire is not fixed to the connector housing. Therefore, the wire holding member may move relative to the connector housing, and the distance between the wire holding member and the connector housing may change. When the distance changes, the length of the untwisted portion of the twisted pair wire on the connector housing side from the wire holding member may change, and the distance between the wires may also change. As a result, the capacitance of the untwisted portion may change and may not match the impedance of the transmission path.

  On the other hand, in the case of the end connection structure of the twisted pair electric wire shown in Patent Document 2, the untwisted portion connected to the signal terminal is fixed and held by the barrel provided on the outer conductor shell, and the outer conductor shell is fixed to the dielectric. Be done. Then, an assembly including the signal terminal, the dielectric and the outer conductor shell is accommodated in the connector housing. Thus, the barrel does not move relative to the dielectric and the connector housing, and the distance between the barrel and the dielectric and the connector housing does not change. Therefore, the possibility of not matching the impedance of the transmission path can be avoided.

  However, in order to fix the outer conductor shell to the dielectric, the outer conductor shell is formed in such a shape as to cover the dielectric, and then a locking piece is provided on the portion of the outer conductor shell covering the dielectric, The recessed part in which the locking piece is formed is provided. Then, the dielectric to which the outer conductor shell is fixed is further accommodated in the connector housing. This requires a special structure for securing the outer conductor shell to the dielectric and the connector housing.

  Therefore, the present invention has been made to solve these conventional problems, and an object thereof is to be able to fix a holding portion for holding a twisted wire pair to a housing of a connector and to fix the holding portion to a housing It is an object of the present invention to provide a connecting member and connector of twisted pair electric wire which can fix a housing fixing portion to a housing without requiring a special structure.

In order to achieve the above object, the connecting member of the twisted pair electric wire according to one aspect of the present invention includes a holding portion for holding the twisted pair electric wire and a housing fixing portion for fixing the holding portion to the housing of the connector The fixing portion is provided in the housing different from the pair of first contact accommodating portions accommodating the pair of contacts connected to the ends of the two electric wires constituting the untwisted portion of the twisted pair electric wire. is accommodated in the second contact housing is fixed to the housing, the holding portion and the housing fixing portion is formed integrally from a conductive metal plate, the second contact housing has a pair of the first contact a pair provided on both sides of the accommodating portion, the housing fixing portion, that are provided a pair so as to be accommodated in the second contact housing of the pair And effect.

  A connector according to another aspect of the present invention accommodates a twisted pair wire, a pair of contacts connected to the ends of two wires constituting the untwisted portion of the twisted pair wire, and the pair of contacts. In addition to the pair of first contact accommodating portions, the present invention is characterized by including a housing having a second contact accommodating portion and the connecting member of the above-mentioned twisted pair electric wire.

  According to the connecting member and connector of the twisted pair wire according to the present invention, since the holding portion for holding the twisted pair wire and the housing fixing portion for fixing the holding portion to the housing of the connector are provided, the holding portion for holding the twisted pair wire Can be fixed to the housing of the connector. Therefore, the distance between the holding portion and the housing of the connector does not change, and the length of the untwisted portion of the twisted pair wire on the housing side from the holding portion and the distance between the wires do not change. This can avoid the possibility of becoming incoincidence with the impedance of the transmission path.

  Further, in the connecting member and the connector of the twisted pair electric wire according to the present invention, the housing fixing portion is a pair of housings for accommodating a pair of contacts connected to the ends of the two electric wires constituting the untwisted portion of the twisted pair electric wire. It is accommodated in the 2nd contact accommodating part provided in the housing different from 1 contact accommodating part, and is fixed to a housing. Therefore, the housing fixing portion for fixing the holding portion to the housing can be fixed to the housing without the need for a special structure. That is, in the multipolar connector having the second contact accommodating portion in addition to the pair of first contact accommodating portions accommodating the pair of contacts connected to the end of the twisted pair wire, using the already existing second contact accommodating portion , The housing fixing portion can be fixed.

It is the perspective view seen from the front diagonal upper part of the connector provided with the connection member of the twisted pair electric wire which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the connector of FIG. It is a front view of the connector provided with the connection member of the twisted pair electric wire shown in FIG. It is a rear view of the connector provided with the connection member of the twisted pair electric wire shown in FIG. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5-5 of FIG. 3; It is sectional drawing in alignment with line 6-6 in FIG. It is a perspective view in the state where one pair of contacts was connected to the end of two electric wires which constitute a twist return part of twisted pair electric wire. It is the perspective view which looked at the connection member of the twisted pair electric wire concerning one embodiment of the present invention from the back slanting upper part. It is the perspective view which looked at the connection member of FIG. 8 from diagonally forward and downward. A twisted pair wire assembly in which the connection member of the twisted pair wire shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 is fixed to the end portion of the twisted pair wire after connecting one pair of contacts to the ends of the two wires constituting the untwisted portion of the twisted pair wire It is the perspective view seen from the front slanting upper part of. FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the twisted pair wire assembly shown in FIG. 10 before being fixed to the housing of the connector shown in FIG. 1. After connecting a pair of contacts to the ends of two wires constituting the untwisted portion of the twisted pair wire, the front diagonal of the twisted pair wire assembly in which the connecting member of the twisted pair wire according to the modification is fixed to the end of the twisted pair wire It is the perspective view seen from the upper direction.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
The connector provided with the connection member of the twisted pair electric wire which concerns on FIG. 1 thru | or 6 concerning embodiment of this invention is shown.
The connector 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 6 is used, for example, in a high-speed transmission system for an automobile, and includes a twisted pair wire W. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the twisted pair electric wire W is formed by twisting two electric wires W1 and W2, and the outside of the two electric wires W1 and W2 is covered with a covering WS. And in order to connect the pair of contacts 10 (see FIG. 7) to the ends of the two electric wires W1 and W2, the twisted pair electric wire W is untwisted at the end, thereby forming the untwisted portion Y .

Further, the connector 1 includes a pair of contacts 10 connected to the ends of the two wires W1 and W2 constituting the untwisted portion Y of the twisted pair wire W, a housing 20 accommodating the pair of contacts 10, and a twisted pair The connecting member 30 of the electric wire W is provided.
Here, as shown in FIG. 6, each contact 10 is accommodated in a later-described first contact accommodating portion 21 formed in the housing 20 and includes a receptacle portion 11 and a wire connection portion 12. Each contact 10 is formed by punching and bending a conductive metal member. The receptacle portion 11 is formed in a substantially box shape that can receive a mating contact provided on a mating connector (not shown). As shown in FIG. 6, a locking opening 11 a is formed on the top surface of the receptacle portion 11. The housing lance 23 formed in the first contact storage portion 21 is locked. Further, at the rear end (right end in FIG. 6) of the receptacle portion 11, a locking portion 11b is provided to which a double lock member 25 described later is locked. Moreover, in the receptacle part 11, the elastic contact piece 11c which contacts an other party contact is provided. And the wire connection part 12 is comprised by the barrel which extends back from the rear end of the receptacle part 11, and is crimped | bonded to the terminal of electric wire W1 or W2.

  Next, as shown in FIGS. 1 to 6, the housing 20 is a substantially rectangular parallelepiped extending in the left-right direction (left-right direction in FIG. 3), up-down direction (up-down direction in FIG. 3) and front-rear direction (left-right direction in FIG. 5). It has a shape. The housing 20 is formed by molding an insulating synthetic resin. The housing 20 includes a pair of first contact receiving portions 21 for receiving a pair of contacts 10 and a pair of second contact receiving portions 22 provided on the left and right sides of the pair of first contact receiving portions 21. And. The housing 20 includes a plurality of contact accommodating portions in addition to the first contact accommodating portion 21 and the second contact accommodating portion 22. Each first contact accommodating portion 21 penetrates in the front-rear direction of the housing 20 so as to be able to accommodate the contact 10 as shown in FIGS. 3, 4 and 6. Further, as shown in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5, each second contact accommodating portion 22 penetrates in the front-rear direction of the housing 20 so as to be able to accommodate a housing fixing portion 32 described later of the connecting member 30. . Each first contact accommodating portion 21 is provided with a housing lance 23 which is engaged with the locking opening 11 a of the contact 10 to prevent the contact 10 from coming back. The forward locking of the contacts 10 is achieved by the front end of the receptacle portion 11 coming into contact with the wall portion provided at the front end of each of the first contact accommodating portions 21. Further, each second contact accommodating portion 22 is provided with a housing lance 24 which is engaged with a later-described locking opening 35 a of the housing fixing portion 32 to prevent the housing fixing portion 32 from being removed rearward. The forward fixing of the housing fixing portion 32 is achieved by bringing the front end of the receptacle portion 35 (described later) of the housing fixing portion 32 into contact with the wall portion provided at the front end of each second contact accommodating portion 22.

Note that, as shown in FIG. 1, a lock arm 26 having a lock protrusion 27 that locks the mating connector when the connector 1 is engaged with the mating connector is provided on the top surface of the housing 20.
Further, as shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 8 to FIG. 10, the connecting member 30 of the twisted pair electric wire W is a holding portion 31 holding the twisted pair electric wire W and a pair of fixing the holding portion 31 to the housing 20 of the connector 1. And a housing fixing portion 32. The connecting member 30 is integrally formed by punching and bending a conductive metal plate.

Here, the holding portion 31 is an open barrel, and as shown in FIGS. 6 and 10, holds the untwisted portion Y of the end portion of the twisted pair wire W from the outside of the covering WS. Thereby, the space | interval in the twist return part Y of two electric wires W1 and W2 which comprise the twisted pair electric wire W is hold | maintained uniformly. The holding portion 31 crimps the coating WS of the twisted pair electric wire W from the outside.
Further, as shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9, at the front end of the holding portion 31, a connecting plate portion 33 extending in the left-right direction is provided, and the pair of housing fixing portions 32 It extends forward.

  Each housing fixing portion 32 is accommodated in the second contact accommodating portion 22 provided in the housing 20 and fixed to the housing 20, as shown in FIG. Each housing fixing portion 32 includes a forward extending portion 34 extending forward from the left and right end portions of the connecting plate portion 33 and a receptacle portion 35 extending forward from the front end of the front extending portion 34. Each forward extension 34 has a channel shape with an open bottom. Each receptacle portion 35 has substantially the same shape as the receptacle portion 11 of each contact 10, and is formed in a substantially box shape that can receive a mating contact provided on a mating connector (not shown). As shown in FIG. 5, a locking opening 35a is formed on the top surface of the receptacle portion 35. The housing lance 24 formed in the second contact storage portion 22 is locked. Further, at the rear end of the receptacle portion 35, a locking portion 35b is provided for locking a double lock member 25 described later. Moreover, in the receptacle part 35, the elastic contact piece 35c which can contact an other party contact is provided. For this reason, each housing fixing portion 32 has a configuration that can be electrically connected to the mating contact of the mating connector fitted to the connector 1.

Next, a method of assembling the connector 1 configured as described above, that is, a method of connecting the twisted pair wires W will be described with reference to FIGS. 7, 10, 11, 5 and 6. FIG.
First, as shown in FIG. 7, the end portion of the twisted pair electric wire W is untwisted, and a pair of contacts 10 is connected to the ends of the two electric wires W1 and W2 constituting the untwisted portion Y. At this time, the wire connection portion 12 of one contact 10 is crimped to the end of one wire W1, and the wire connection portion 12 of the other contact 10 is crimped to the end of the other wire W2.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 10, the untwisted portion Y of the end portion of the twisted pair electric wire W is held from the outside of the covering WS by the holding portion 31 of the connection member 30. At this time, the pair of contacts 10 connected to the ends of the two electric wires W1 and W2 were inserted through the inside of the holding portion 31, and the end portion of the sheath WS of the twisted pair electric wire W was positioned inside the holding portion 31. By the way, the holding part 31 is crimped from the outside of the covering WS. Thus, the twisted pair wire assembly A is completed.

  Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 11, FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, the pair of contacts 10 constituting the twisted pair wire assembly A are accommodated and fixed in the first contact accommodating portion 21 of the housing 20. Similarly, the pair of housing fixing portions 32 of the connecting member 30 are accommodated and fixed in the second contact accommodating portion 22 of the housing 20. By holding and fixing the pair of housing fixing portions 32 of the connection member 30 in the second contact accommodating portion 22 of the housing 20, the holding portion 31 is fixed to the housing 20.

  Here, when the pair of contacts 10 is accommodated and fixed in the first contact accommodating portion 21 of the housing 20, the first contact accommodating portion 21 from the rear of the housing 20 with the contacts 11 at the top of the receptacle portion 11. Insert inside Thereby, as shown in FIG. 6, the housing lance 23 provided in the first contact accommodating portion 21 is locked to the locking opening 11a of the contact 10, and the contact 10 is prevented from coming off behind. Further, the forward locking of the contacts 10 is achieved by the front end of the receptacle portion 11 coming into contact with the wall portion provided at the front end of each of the first contact accommodating portions 21.

  Further, when housing and fixing the pair of housing fixing portions 32 in the second contact accommodating portion 22, each housing fixing portion 32 is secondly from the rear of the housing 20 with the receptacle portion 35 of the connection member 30 at the top. It is inserted into the contact accommodating portion 22. Thereby, as shown in FIG. 5, the housing lance 24 provided in the second contact accommodating portion 22 is locked to the locking opening 35a of the housing fixing portion 32, and the housing fixing portion 32 is prevented from coming off behind. Is done. Further, the forward fixing of the housing fixing portion 32 is achieved by the front end of the receptacle portion 35 abutting on the wall portion provided at the front end of each of the second contact accommodating portions 22.

  Finally, the double lock member 25 is inserted into the housing 20 from below the housing 20, and the locking portion 11b of each contact 10 and the locking portion 35b of each housing fixing portion 32 are engaged secondarily by the double lock member 25. Stop. As a result, the backward retention of the contacts 10 and the housing fixing portions 32 becomes stronger. The double lock member 25 may be temporarily locked to the housing 20 in advance.

Thus, the assembly of the connector 1, that is, the connection of the twisted pair wire W is completed.
Thus, in the connection member 30 of the twisted pair electric wire W and the connector 1 according to the present embodiment, the holding portion 31 holding the twisted pair electric wire W, and the housing fixing portion 32 fixing the holding portion 31 to the housing 20 of the connector 1 Is equipped. Therefore, the holding portion 31 for holding the twisted wire pair W can be fixed to the housing 20 of the connector 1. As a result, the distance between the holding portion 31 and the housing 20 of the connector 1 does not change, and the length of the untwisted portion Y of the twisted pair wire W on the housing 20 side from the holding portion 31 and the distance between the wires Interval does not change. This can avoid the possibility of becoming incoincidence with the impedance of the transmission path.

  Further, in the connection member 30 and the connector 1 of the twisted pair electric wire W according to the present embodiment, the housing fixing portion 32 is connected to the end of the two electric wires W1 and W2 which constitute the untwisted portion Y of the twisted pair electric wire W1. It is accommodated in a second contact accommodating portion 22 provided in the housing 20 different from the pair of first contact accommodating portions 21 accommodating the pair of contacts 10 and fixed to the housing 20. Therefore, the housing fixing portion 32 for fixing the holding portion 31 to the housing 20 can be fixed to the housing 20 without the need for a special structure. That is, in the multipolar connector having the second contact accommodating portion 22 in addition to the pair of first contact accommodating portions 21, the housing fixing portion 32 can be fixed using the existing second contact accommodating portion 22.

  Further, in the connection member 30 and the connector 1 of the twisted pair electric wire W according to the present embodiment, each housing fixing portion 32 has a configuration that can be electrically connected to the mating contact of the mating connector fitted to the connector 1. For this reason, when the mating contact which is grounded is electrically connected to each housing fixing portion 32, the connecting member 30 having each housing fixing portion 32 can be electrically grounded. Thus, the signal characteristics (mainly noise resistance) of the twisted pair wire W can be improved, and unnecessary radiation from the twisted pair wire W can be reduced.

  Furthermore, a pair of second contact accommodating portions 22 is provided on both sides of the pair of first contact accommodating portions 21, and a pair of housing fixing portions 32 is accommodated so as to be accommodated in the pair of second contact accommodating portions 22. It is provided. Therefore, the pair of housing fixing portions 32 can be equally disposed on both sides of the first contact accommodating portion 21 along the arrangement direction of the first contact accommodating portion 21. Accordingly, the fixing of the holding portion 31 to the housing 20 can be stably performed, and the fixing strength of the holding portion 31 to the housing 20 can be improved more than fixing by one housing fixing portion 32. Further, the pair of housing fixing portions 32 are disposed on both sides with respect to the pair of contacts 10 and surrounded via the holding portions 31, and electrical characteristics (mainly noise resistance and unwanted radiation) by the connection member 30 are obtained. Reduction) can be improved.

Further, the connecting member 30 is integrally formed by punching and bending a conductive metal member, and the housing fixing portion 32 and the holding portion 31 are integrally formed. Therefore, the connection member 30 can be easily manufactured.
In addition, as shown in FIG. 12, the connection member 30 does not necessarily need to be comprised integrally. FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a twisted pair wire assembly A in which the connection member 30 according to the modification is fixed to the end portion of the twisted pair wire W as viewed obliquely from the front and above. In FIG. 12, the same members as the members shown in FIG. 10 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof may be omitted.

  In the connecting member 30 shown in FIG. 12, each housing fixing portion 32 is crimped to the front extending portion 36 extending forward from the left and right end portions of the connecting plate portion 33 and the front extending portion 36. And a receptacle portion 37 extending forward from the front end. It differs from the housing fixing portion 32 of the connecting member 30 shown in FIGS. 1 to 11 in that the receptacle portion 37 is formed separately from the front extending portion 36 and the receptacle portion 37 is crimped to the front extending portion 36. .

That is, at the rear end of each receptacle portion 37, a crimped portion 38 extending rearward from the rear end is provided. The crimped portion 38 is formed of a barrel and crimped to the front end of the front extension 36.
Each receptacle portion 37 has substantially the same shape as the receptacle portion 11 of each contact 10, similarly to the receptacle portion 35, and is formed in a substantially box shape capable of receiving a mating contact provided on a mating connector (not shown). It is done. A locking opening 37a is formed in the upper surface of the receptacle portion 37 for locking the housing lance 24 formed in the second contact housing portion 22. Further, at the rear end of the receptacle portion 37, a locking portion 37b to which the double lock member 25 is locked is provided. Further, in the receptacle portion 37, an elastic contact piece 37c capable of contacting the other contact is provided.

As mentioned above, although embodiment of this invention was described, this invention can perform a various change and improvement, without being limited to this.
For example, the holding portion 31 may hold the twisted pair electric wire W, and the holding portion 31 is not limited to holding the untwisted portion Y of the end portion of the twisted pair electric wire W from the outside of the coating WS. It may be held from the outside of the coating WS or directly.

  The twisted pair wire W may be a shielded twisted pair wire having a ground braid (not shown), and the holding portion 31 may be connected to the ground braid of the shielded twisted pair wire. In this case, the ground braid can be electrically grounded to the ground of the connector 1 and the potential can be stabilized. Therefore, the signal characteristics (mainly noise resistance) of the shielded twisted pair wire can be improved, and unnecessary radiation from the twisted pair wire can be reduced.

Furthermore, a part of the connecting member 30 may be made of a nonconductive member.
In addition, the second contact accommodating portion 22 may be provided at either or both of the upper side and the lower side of the pair of first contact accommodating portions 21 or at an oblique position. Also, the number of second contact accommodating portions 22 may be one or three or more.
Further, when the second contact accommodating portion 22 is provided on either or both of the upper side and the lower side of the pair of first contact accommodating portions 21, the portion exposed from the housing 20 of the housing fixing portion 32 is a twisted pair You may be comprised so that the twist return part of the electric wire W may be enclosed from the upper side, lower side, or the side.

Further, the housing fixing portion 32 only needs to be capable of fixing the holding portion 31 to the housing 20, and does not necessarily have to have a configuration that can be electrically connected to the mating contact of the mating connector fitted to the connector 1.
Further, the housing fixing portion 32 has the receptacle portion 35 matched to the receptacle portion 11 of the contact 10, but when the portion contacting the mating contact of the contact 10 has a tab shape, the portion contacting the mating contact May be tab-shaped.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 connector 10 contact 20 housing 21 1st contact accommodating part 22 2nd contact accommodating part 30 connection member of twisted pair electric wire 31 holding part 32 housing fixing part W twisted pair electric wire W1, W2 electric wire

Claims (4)

A holding portion holding the twisted pair electric wire, and a housing fixing portion fixing the holding portion to the housing of the connector,
The housing fixing portion is provided in the housing different from the pair of first contact accommodating portions for accommodating the pair of contacts connected to the ends of the two electric wires constituting the untwisted portion of the twisted pair electric wire. Received in the second contact receiving portion and fixed to the housing ,
The holding portion and the housing fixing portion are integrally formed of a conductive metal plate,
The second contact accommodating portion is provided on both sides of the pair of first contact accommodating portions, and the housing fixing portion is provided to be accommodated in the pair of second contact accommodating portions. connecting members twisted pair wire, characterized by that. Before Symbol housing fixing portion, connecting member according twisted pair wires to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a mating contact electrically connectable structure of the mating connector to be fitted to the connector. The connecting member according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein the twisted pair electric wire is a shielded twisted pair electric wire having a ground braid, and the holding portion is connected to the ground braid of the shielded twisted pair electric wire. In addition to a twisted pair electric wire, a pair of contacts connected to the ends of two electric wires constituting an untwisted portion of the twisted pair electric wire, and a pair of first contact accommodating portions accommodating the pair of contacts, A connector comprising: a housing having a second contact accommodating portion; and a connection member of twisted pair electric wire according to any one of claims 1 to 3 .

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