JP6254099B2 - Supplying electrical energy to vehicles by using induction and rectifiers - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a configuration for supplying electrical energy to a vehicle, particularly a vehicle and / or a road vehicle constrained by a truck, wherein the configuration receives an alternating electromagnetic field and generates an alternating current by electromagnetic induction (ie, electromagnetic Including a receiving device adapted to generate electrical energy, with magnetic induction induced by fields and induction. The receiving device includes at least one inductance formed by a conductive material that generates one phase of alternating current by electromagnetic induction. At least one inductance and optionally at least one additional electrical element (specifically one in series) connected to the inductance (specifically in series) to produce one phase of alternating current Capacitance) includes the resonant frequency, and when the receiving device receives an alternating electromagnetic field of the corresponding frequency, one phase of the alternating current is generated at that resonant frequency. The inductance is connected to a rectifier that rectifies the alternating current and thereby generates a direct current. As those skilled in the art know, the resonant frequency at which one phase of the alternating current is generated may vary depending on the inductive coupling between the receiving device and the device generating the electromagnetic field.

Furthermore, this invention relates to the system containing this structure which transmits energy to a vehicle, and relates to the vehicle containing this structure. The present invention also relates to a process for producing this structure, receives the electromagnetic alternating field, also relates to a method of the receiving device Ru operate the vehicle for generating an alternating current by electromagnetic induction.

  Patent document 1 discloses a configuration for supplying electrical energy to a vehicle, particularly a vehicle restrained by a truck, and this configuration is adapted to receive an alternating electromagnetic field and generate an alternating current by electromagnetic induction. Including receiving devices. The receiving device includes a plurality of conductive material windings and / or coils, each winding or coil being adapted to generate a separate phase of alternating current.

  The present invention is applicable to any land vehicle (which is not desirable, but includes any vehicle that is only temporarily on land), and in particular, a vehicle constrained to a track such as a rail vehicle (eg, a tram). It is not only applicable to private (private) passenger cars or public transport vehicles (eg buses including trolley buses that are also truck-bound vehicles). Preferably, the primary conductor configuration that generates the alternating electromagnetic field is such that the wires of the primary conductor configuration extend in a plane that is substantially parallel to the plane of the road or truck on which the vehicle may travel. Built into trucks or roads. As also described in US Pat. No. 6,057,059, the receiving device can be placed on the underside of the vehicle and may be covered by a ferromagnetic material such as an object in the form of a plank or plate. A preferred material is ferrite. The ferromagnetic body bundles the magnetic field lines and changes the direction of the magnetic field lines, thereby reducing the magnetic field strength above the ferromagnetic body to nearly zero. However, other configurations, arrangements and / or orientations of the primary conductor configuration are possible. For example, the primary conductor configuration can be placed beside the vehicle.

  In any case, the efficiency of wireless energy transfer between the primary side and the secondary side decreases as the gap increases, so between the primary side conductor configuration and at least one inductance of the receiving device. The gap should be as small as possible. For the same reason, the voltage induced in at least one inductance depends on the size of the gap. One way to handle voltage fluctuations on the secondary side of the system is to supply electrical energy only to power consumers that are tolerant of voltage, i.e., capable of operating over a wide range of voltages. . An example to which the present invention can be applied includes a direct current intermediate circuit connected to a receiving device, and further includes at least one inverter that converts the direct current into an alternating current for operating at least one traction motor of the vehicle. This is a vehicle traction system. The inverter can be controlled to compensate for voltage fluctuations in the DC current intermediate circuit.

  However, there are other electrical systems or devices in the vehicle that cannot tolerate varying voltages. Therefore, a further possibility of supplying and using energy to the vehicle is to control the size of the primary and secondary inductance gaps in order to keep the voltage fluctuations in a small range of voltages. .

  Patent Document 2 describes a system and method for non-contact energy transmission for a part of the system, specifically, a part of the system that is movably arranged. In the system, a fixedly installed primary conductor is provided that is inductively coupled with one or several secondary coils housed in a part of the system. The secondary coil is connected in series with one or several capacitors so that the resonant frequency of the series resonant circuit thus formed is substantially the same as the frequency of the alternating current injected into the primary conductor. Is done. The voltage generated in the series resonance circuit is supplied to the rectifier, and a switch that can be operated as a short-circuit device is provided on the output side of the rectifier, and the current that does not pass through the switch is supplied to the smoothing capacitor via the freewheeling diode, The voltage generated in the smoothing capacitor becomes available to the user.

International Publication No. 2010/031595 (A2) International Publication No. 2009/074207 (A2)

  The disadvantage of this secondary configuration is a freewheeling diode that increases losses during operation. In addition, the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 of US Pat. No. 6,057,836 is such that current always flows through a series connection of two semiconductors, one of a freewheeling diode and one of a rectifier diode. Has the disadvantage that the production loss increases.

  An object of the present invention is to provide a configuration for supplying electrical energy to a vehicle, the configuration including a receiving device including an inductance that generates an alternating current by electromagnetic induction, and the configuration reduces voltage fluctuations. Provide a means to Loss during operation shall be reduced compared to known solutions. Specifically, the present configuration shall also provide a means for minimizing losses that may be caused by the means for reducing voltage fluctuations. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a corresponding system for supplying energy to a vehicle, a vehicle including the present configuration, a method of operating the vehicle, and a method of manufacturing the configuration.

Incorporating at least one switch in the rectifier is the basic idea of the present invention. In contrast to Patent Document 2, no switch is provided on the output side of the rectifier. As a result, additional freewheeling diodes can be omitted. At least one switch incorporated in the rectifier shorts across the inductance or inductances of the receiving device that is adapted to receive the alternating electromagnetic field and to generate the alternating current by electromagnetic induction. Operates to create a short circuit. Specifically:
A configuration for supplying electrical energy to a vehicle, in particular a vehicle bound to a truck and / or a road vehicle,
The configuration includes a receiving device adapted to receive an alternating electromagnetic field and to generate an alternating current by electromagnetic induction;
The receiving device comprises at least one inductance formed by a conductive material for generating one phase of alternating current by electromagnetic induction;
The optional at least one additional electrical element connected to the inductance to generate at least one inductance and one phase of the alternating current, the corresponding frequency alternating electromagnetic field is received by the receiving device; A resonance frequency at which one phase of the alternating current is generated,
The inductance and optionally at least one additional electrical element are connected to a rectifier that rectifies the alternating current and thereby generates a direct current;
The rectifier comprises at least one automatically controllable switch, the at least one automatically controllable switch closing the switch (ie switching it on) or closing a plurality of switches Is arranged to provide a short circuit that shorts across the inductance or inductances, optionally including at least one additional electrical element (s),
The configuration includes a control device adapted to control at least one automatically controllable switch;
The control device is adapted to switch on (i.e. close the switch) or switch off (open the switch) at least one automatically controllable switch at a frequency below the resonant frequency;
A configuration is proposed.

  Compared to the prior art described above, at least one switch is connected in parallel with a one-way valve (specifically a diode) of the rectifier, or alternatively, the switch is a one-way valve (eg integrated). Each of the rectifier valves is adapted to pass current only in one direction, and when the switch is on, the current passes through the valve. Can flow in the opposite direction or bypass the valve in the opposite direction. If the switch is connected in parallel to a (first) one-way valve and the rectifier includes a bridge having two one-way valves connected in series with each other, the switch is also in the other (second) one-way It is connected in series with the valve.

  Preferably, this configuration generates a plurality of alternating current phases (for example, three phases) by electromagnetic induction in a corresponding number of phase lines. The phases supply a smoother direct current to the output side of the rectifier. In addition, multiple phase receivers can generate more power and reduce the effects of stray.

  Specifically, the receiving device includes a plurality of phase lines of conductive material, each phase line includes one of the inductances, each inductance adapted to generate one of the plurality of phases of the alternating current, and the phase The lines are connected to each other to form a neutral point connection at one end of the phase line, and are connected to the rectifier at the opposite end of the phase line.

  Specifically, each of the opposite ends of the phase line is connected to one of a plurality of bridges of the rectifier, each bridge including two one-way valves connected in series with each valve in one direction. Only at least one valve of each bridge is adapted to pass current automatically when the switch is on so that current can flow through the valve in the opposite direction or bypass the valve in the opposite direction Combined with one of the controllable switches. The same applies to a full bridge rectifier in the case of a single phase receiving device.

  At least one automatically controllable switch can be combined with the rectifier valve (can be integrated into the valve or connected in parallel to the valve), the valve is only unidirectional When adapted to pass current and the switch is on, current can flow in the opposite direction through the valve, or can bypass the valve in the opposite direction, and the control device has zero magnitude of current through the valve Or it is adapted to be able to be switched on only during less than a predetermined threshold. Loss during operation can be significantly reduced by this embodiment. This is possible because the control device is adapted to switch at least one automatically controllable switch at a switching frequency below the resonant frequency. At this switching frequency, at least one switch is switched on. Also, at least one switch is switched off at this switching frequency. The time interval between switching on and switching off is generally different from the time interval between switching off and on, and these time intervals are Since these can be varied, different ratios of these time intervals or duty cycles (see below) can be set.

  According to a preferred embodiment, in order to be able to both turn on and off at least one switch while the magnitude of the current through the valve (s) is zero or less than a predetermined threshold The switching frequency is an integer fraction of the resonance frequency, i.e., the resonance frequency is an integer multiple of the switching frequency. Specifically, a fraction of an integer can be defined in advance, i.e., can be set before the operation of the receiving device. This does not exclude changing a fraction of an integer to another value during operation.

  Specifically, the resonant frequency or equivalent amount can be determined during operation. Therefore, the resonant frequency can be an integer multiple of the switching frequency during operation. For example, if the resonant frequency changes, the switching frequency is correspondingly preferably adapted automatically. The equivalent amount may be an alternating current or alternating voltage on the input side of the rectifier, for example a period or half of a period of alternating current or alternating voltage of one or more phases of the receiving device. For example, a detector coupled to the counter repeatedly measures when the alternating current or voltage is zero, and the computing device calculates the resonant frequency. However, it is also possible to trigger the generation of the switching frequency in a manner in which the alternating current or the alternating voltage are different.

  The control device controls the ratio of the time interval in which at least one automatically controllable switch is off to the time interval in which at least one automatically controllable switch is off, so that a short circuit is present Including a controller that is adapted to. The timing of the switching process greatly reduces the electrical losses that would otherwise be generated in the switches and valves. In addition, the switch generates less heat and cooling of the switch is facilitated.

  Specifically, the control device is adapted to control the switching of at least one automatically controllable switch depending on the voltage and / or magnitude (group) of the DC current side of the rectifier. May be. An example is described below.

  According to a particular application of the present invention, the configuration includes a storage that stores electrical energy supplied by the rectifier, the rectifier is connected to the storage, and the control device provides the voltage and / or current required to charge the storage. Is adapted to control the switching of at least one automatically controllable switch in accordance with the size (group) of.

  Furthermore, the present invention includes a vehicle including this configuration according to one of the embodiments described herein, wherein the rectifier is connected to a storage for storing electrical energy.

Furthermore, the invention includes a method of using electrical energy, the vehicle or by supplying the vehicle and / or automotive road is otherwise constrained in the track,
An alternating electromagnetic field is received and used to generate an alternating current by electromagnetic induction;
The alternating electromagnetic field is received by at least one inductance formed by a conductive material and generating one phase of alternating current by electromagnetic induction;
The inductance and optionally at least one additional electrical element connected to the inductance generate one phase of alternating current at the resonant frequency;
The alternating current is rectified by a rectifier, thereby generating a direct current,
The rectifier is optionally at least one automatically controlled to be temporarily closed so as to provide an inductance or short circuit across the inductances, optionally including at least one additional electrical element (s) Works with possible switches,
The at least one automatically controllable switch is controlled by the control device such that the at least one automatically controllable switch is switched on and off at a frequency below the resonant frequency.

  Specifically, the alternating current can be generated using multiple phase lines of conductive material, each phase line including one of the inductances that generates one of the multiple phases of the alternating current. . Another embodiment of the method is derived from the description of this configuration.

  For example, the rectifier includes a valve that is used to rectify alternating current, an automatically controllable switch coupled to the valve, and the valve directs current in a first operating state when the switch is off. Only in the second operating state in which the valve is switched on, the valve or valve bypass can pass current in the opposite direction and only while the magnitude of the current through the valve is zero or less than a predetermined threshold The switch can be turned on.

  The ratio of the time interval in which at least one automatically controllable switch is off to the time interval in which at least one automatically controllable switch is off is on, so that there is a short circuit, is controlled by the control device Can be done.

  Specifically, the control device may control switching of at least one automatically controllable switch according to the voltage and / or current magnitude (group) on the direct current side of the rectifier.

  The electrical energy may be sent by a rectifier to the vehicle energy storage, and the control device will automatically at least one automatically depending on the voltage and / or current magnitude (s) required to charge the storage. Switching of controllable switches may be controlled.

The present invention includes a method of manufacturing a vehicle, particularly a vehicle bound to a truck and / or a road vehicle, and includes the following steps.
Providing a receiving device adapted to receive alternating electromagnetic fields and to generate alternating current by electromagnetic induction;
Providing the receiving device with at least one inductance formed by a conductive material that generates one phase of alternating current by electromagnetic induction;
An optional at least one additional electrical element connected to the inductance to generate at least one inductance and one phase of alternating current, the alternating frequency of which corresponding electromagnetic field is received by the receiving device; Adapting to operate at the resonant frequency at which one phase of the alternating current is generated,
Connecting the inductance and optionally at least one additional electrical element to a rectifier that rectifies the alternating current and thereby generates a direct current;
One inductance or plurality of at least one automatically controllable switch of the rectifier, wherein closing the switch or closing the plurality of switches optionally includes at least one additional electrical element (s) Arranging to provide a short circuit that shorts both ends of the inductance of the
Providing a control device and adapting the control device to be able to control at least one automatically controllable switch;
Adapt the control device so that at least one automatically controllable switch can be switched on and off at a frequency lower than the resonant frequency.

  Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

1 shows a circuit diagram of a receiving device connected to a rectifier, the DC side of the rectifier being connected to a load, for example a traction converter, via a DC current intermediate circuit. Fig. 5 shows a modified rectifier having only two bridges. 1 shows a circuit diagram of a configuration similar to that of FIG. 1, showing a measuring device for measuring the phase current of the receiving device and the voltage of the DC current intermediate circuit. Fig. 4 shows a circuit diagram of a configuration similar to that of Fig. 3, wherein each bridge of the rectifier includes only one switch. FIG. 5 shows a circuit diagram of a control loop that controls the switching process of a rectifier, for example a switch incorporated in the rectifier of FIG. 1, FIG. 3 or FIG. A diagram of quantities as a function of time is shown, with the alternating current generated by a receiving device connected to a rectifier such as the rectifier shown in FIG. 4 being the upper third of the figure, and the DC voltage at the output of the rectifier being In the middle third of the figure, the step function indicating the triangular wave signal and the switching state of the switch is in the lower third.

  The receiving device 1 that receives the electromagnetic field shown in FIG. 1 includes three phase lines 2a, 2b, and 2c, one end of which is connected to a common neutral point 5. The opposite ends of the phase lines 2a, 2b, 2c are connected to the respective bridges of the rectifier 10. Each phase line 2a, 2b, 2c includes inductance 3a, 3b, 3c connected in series with capacitance 4a, 4b, 4c to compensate for stray inductance caused by inductance 3a, 3b, 3c. Each of the inductances 3 and each of the compensation capacitances 2 is realized by either a single element (such as an inductor or capacitor) or a combination of elements (such as a series connection and / or a parallel connection of inductors and capacitors). obtain. It is also possible for the first part of the inductance 3 of the phase line 2 to be connected to the second part of the inductance 3 via the first part of the capacitance 4 or only that part.

  During operation of the receiving device 1, the incident electromagnetic field induces a voltage in the inductances 3a, 3b, 3c, and each phase line 2a between the neutral point 5 at one end and the connection to the bridge 11 of the rectifier 10 at the opposite end. A voltage is generated at both ends of 2b and 2c. If the load 17 is connected to the direct current side of the rectifier 10 and the load is operated, the corresponding current flows through the phase lines 2a, 2b, 2c and is rectified by the rectifier 10 to connect the connection lines 18a, 18b. To be supplied to the load 17 as a direct current. The current through the phase lines 2a, 2b, 2c is measurable (eg using a Rogowski coil) as shown by the measuring devices 36a, 36b, 36c shown in FIGS. do it).

  The inductances 3a, 3b, 3c of the receiving device 1 preferably generate alternating currents on the phase lines 2a, 2b, 2c with a phase shift of 120 °, which is typical when the incident electromagnetic field is a three-phase alternating current. To be arranged.

  The rectifier 10 shown in FIG. 1 includes three bridges 11a, 11b, and 11c. Each of the bridges 11 includes a series connection of two diodes 14a, 15a; 14b, 15b; 14c, 15c. These diodes 14 and 15 allow current to flow from the lower side of FIG. 1 to the upper side of FIG. 1, and the potential of the current line 18b is higher than that of the current line 18a. A smoothing capacitor 16 is connected between the DC current lines 18a and 18b. The smoothing capacitor 16 is connected to the output side of the rectifier, that is, the output side of the three bridges 11, and is not a part of the rectifier 10. Each bridge 11 has one end connected to the first DC current line 18a and the other end connected to the second DC current line 18b.

  In the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 1, each diode 14, 15 is connected to the switch 12, 13 to allow current to bypass the diode 14, 15 while the switch 12, 13 is on. Connected in parallel.

ここで、Ｕ_Ａは、整流器１０の出力側の、平滑キャパシタ１６の両端の直流電圧であり、Ｕ_Ｅは、受信デバイス１と整流器１０との間の接続における３相交番電圧の平方根（ＲＭＳ）である。 During the operation of the receiving device 1 and the rectifier 10, the switches 12, 13 can be repeatedly switched on and off to increase or decrease the direct current on the output side of the rectifier 10 compared to the normal operation of the rectifier 10. . “Normal operation” means that neither of the switches 12 and 13 is operating. Specifically, the switches 12 and 13 operate so that either the first switches 12a, 12b, and 12c of the bridge 11 or the second switches 13a, 13b, and 13c are simultaneously turned on. For example, starting from a first operating state in which all switches 12, 13 are off, the first switches 12a, 12b, 12c are switched on, switched off after a certain time interval, and then the second The switches 13a, 13b, 13c are switched on after the second time interval and switched off after the third time interval. The first switches 12a, 12b, 12c are switched on again during the first time interval after the fourth time interval and so on. For this operation, the sum of the first and third time intervals (either switch 12 or switch 13) relative to the sum of the second and fourth time intervals (while all switches 12, 13 are off). Can be defined as a duty cycle d. The voltage on the output side of the rectifier 10 is

Here, U _A is the output side of the rectifier 10, a DC voltage across the smoothing capacitor 16, U _E is the square root (RMS) of the three-phase alternating voltage at the connection between the receiving device 1 and the rectifier 10 It is.

  Specifically, the switching frequency of the switches 12 and 13 is of course the frequency of the alternating current generated by the phase line group or the phase line of the receiving device, which is of course related to the circuit diagrams of FIGS. Lower than. Thus, it is possible and preferred that the switch 12 or 13 can be switched on only during periods when the current through the valve (eg, diodes 14, 15) is zero or less than a predetermined threshold. Thus, losses caused by switching the switches 12, 13 under load can be avoided or reduced. To detect whether the current through the valve is zero or less than a predetermined threshold, the measuring device 36 described in connection with FIGS. 3 and 4 can be used.

  FIG. 2 shows a modified rectifier having only two bridges 21a, 21b. As before, each bridge 21 includes a series connection of two valves (diodes 34a, 35a; 34b, 35b) and there is a switch 32a, 33a; 32b, 33b in parallel with each valve 34, 35. Thus, the valve is bypassed while the switches 32, 33 are on.

  The phase lines 22a and 22b shown in FIG. 2 may be two-phase alternating current phase lines, or connection lines to receivers that generate only one phase of alternating current while the electromagnetic field is incident. There may be.

  The same reference numbers in different figures refer to the same or functionally identical elements. Accordingly, 18a and 18b in FIG. 2 indicate DC current lines on the output side of the rectifier.

  As shown in FIG. 4, one set of switches (ie, switch 13 in FIGS. 1 and 3) can be omitted. This is because only one set of switches (e.g., either switch 12 or switch 13 in FIGS. 1 and 3) changes both ends of inductance 3, thus changing the DC voltage on the output side of the rectifier. Based on the finding that it is necessary to create a short circuit that shorts both ends of line 2. The same applies to the rectifier variant structure shown in FIG. 2 or any other rectifier. In the case of FIG. 2, the switches 32a, 32b can be omitted, and the switches 33a, 33b are repeatedly and in order to generate a short circuit that shorts both ends of the connection lines 22a, 22b or the phase lines 22a, 22b, respectively. Preferably it can be switched on and off simultaneously.

  As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, a series connection of two additional capacitances 42, 43 can be connected at the opposite end to the DC current lines 18a, 18b. Further, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the connection point between the capacitances 42 and 43 can be connected to the ground potential. Additionally or alternatively, the measuring device 41 can be connected between the DC current lines 18a, 18b. In particular, the measuring device 41 can be adapted to measure the voltage between the lines 18a, 18b and preferably also the current through at least one of the lines 18a, 18b. The measurements provided by the measuring device 41 can be used to control the operation of a load (eg, load 17 of FIG. 1 or another load such as an energy storage that stores electrical energy) and / or a rectifier. Can be used to control the operation of the switch. Specifically, based on the measured value of the measurement device 41, the duty cycle of the switch can be set so that closed loop control is realized. Therefore, for example, the voltage between the DC current lines 18a and 18b can be controlled to be constant. Alternatively, the voltage and / or current on the output side of the rectifier can be controlled to comply with other requirements of the load or group of loads.

  An example of a control loop that controls the operation of a switch in a rectifier such as the rectifier 10 shown in FIG. 1 will be described with reference to FIG. As mentioned above, the alternating current through the phase line of the receiving device is specifically measured continuously or quasi-continuously. As an example, in the case of a three-phase receiving device (the corresponding control loop can be realized for any number of phases of the receiving device), the three-phase alternating current is represented by Ia, Ib, Ic. The These phase currents are input to first computing devices 51a, 51b, 51c that individually calculate the square root (RMS) of the phase current for each phase. The RMS adds those values and outputs the resulting sum to the subtracting device 53, which subtracts the sum from the set value Iset. This set value Iset is generated according to control requirements. For example, the set value can be generated based on the measurement of the DC voltage on the output side of the rectifier as described above.

  The difference output by the subtraction device 53 is input to a controller 54 which may be a PI controller (proportional integration controller). The output value of the controller 54 is input to a comparator 56 that compares the output with the triangular wave signal generated by the triangular wave generating device 55. The frequency of the triangular wave signal is equal to the switching frequency that is a fraction of the resonance frequency, ie, the resonance frequency is an integer multiple of the switching frequency.

Specifically, the input received by the comparator 56 from the controller 54 may be the aforementioned duty cycle d. The resulting output of comparator 56 is a step function with two different function values, 1 and 0, corresponding to the duty cycle. This step function is supplied, for example, to the individual drive devices 59a, 59b, 59c that drive the switches 12 and 13 of FIG. 1 or the switch 12 of FIG. If there are two sets of switches 12, 13, the drive device 59 is coupled with an alternator that alternately drives the switches 12 and 13, ie, the switch 12 is turned on before the switch 13 is turned on and off. And switched off and vice versa.

  The output of the comparator 56 is input to the first input D of the drive device 59, preferably driven to switch on only when the current through the respective valve is zero or less than a predetermined threshold Ilim. There is a second input value that is input to the second input Q of the device 59. The threshold value Ilim is input to a pair of second comparators 58a, 58b, and 58c, and the measured alternating current of the phase line (that is, phase currents Ia, Ib, and Ic) is also individually input to the second comparator 58 for each phase. Is input. The second comparator 58 compares the current value of the alternating current with the threshold value Ilim and sends an enable signal to each designated drive device 59 only if the phase current is less than or less than the threshold value Ilim. Output.

  FIG. 6 shows an example of various quantities as a function of time during operation of a configuration that includes a receiving device (such as the receiving device shown in FIG. 1) connected to the rectifier shown in FIG. The rectifier of FIG. 4 has been selected for simplicity only. A similar operation of the DC voltage on the output side of the rectifier is the switch control modified in response to the presence of two switches in each branch of the rectifier and rectifier shown in the diagrams of FIGS. It is feasible.

  The horizontal axis in the figure corresponds to the quotient of the normalized time, that is, the time t and the cycle tau_AR of the cycle in which the switch 12 is turned on or off. In the upper third of the figure, the vertical axis corresponds to the alternating current of the receiving device. The horizontal two-way arrow indicates the period tau_RES of the alternating current that fluctuates at the resonance frequency f_RES. In that example, the peak current value is in the range of -20A and 20A. In the center third of the figure, the vertical axis corresponds to the DC voltage of the rectifier. In that example, the voltage value varies between 60V and 70V. In the lower third of the figure, the vertical axis corresponds to the voltage of each signal and the threshold voltage. In that example, the threshold is 0.4V, indicated by a horizontal line at this level. A horizontal double arrow indicates a cycle tau_AR of a cycle for switching the switch 12 off.

  As shown in the upper third of FIG. 6, the alternating current on the input side of the rectifier vibrates at the resonance frequency. For example, as described above in connection with FIG. 5, the triangular wave signal (lower one third of the diagram of FIG. 6, which fluctuates between peak values 0V and 1V) is compared to the threshold value and the rectifier switch Trigger 12 switches. When the triangular wave signal falls below a threshold (0.4V in the example), the switch 12 is turned on, as shown by the lower third step function of FIG. 6 rising from −1V to 1V. When the triangular wave signal reaches the threshold again, these switches 12 are turned off again, as shown by the step function dropping from 1V to 0V.

  When the switch 12 is switched on, the phase line of the receiving device is shorted. Therefore, the peak value of the alternating current shown in the upper third of the figure rises during the next period. Furthermore, the DC voltage shown in the center third of the figure falls. The descent is stopped by switching the switch 12 off again. Thereafter, the DC voltage rises while the switch 12 is off.

Claims (15)

A configuration for supplying electric energy to a vehicle,
Said configuration comprises a receiving device (1) adapted to receive an alternating electromagnetic field and to generate an alternating current by electromagnetic induction;
The receiving device (1) comprises at least one inductance (3) formed by a conductive material that generates one phase of the alternating current by the electromagnetic induction;
Each inductance (3) is one phase of the alternating current at a resonant frequency at which the phase of the alternating current is generated in response to an alternating electromagnetic field of the corresponding frequency received by the receiving device (1); Produces
Each inductance (3) is connected to a rectifier (10) that rectifies the alternating current and thereby generates a direct current;
The rectifier (10) comprises one automatically controllable switch (12, 13) or a plurality of automatically controllable switches (12, 13), said one automatically controllable The switch (12, 13) or a plurality of automatically controllable switches (12, 13) closes the one automatically controllable switch (12, 13) or the plurality of automatically controllable Closing the active switch (12, 13) is arranged to provide a short circuit that shorts across the at least one inductance (3);
The arrangement comprises a control device adapted to control the at least one automatically controllable switch (12, 13);
The control device receives the one automatically controllable switch (12, 13) or a plurality of automatically controllable switches (12, 13), and the receiving device (1) receives an AC electromagnetic field. A short circuit adapted to switch on and off at a first frequency lower than the resonant frequency while thereby shorting across the at least one inductance (3) at the first frequency Generate circuit,
Constitution.   The receiving device (1) comprises a plurality of phase lines (2a, 2b, 2c) of conductive material, each phase line (2a, 2b, 2c) comprises one of the inductances (3) and each inductance (3 ) Is adapted to generate one of a plurality of phases of the alternating current, and the phase line (2a, 2b, 2c) is neutral at one end of the phase line (2a, 2b, 2c) The arrangement according to claim 1, connected to each other to form a connection and connected to the rectifier (10) at the opposite end of the phase line (2a, 2b, 2c).   Each of the opposite ends of the phase lines (2a, 2b, 2c) is connected to one of a plurality of bridges of the rectifier (10), each bridge being connected in series with two one-way valves (14 15), each valve (14, 15) being adapted to pass current in only one direction, at least one of the valves of each bridge being of the automatically controllable switch (12, 13) When combined with one and the switch (12, 13) is on, current can flow through the valve (14, 15) in a direction opposite to the one direction, or in a direction opposite to the one direction. The arrangement according to claim 2, wherein the valve (14, 15) can be bypassed.   The at least one automatically controllable switch (12, 13) is coupled with one valve (14, 15) of the rectifier (10), the valve (14, 15) passing current in only one direction. And when the switch (12, 13) is on, current can flow through the valve in the opposite direction to the one direction, or the valve (14 in the opposite direction to the one direction). 15), and the control device turns on the switch (12, 13) only while the magnitude of the current through the valve (14, 15) is zero or less than a predetermined threshold. 4. A configuration according to any one of claims 1 to 3, adapted to be switched on.   The control device has the at least one automatically controllable switch (12, 13) on for a time interval in which the at least one automatically controllable switch (12, 13) is off; 5. A configuration according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a controller adapted to control the ratio of the time intervals in which the short circuit is thus present.   The control device controls the switching of the at least one automatically controllable switch (12, 13) according to the voltage and / or current magnitude on the DC current side of the rectifier (10). The configuration according to claim 1, which is adapted to the above.   The configuration includes a storage that stores electrical energy supplied by the rectifier (10), the rectifier (10) is connected to the storage, and the control device includes the voltage and the voltage required to charge the storage. 7. Arrangement according to claim 6, adapted to control switching of the at least one automatically controllable switch (12, 13) in response to the magnitude of the current.   A vehicle comprising the configuration according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the rectifier (10) is connected to a storage for storing electrical energy. A method of operating a vehicle using electrical energy,
An alternating electromagnetic field is received and used to generate an alternating current by electromagnetic induction;
The alternating electromagnetic field is received by at least one inductance (3) formed by a conductive material and generating one phase of the alternating current by the electromagnetic induction;
The inductance (3) generates the phase of the alternating current at a resonant frequency;
The alternating current is rectified by a rectifier (10), thereby generating a direct current;
The rectifier (10) has at least one automatically controllable switch (12, 13) that is temporarily closed so as to provide a short circuit that shorts across the at least one inductance (3); Works using
- said at least one automatically controllable switch (12, 13), while the receiving device (1) is receiving AC electromagnetic field, said at least one automatically controllable switch (12 13) is controlled by the control device so that it is switched on and off at a first frequency lower than the resonance frequency, thereby short-circuiting both ends of the at least one inductance (3) at the first frequency Generate circuit,
Method.   The alternating current is generated using a plurality of phase lines (2a, 2b, 2c) of conductive material, and each phase line (2a, 2b, 2c) generates one of the plurality of phases of the alternating current. The method according to claim 9, comprising one of said inductances (3).   The rectifier (10) comprises a valve (14, 15) used to rectify the alternating current, and the automatically controllable switch (12, 13) is coupled to the valve (14, 15). The valve (14, 15) conducts current only in one direction in the first operating state in which the switch (12, 13) is off, and bypasses the valve or the valve (14, 15). The path can pass current in a direction opposite to the one direction in the second operating state in which the switch (12, 13) is on, and the magnitude of the current through the valve (14, 15). 11. A method according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the switch (12, 13) can be switched on only while is zero or less than a predetermined threshold.   For a time interval in which the at least one automatically controllable switch (12, 13) is off, the at least one automatically controllable switch (12, 13) is on, so that the short circuit is 12. A method according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the ratio of the time intervals present is controlled by the control device.   The control device controls the switching of the at least one automatically controllable switch (12, 13) according to the voltage and / or current magnitude on the DC current side of the rectifier (10); The method according to any one of claims 9 to 12.   Electrical energy is supplied to the vehicle's energy storage by the rectifier (10), and the control device is responsive to the magnitude of the voltage and / or current required to charge the storage. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the switching of two automatically controllable switches (12, 13) is controlled. A method of manufacturing a vehicle comprising the following steps:
Providing a receiving device (1) adapted to receive an alternating electromagnetic field and to generate an alternating current by electromagnetic induction;
Providing the receiving device (1) with at least one inductance (3) formed by a conductive material for generating one phase of the alternating current by the electromagnetic induction;
Resonance at which each phase of the alternating current is generated in response to an alternating electromagnetic field of a corresponding frequency received by the receiving device (1), with each inductance (3) generating one phase of the alternating current Adapting to operate at frequency,
Connecting each inductance (3) to a rectifier (10) that rectifies the alternating current and thereby generates a direct current;
One automatically controllable switch (12, 13) or a plurality of automatically controllable switches (12, 13) of the rectifier (10), the one automatically controllable switch (12 , 13) or closing the plurality of automatically controllable switches (12, 13) to provide a short circuit that shorts across the at least one inductance (3). And
Providing a control device and adapting the control device to be able to control the at least one automatically controllable switch (12, 13);
The control device is configured such that the at least one automatically controllable switch (12, 13) is lower than the resonance frequency while the receiving device (1) is receiving an alternating electromagnetic field. Generating a short circuit that is adapted to be switched on and off at, thereby shorting both ends of the at least one inductance (3) at the first frequency;
A method comprising:

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