JP6492625B2 - 赤外線遮蔽積層体及びこれを用いた赤外線遮蔽材 - Google Patents
赤外線遮蔽積層体及びこれを用いた赤外線遮蔽材 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6492625B2 JP6492625B2 JP2014258618A JP2014258618A JP6492625B2 JP 6492625 B2 JP6492625 B2 JP 6492625B2 JP 2014258618 A JP2014258618 A JP 2014258618A JP 2014258618 A JP2014258618 A JP 2014258618A JP 6492625 B2 JP6492625 B2 JP 6492625B2
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Description
本発明のITO粒子10aは、可視光に対して透過する必要がある赤外線遮蔽積層体15の構成材料に用いる場合には、その平均一次粒子径は5〜100nm、好ましくは20nm以下である。一方壁や屋根のように透明性を必要がない赤外線遮蔽積層体15の構成材料に用いる場合には、その平均一次粒子径は5〜200nm、好ましくは50nm以下である。ITO粒子のSnドープ量は、Sn/(Sn+In)のモル比が0.01〜0.25、特に0.04〜0.15となる範囲内が好ましい。粒子の形状は、特に制限されない。しかしながら、プラズモンの共鳴効果を得るために、粒径が小さく、異方性が小さい立方体や球状の粒子が好ましい。
次に、図1の拡大図に示すように、ITO粒子10aをコアとしこのコアを被覆する絶縁物質10bをシェルとするコアシェル粒子10を形成する。コアであるITO粒子10aはシリカ、アルミナ又は有機保護材からなるシェルである絶縁物質10bにより被覆される。先ず、粒子:溶媒の質量比がほぼ同じ割合で、ITO粒子を溶媒に添加してビーズミルにより分散することによりITO粒子の分散液を得る。この分散液を上記溶媒と同じ溶媒によりITOの固形分濃度が0.01〜5質量%になるように希釈する。絶縁物質がシリカ、アルミナの無機物質の場合、溶媒としては、水及び/又はアルコールが使用される。アルコールは、メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、イソプロパノール、ブタノール、ヘキサノール、シクロヘキサノールなどであり、これらの1種もしくは2種以上が使用できる。また、水とアルコールとの混合溶媒も使用できる。絶縁物質が有機保護材の場合、インジウム、スズの脂肪酸塩を原料に用い、ホットソープ法でITO粒子を作製する、または、前記の共沈法等によって作製したITO粒子を分散する際に、分散剤を添加して分散することで有機保護材で被覆されたITO粒子を得ることができる。本発明のシェルとは、コアを層状に被覆するものに限らず、コアの全表面に有機保護材の一端がアンカーとして結合し、その他端がコア表面から遊離して、有機保護材がコア表面を放射状に覆うものを含む。
前記(a)〜(c)の場合、ITO粒子10aを被覆する絶縁物質10bからなるシェルの厚さは、ITO粒子を絶縁物質で被覆するときのITO粒子と絶縁物質の各配合量に応じて調整される。具体的には、ITO粒子100質量部に対して絶縁物質0.3〜800質量部にすることにより、シェルの厚さは平均0.25〜5nmに調整される。このシェルの厚さを2倍した値がITO粒子10a、10a間の距離A(図1の拡大図参照)に相当する。
透明なガラス基板、プラスチックシートのような基材16の上面に、シリカ(SiO2)のモノマー、オリゴマー溶液又はシリカゾルゲル液、シリカ分散液、或いはポリウレタン樹脂、アクリル系樹脂、エポキシ系樹脂又はポリビニルアセタール樹脂の溶液を塗布し、乾燥することにより、ベースコート層14を形成する。塗布には、スロットダイコーター、スピンコーター、アプリケータ―、バーコーターなど一般的な塗布方法を用いることができる。乾燥は大気雰囲気下、20〜80℃で行う。ベースコート層はITO粒子含有層を保護するために厚さ0.1〜100μmの範囲に形成する。プラスチックシートはプラスチックフィルムも含む。
ITO粒子10aをシリカ、アルミナ又は有機保護材の絶縁物質10bにより被覆したコアシェル粒子10を水とアルコールの溶媒に添加して超音波オモジェナイザーなどにより分散させることにより、ITO粒子が絶縁物質で被覆されたコアシェル粒子の分散液を得る。この分散液をベースコート層14の上に塗布し、乾燥することにより、ITO粒子含有層12を形成する。塗布方法としては、スピンコート法が好ましい。乾燥は大気雰囲気下、20〜80℃で行う。図示しないが、ITO粒子含有層はベースコート層を介さずに、透明なガラス基板、プラスチックシートのような基材の上面に直接形成してもよい。ITO粒子含有層は所望の近赤外光の反射率を得るために厚さ50〜1000nmの範囲に形成する。
ITO粒子含有層12の上にシリカ)、アクリル系樹脂、エポキシ系樹脂又はポリビニルアセタール樹脂からなるオーバーコート層13を形成して赤外線遮蔽積層体15を得る。オーバーコート層はITO粒子含有層を保護するために厚さ0.1〜100μmの範囲に形成する。
上述した絶縁物質、ベースコート層及びオーバーコート層の各材質は、同一でも異なってもよい。
塩化インジウム(InCl3)水溶液(In金属18g含有)50mLと、二塩化錫(SnCl2・2H2O) 3.6gとを混合し、この混合水溶液とアンモニア(NH3)水溶液を、水500mlに同時に滴下し、pH7に調整し、30℃の液温で30分間反応させた。生成した沈殿をイオン交換水によって繰り返し傾斜洗浄を行った。上澄み液の抵抗率が50000Ω・cm以上になったところで、沈殿物(In/Sn共沈水酸化物)を濾別し、乾燥粉末の色調が柿色を有する共沈インジウム錫水酸化物を得た。固液分離したインジウム錫水酸化物を110℃で一晩乾燥した後、大気中550℃で3時間焼成し、凝集体を粉砕してほぐし、山吹色を有する平均粒径15nmのITO粉末約25gを得た。
添加するTEOSの量を25.0g、NaOH水溶液の量を3.0gにした以外、実施例1と同様に行って赤外線遮蔽材を得た。
添加するTEOSの量を5.5g、NaOH水溶液の量を1.3gにした以外、実施例1と同様に行って赤外線遮蔽材を得た。
添加するTEOSの量を45.0g、NaOH水溶液の量を1.7gにした以外、実施例1と同様に行って赤外線遮蔽材を得た。
添加するTEOSの量を15.0g、NaOH水溶液の量を2.2gにし、アクリル樹脂として、ビームセット577(荒川化学社製)開始剤としてイルガキュア907を樹脂に対し1質量%とした固形分30質量%にエタノールで希釈した溶液を1000rpmの回転速度で60秒間スピンコートし、紫外線を照射して硬化させてアクリル樹脂からなるオーバーコート層を形成した以外、実施例1と同様に行って赤外線遮蔽材を得た。
アクリル樹脂を、エポキシ樹脂(三菱ガス化学社製 マクシーブ)の主剤と硬化剤それぞれを固形分30質量%にエタノールで希釈した溶液を等量混合し、1000rpmの回転速度で60秒間スピンコートし、90℃で10分間硬化させてエポキシ樹脂からなるオーバーコート層を形成した以外、実施例5と同様に行って赤外線遮蔽材を得た。
アクリル樹脂を、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂(積水化学社製 エスレックB)をエタノール:トルエン:ブタノール=57:38:5で混合した溶媒に固形分5質量%に希釈した溶液を、1000rpmの回転速度で60秒間スピンコートし、90℃で5分間乾燥・硬化させてポリビニルアセタール樹脂からなるオーバーコート層を形成した以外、実施例5と同様に行って赤外線遮蔽材を得た。
実施例1で作製したITO分散液を分散媒に用いた水とエタノールの混合溶媒でITOの固形分濃度1質量%になるまで希釈した。希釈した分散液500.0gを攪拌しながら希硫酸溶液を加えpHを4に調整した。次にこの懸濁液に15.0gの硫酸アルミニウムを80gのイオン交換水に溶解した水溶液を徐々に加えて60分間撹拌混合した。さらに攪拌を続けながら水酸化ナトリウム溶液を徐々に加え懸濁液のpH を6に調整したのち、24時間熟成させた。得られた水和アルミナ被覆ITO粒子を遠心洗浄し、固液分離したのち乾燥,水和アルミナ被覆ITO粒子を得た。この水和アルミナ被覆ITO粒子を用いて、ITO粒子がアルミナで被覆されたコアシェル粒子を得た。それ以外は実施例1と同様に行って赤外線遮蔽材を得た。
オクチル酸インジウムとオクチル酸スズをインジウム:スズ=9:1になるように秤量混合しトルエンに溶解した。上記のトルエン溶液を減圧乾燥したのち、350℃で3時間加熱することでITO粒子が有機保護材で被覆されたコアシェル粒子を得た。このコアシェル粒子5gを20gのトルエンに添加し、超音波ホモジェナイザーを用いて分散した。この分散液を50×50mm□の厚さ1.1mmの透明なソーダライムガラス基板上に1000rpmの回転速度で60秒間スピンコートした後、120℃で5分間乾燥して、厚さ0.5μmのITO粒子含有層を形成した。それ以外は実施例1と同様に行って赤外線遮蔽材を得た。
基材にPETフィルム(東レ製 ルミラーT-60)を用い、このPETフィルム上に熱反応型水系ウレタン樹脂エラストロンF-29(第一工業)をSA-201 ベーカー式アプリケーター(テスター産業株式会社)で液膜100μmに設定して塗布し、80℃5分間乾燥した後、120℃3分で硬化させてウレタン樹脂からなるベースコート層を形成した。このベースコート層つきPETフィルムを基材に用いた以外、実施例1と同様に行って赤外線遮蔽材を得た。
基材に厚さ1.1mmのソーダライムガラスを用い、このガラス上にポリビニルブチラール樹脂(積水化学社製 エスレックB)をエタノール:トルエン:ブタノール=57:38:5で混合した溶媒に固形分5質量%に希釈した溶液をSA-201 ベーカー式アプリケーター(テスター産業株式会社)で液膜100μmに設定して塗布し、90℃で5分間乾燥した後、120℃3分で硬化させてポリビニルアセタール樹脂からなるベースコート層を形成した。このベースコート層付きガラスを基材に用いた以外、実施例1と同様ITO粒子含有層を形成した。続いて、実施例6と同様に、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂(積水化学社製 エスレックB)を塗布・乾燥してポリビニルアセタール樹脂からなるオーバーコート層を形成した後に、基材に厚さ1.1mmのソーダライムガラスをのせ、ダイアフラム式真空ラミネーターを用い、150℃で圧着して2枚のソーダライムガラスで赤外線遮蔽積層体が挟持された赤外線遮蔽材を得た。
実施例11のベースコート層に用いたポリビニルブチラール樹脂を、アクリル樹脂(ビームセット577 荒川化学社製)に代えて、開始剤としてイルガキュア907を樹脂に対し1質量%とした固形分30質量%にエタノールで希釈した溶液をSA-201 ベーカー式アプリケーター(テスター産業株式会社)で液膜100μmに設定して塗布し、90℃で5分間乾燥した後、紫外線を照射して硬化させてアクリル樹脂からなるベースコート層を形成した。それ以外は実施例11と同様に行った。
実施例11のベースコート層に用いたポリビニルブチラール樹脂を、エポキシ樹脂(三菱ガス化学社製 マクシーブ)に代えて、主剤と硬化剤それぞれを固形分30質量%にエタノールで希釈した溶液を等量混合し、SA-201 ベーカー式アプリケーター(テスター産業株式会社)で液膜100μmに設定して塗布し、90℃で10分間乾燥と硬化をすることでエポキシ樹脂からなるベースコート層を形成した。それ以外は実施例11と同様に行った。
実施例11のベースコート層に用いたポリビニルブチラール樹脂を、SiO2分が10質量%含有する実施例1で用いたシリカゾルゲル組成物に代えて、SA-201 ベーカー式アプリケーター(テスター産業株式会社)で液膜100μmに設定して塗布し、90℃で5分間乾燥・硬化し、シリカからなるベースコート層を形成した。それ以外は実施例11と同様に行った。
実施例1と同一の混合溶媒30gに実施例1と同じITO粒子30gを添加混合し、この混合液にビーズミルを5時間稼働させてITO粒子を均一に分散させた。この分散液を50×50mm□の透明なソーダライムガラス基板上に3000rpmの回転速度で60秒間スピンコートした後、20℃で5分間乾燥して、厚さ0.5μmのITO粒子含有層を形成した。続いて、ガラス基板上のITO粒子含有層の上にSiO2分が10質量%含有する実施例1で用いたシリカゾル組成物を1000rpmの回転速度で60秒間スピンコートした後、200℃で30分間の熱処理を行って厚さ1μmのオーバーコート層を形成した。これによりITO粒子含有層とシリカからなるオーバーコート層からなる赤外線遮蔽積層体を基材であるガラス基板上に形成した赤外線遮蔽材を得た。
実施例1〜13及び比較例1の赤外線遮蔽材のITO粒子含有層におけるITO粒子間の距離AをTEM(Transmission Electron Microscope)により測定した。TEM観察用のサンプルは、2枚の赤外線遮蔽材を赤外線遮蔽積層体が向き合うように適当な接着剤で貼り合わせ、接着剤の硬化後、ワックスを用いて研磨用サンプルホルダに固定し、機械研磨で薄片化した。機械研磨で十分な薄さまで薄片化した後、サンプルに短孔メッシュを貼り合わせ、サンプルの一部に孔があくまでイオンミリングを行うことにより、作製した。粒子間距離は、ある一つの粒子に対して、最も近接する粒子との最小となる粒子表面間の距離を測定し、実施例1〜11の20箇所の平均値を表1に示す。比較例1では、シェルが存在しないため、ITO粒子同士が接触していた。
実施例1〜13及び比較例1の赤外線遮蔽材の波長800〜2500nmの領域での反射率を分光光度計(日立ハイテクノロジー社製、製品名U-4100型)を用いて測定した。その結果を表1に示す。
比較例1の赤外線遮蔽材では、反射率が22%と低かった。これは、ITO粒子含有層におけるITO粒子表面を絶縁材料で被覆していないため、ITO粒子同士が接触し、プラズモン共鳴が起こらなかったためと考えられる。これに対して実施例1〜14の赤外線遮蔽材では、反射率が26〜65%であり比較例1より高かった。特に実施例1、2、5〜14の粒子間距離が0.5〜10nmの範囲にある赤外線遮蔽材では、反射率が40〜65%であってより一層高かった。これは、実施例1〜14の赤外線遮蔽材は、コアシェル粒子同士が接触して存在するITO粒子含有層を有するため、近接場効果を生じて、プラズモン共鳴した光が放射され反射が起こり、反射率が高くなったものと考えられる。
10a ITO粒子
10b 絶縁物質
12 ITO粒子含有層
13 オーバーコート層
14 ベースコート層
15 赤外線遮蔽積層体
16、17 基材
20、30 赤外線遮蔽材
Claims (7)
- ITO粒子をコアとしこのコアを被覆する絶縁物質をシェルとするコアシェル粒子同士が接触して存在するITO粒子含有層と、前記ITO粒子含有層の上面を被覆するオーバーコート層とを備え、
前記絶縁物質がシリカ、アルミナ又は有機保護材であって、
前記コアシェル粒子同士が接触した状態の前記ITO粒子間の距離が平均0.5〜10nmである赤外線遮蔽積層体。 - 前記ITO粒子含有層の下面を被覆するベースコート層を更に備え、前記ITO粒子含有層が前記オーバーコート層と前記ベースコート層により挟持された請求項1記載の赤外線遮蔽積層体。
- 前記オーバーコート層がシリカ、アクリル系樹脂、エポキシ系樹脂又はポリビニルアセタール樹脂を含む層である請求項1又は2記載の赤外線遮蔽積層体。
- 前記ベースコート層がシリカ、ウレタン樹脂、アクリル系樹脂、エポキシ系樹脂又はポリビニルアセタール樹脂を含む層である請求項2記載の赤外線遮蔽積層体。
- 請求項1ないし4いずれか1項に記載の赤外線遮蔽積層体がその下面を下にして透明な基材の上面に形成された赤外線遮蔽材。
- 請求項1ないし4いずれか1項に記載の赤外線遮蔽積層体が2つの透明な基材に挟持された赤外線遮蔽材。
- 前記基材がガラス基板又はプラスチックシートである請求項5又は6記載の赤外線遮蔽材。
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