JP6182595B2 - Ssaoの置換3−ハロアリルアミン阻害剤およびその使用 - Google Patents
Ssaoの置換3−ハロアリルアミン阻害剤およびその使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6182595B2 JP6182595B2 JP2015509257A JP2015509257A JP6182595B2 JP 6182595 B2 JP6182595 B2 JP 6182595B2 JP 2015509257 A JP2015509257 A JP 2015509257A JP 2015509257 A JP2015509257 A JP 2015509257A JP 6182595 B2 JP6182595 B2 JP 6182595B2
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- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
本発明は、ある種のアミンオキシダーゼ酵素群を阻害できる新規化合物に関する。これらの化合物は、多様な適応症、例えば、ヒト対象ならびに愛玩動物および家畜における炎症および/または線維症の症状の処置、精神疾患(psychological diseases)、神経変性障害などの処置に有用である。さらに、本発明は、これらの化合物を含む医薬組成物、ならびにその多様な使用に関する。
セミカルバジド感受性アミンオキシダーゼ(SSAO)は、一級アミンオキシダーゼ、血漿アミンオキシダーゼおよびベンジルアミンオキシダーゼとしても知られており、血管接着タンパク質−1(VAP−1)と構造が同一である。以下の記載において、SSAO/VAP−1をこのタンパク質の表記として使用する。このタンパク質の炎症性疾患における役割はレビューされている(例えば、Smith D.J. and Vaino P.J., Targeting Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 to Treat Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2007, 1110, 382-388; and McDonald I.A. et al., Semicarbazide Sensitive Amine Oxidase and Vascular Adhesion Protein-1: One Protein Being Validated as a Therapeutic Target for Inflammatory Diseases. Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, 2008, 43, 229-241参照)。
本発明は、SSAO/VAP−1を阻害する置換ハロアリルアミン化合物を提供する。驚くべきことに、先に記載された2−置換−3−ハロアリルアミン構造の修飾が、ヒトSSAO/VAP−1酵素の強力な阻害剤であり、薬理学的特性および安全性特性がはるかに改善された新規化合物の開発をもたらした。これらの化合物は、SSAO/VAP−1に対して極めて強力であり、驚くべきことにモノアミンオキシダーゼA、モノアミンオキシダーゼB、ジアミンオキシダーゼ、リジルオキシダーゼおよびリジル様アミンオキシダーゼ群LOX1−4のような他のファミリーメンバーの極めて弱い阻害剤であることが判明した。
R2およびR3は独立して水素、塩素およびフッ素から成る群から選択され;ただし、R2およびR3は同時に水素ではなく;
R5は場合により置換されていてよいアリーレン基であり;
R6は
R7およびR8は水素、場合により置換されていてよいC1−6アルキルおよび場合により置換されていてよいC3−7シクロアルキルから成る群から独立して選択され;
XはCH2、酸素、硫黄またはSO2である。〕
の化合物またはその立体異性体、薬学的に許容される塩、多形体、溶媒和物またはプロドラッグを提供する。
次は、本発明の記載の理解を助けるであろういくつかの定義である。これらは一般的定義として意図され、決してこれらの用語だけで本発明の範囲を限定しないが、次の記載の良好な理解のために提示する。
本発明は、SSAO/VAP−1を阻害し得る置換ハロアリルアミン化合物に関する。
R2およびR3は独立して水素、塩素およびフッ素から成る群から選択され;ただし、R2およびR3は同時に水素ではなく;
R5は場合により置換されていてよいアリーレン基であり;
R6は
R7およびR8は水素、場合により置換されていてよいC1−6アルキルおよび場合により置換されていてよいC3−7シクロアルキルから成る群から独立して選択され;
XはCH2、酸素、硫黄またはSO2である。〕
の化合物またはその立体異性体、薬学的に許容される塩、多形体、溶媒和物またはプロドラッグが提供される。
R5は場合により置換されていてよいアリーレン基であり;
R6は
R7およびR8は水素、場合により置換されていてよいC1−6アルキルおよび場合により置換されていてよいC3−7シクロアルキルから成る群から独立して選択され;
XはCH2、酸素、硫黄またはSO2である。〕
を有する化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、溶媒和物、多形体またはプロドラッグが提供される。
本発明の化合物は、例えば、US4,454,158;US4,699,928;およびUS4,650,907に記載された方法のような、いくつかの方法で製造できる。
本発明は、膜結合型SSAO/VAP−1および可溶性SSAO/VAP−1を阻害するための式IおよびIIの化合物の使用方法を提供する。化合物の相対的阻害能は、多様な方法、例えば、組み換えヒトタンパク質または組み換え非ヒト酵素を用いるインビトロアッセイ、正常齧歯類酵素を発現する細胞アッセイ、ヒトタンパク質を遺伝子導入された細胞アッセイ、齧歯類および他の哺乳動物種でのインビボ試験などにおけるSSAO/VAP−1のアミンオキシダーゼ活性を阻害するのに必要な量により決定できる。
本発明の他の態様において、式Iまたは式IIの化合物および少なくとも1種の薬学的に許容される添加物、担体または希釈剤を含む組成物が提供される。式Iの化合物は、薬学的に許容される塩を含む適切な塩としても存在し得る。
i. 式Iの化合物と所望の酸または塩基の反応による;
ii. 所望の酸または塩基を使用する式Iの化合物の適切な前駆体からの酸または塩基不安定保護基除去または適切な環状前駆体、例えば、ラクタムまたはラクタムの開環による;または
iii. 適当な酸または塩基との反応または適切なイオン交換カラムの手段により式Iの化合物のある塩を他のものに変えることによる
方法を含む。
好都合な投与方法は注射(皮下、静脈内など)、経口投与、吸入、経皮適用、局所クリームまたはゲルまたは粉末、膣または直腸投与を含む。投与経路によって、製剤および/または化合物を、本化合物を、本化合物の治療活性を不活化し得る酵素群、酸および他の自然条件の作用から守るための物質でコーティングしてよい。化合物は非経腸的にまたは腹腔内に投与し得る。
経口医薬投与形態は、固体、ゲルまたは液体のいずれかである。固体投与形態は、錠剤、カプセル剤、顆粒剤および粉末バルクである。経口錠剤のタイプは、圧縮された、咀嚼可能ロゼンジ剤および錠剤を含み、これらは腸溶性コーティング、糖コーティングまたはフィルムコーティングされていてよい。カプセル剤は硬または軟ゼラチンカプセル剤であってよく、顆粒剤および粉末は当業者に知られる他の成分と組み合わせた非起沸性または起沸性形態で提供され得る。
ある態様において、製剤は固体投与形態であり、一つの態様において、カプセル剤または錠剤である。錠剤、丸剤、カプセル剤、トローチ剤などは、次の成分または類似の性質の化合物の1種以上を含み得る:結合剤;滑沢剤;希釈剤;流動促進剤;崩壊剤;着色剤;甘味剤;風味剤;湿潤剤;腸溶性コーティング(emetic coating);およびフィルムコーティング。結合剤の例は、微結晶セルロース、トラガカント・ゴム、グルコース溶液、アカシア粘液、ゼラチン溶液、糖蜜、ポリビニルピロリジン、ポビドン、クロスポビドン、スクロースおよびデンプンペーストを含む。滑沢剤は、タルク、デンプン、ステアリン酸マグネシウムまたはステアリン酸カルシウム、ヒカゲノカズラおよびステアリン酸を含む。希釈剤は、例えば、ラクトース、スクロース、デンプン、カオリン、塩、マンニトールおよびリン酸二カルシウムを含む。流動促進剤は、コロイド状二酸化ケイ素を含むが、これに限定されない。崩壊剤は、クロスカルメロースナトリウム、デンプングリコール酸ナトリウム、アルギン酸、トウモロコシデンプン、ジャガイモデンプン、ベントナイト、メチルセルロース、寒天およびカルボキシメチルセルロースを含む。着色剤は、例えば、承認されたあらゆる水可溶性FDおよびC色素、その混合物;およびアルミナ水和物に懸濁させた水不溶性FDおよびC色素を含む。甘味剤は、スクロース、ラクトース、マンニトールおよびサッカリンのような人工甘味剤および任意の数の噴霧乾燥フレーバーを含む。風味剤は、果実のような植物から抽出された天然フレーバーならびにペパーミントおよびサリチル酸メチルのような、しかしこれらに限定されない心地良い感覚を生じる化合物の合成混合物を含む。湿潤剤は、モノステアリン酸プロピレングリコール、モノオレイン酸ソルビタン、モノラウリン酸ジエチレングリコールおよびポリオキシエチレンラウリルエーテルを含む。腸溶性コーティングは脂肪酸、脂肪、蝋、シェラック、アンモニア処理シェラックおよび酢酸フタル酸セルロースを含む。フィルムコーティングは、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、ナトリウムカルボキシメチルセルロース、ポリエチレングリコール4000および酢酸フタル酸セルロースを含む。
液体経口投与形態は、水溶液剤、エマルジョン剤、懸濁液剤、非起沸性顆粒から再構成された溶液剤および/または懸濁液および起沸性顆粒から再構成された起沸性製剤を含む。水溶液剤は、例えば、エリキシル剤およびシロップ剤を含む。エマルジョン剤は水中油型または油中水型である。
皮下、筋肉内または静脈内により特徴付けられる非経腸投与が、一つの態様において、またここで意図される。注射剤は、液体溶液または懸濁液、注射前に液体に溶解または懸濁させるのに適する固体形態またはエマルジョンとして、慣用の形態で製造できる。注射剤、溶液およびエマルジョンはまた1種以上の添加物を含む。適切な添加物は、例えば、水、食塩水、デキストロース、グリセロールまたはエタノールである。さらに、所望により、投与する医薬組成物は、例えば、酢酸ナトリウム、モノラウリン酸ソルビタン、トリエタノールアミンオレアートおよびシクロデキストリンのような、湿潤剤または乳化剤、pH緩衝剤、安定化剤、溶解促進剤および他のそのような薬剤のような少量の非毒性補助物質も含み得る。
ここで興味深いのはまた、溶液、エマルジョンおよび他の混合物として投与のために再構成できる凍結乾燥粉末である。それらはまた再構成し、固体またはゲルとして製剤もできる。
局所混合物を、末梢投与および全身投与用に説明したように製造する。得られた混合物は溶液、懸濁液、エマルジョンなどであってよく、クリーム剤、ゲル剤、軟膏剤、エマルジョン剤、溶液剤、エリキシル剤、ローション剤、懸濁液剤、チンキ剤、ペースト剤、フォーム剤、エアロゾル剤、灌注剤、スプレー剤、坐薬、バンデージ剤、皮膚パッチ剤または局所投与に適するあらゆる他の製剤に製剤する。
イオン泳動的(iontophoretic)および電気泳動的デバイスおよび直腸投与を含む経皮パッチ剤のような他の投与経路もここで意図する。
ここに提供する化合物またはその薬学的に許容される誘導体はまた、処置する対象の特定の組織、受容体または体の他の領域への標的化のためにも製剤され得る。多くのこのような標的化方法は、当業者に周知である。全てのこのような標的化方法が、本組成物における使用のために、ここで意図される。標的化方法の非限定的例として、例えば、米国特許6,316,652、6,274,552、6,271,359、6,253,872、6,139,865、6,131,570、6,120,751、6,071,495、6,060,082、6,048,736、6,039,975、6,004,534、5,985,307、5,972,366、5,900,252、5,840,674、5,759,542および5,709,874を参照のこと。
本発明の他の面において、ここに記載する化合物を、処置を必要とする対象に、当業者が意図する状態に至らせる現在の標準的治療と見ななされる薬物療法と組み合わせて投与することが意図される。このような組み合わせは、対象に1種以上の利点、例えば、同等な目的を達成するための必要投与量の減少、短時間での所望の緩和効果の獲得などを提供する。
シントン(Z)−tert−ブチル2−(ブロモメチル)−3−フルオロアリルカルバメートおよび(E)−tert−ブチル2−(ブロモメチル)−3−フルオロアリルカルバメートの製造
方法A:(Z)−tert−ブチル2−((4−(ジメチルカルバモイル)フェノキシ)−メチル)−3−フルオロアリルカルバメートの製造
次の化合物を、実施例2に示す方法AおよびBに従い製造した。
1H-NMR (300 MHz; DMSO) δ ppm: 2.95 (6 H, s), 3.52 (2 H, m (br)), 3.79 (3 H, s), 4.65 (2 H, d, J 3.3 Hz), 6.95 - 7.09 (3 H, m), 7.24 (1 H, d, J 82.0 Hz), 8.25 (3 H, s)
Z−異性体
1H-NMR (300 MHz; DMSO) δ ppm: 2.95 (6 H, s), 3.59 (2 H, m (br)), 3.79 (3 H, s), 4.77 (2 H, d, J 2.1 Hz), 6.95 - 7.09 (3 H, m), 7.29 (1 H, d, J 82.0 Hz), 8.25 (3 H, s)
次の化合物を、実施例2に示す方法CおよびDに従い製造した。
式Iの化合物がヒト組み換えSSAO/VAP−1を阻害する能力を測定する方法
式Iの化合物の全ての阻害効果を、モノアミンオキシダーゼ、銅含有アミンオキシダーゼ群および関連酵素群について記載の結合比色方法を使用して、ヒト組み換えSSAO/VAP−1に対して試験した(Holt A. and Palcic M., A peroxidise-coupled continuous absorbance plate-reader assay for flavin monoamine oxidases, copper-containing amine oxidases and related enzymes. Nat. Protoc. 2006, 1, 2498-2505)。要約すれば、ヒトSSAO/VAP−1の34〜763残基に対応するクローン化cDNA鋳型および取り込まれたマウスIgカッパ(κ)シグナル配列、N末端Flagエピトープタグおよびタバコエッチウイルス(TEV)開裂部位を、Geneart AGの哺乳動物発現ベクター(pLO−CMV)に集合させた。ヒトSSAO/VAP−1残基を有するこのベクターをCHO−K1グリコシル化変異体細胞株であるLec 8に遺伝子導入した。ヒトSSAO/VAP−1を安定に発現するクローンを単離し、大規模培養した。活性ヒトSSAO/VAP−1を免疫親和性クロマトグラフィーを使用して精製し、回収した。これをSSAO/VAP−1活性の源として使用した。高処理比色アッセイを、96ウェルまたは384ウェル形式で展開した。すなわち、標準96ウェルプレートアッセイにおいて、0.1M NaPO4緩衝液(pH7.4)中の50μLの精製ヒトSSAO/VAP−1(0.25μg/mL)を各ウェルに添加した。試験化合物をDMSOに溶解し、4〜9データ点の濃度応答曲線(CRC)で、典型的にマイクロモル濃度またはナノモル濃度範囲で、ヒトSSAO/VAP−1と30分、37℃でインキュベーション後に試験した。30分のインキュベーション後、0.1M NaPO4緩衝液(pH7.4)中に調製した、600μM ベンジルアミン(Sigma Aldrich)、120μM Amplex Red(Sigma Aldrich)および1.5U/mL ホースラディッシュペルオキシダーゼ(Sigma Aldrich)を含む50μLの反応混合物を対応するウェルに添加した。蛍光単位(RFU)を2.5分毎に30分、37℃で、励起565nmおよび発光590nm(Optima; BMG labtech)で読んだ。各ウェルの動態の傾斜を、MARSデータ解析ソフトウェア(BMG labtech)を使用して計算し、この値をIC50値の演繹に使用した(Dotmatics)。結果を表2に示す。
式Iの化合物がHMEC細胞で発現するヒト組み換えSSAO/VAP−1を阻害する能力を測定する方法
SSAO/VAP−1活性を、ヒトSSAO/VAP−1の源以外、実施例5の記載に準じる方法を使用して測定した。pcDNA−DEST40−hSSAO/VAP−1を、リポフェクタミン(Invitrogen Ltd)を使用してHMEC細胞に遺伝子導入した。ヒトSSAO/VAP−1を安定に発現するクローンを選択し、細胞ライセートが比色アッセイで使うために必要となるまで液体窒素中で保存した。要約すれば、ヒトSSAO/VAP−1を発現するHMEC細胞を、数個の10cmペトリ皿で増殖させ、細胞が100%コンフルエンシーに達したら、細胞を回収し、ホモジネートを調製した。細胞を5mLの冷却HES緩衝液(20mM HEPES、1mM EDTA、250mM スクロース、pH7.4)で2回洗浄した。1×プロテアーゼ阻害剤(Sigma Aldrich)含有HES緩衝液を添加し、細胞を氷上で3分インキュベートした。緩衝液を除去し、細胞を掻き取り、遠心チューブに移した。細胞ライセートを23G針を10回通し、続いて27G針を10回通すことにより調製した。あるいは、細胞ライセートを、IKA Ultra-Turrax T 10ホモジナイザーを、10mLの細胞懸濁液毎に3分使用して調製した。細胞を5分、300×g回転させた。透明上清を新しい遠心チューブに移し、比色アッセイを行うまで−80℃で保存した。アッセイ前に、残存MAO活性を阻害するために0.5mMを添加した。アッセイを実施例5に記載のとおり実施した。すなわち、50μLの細胞ライセートを、試験化合物と30分、37℃でインキュベートした。反応混合物を添加し、動態を実施例5に詳述のとおり読んだ。表2はいくつかの式Iの化合物のデータを示す。
式Iの化合物がマウスおよびラット脂肪ホモジネートにおいてSSAO/VAP−1を阻害する能力を測定する方法
SSAO/VAP−1に富む組織である、BALB/cマウス、ウィスターラットまたはスプラーグドーリーラットラットからの腹部脂肪を外科的に摘出した。動物腹部脂肪組織1gあたり、1mLの0.1M NaPO4緩衝液(pH7.4)を添加した。組織を、IKA Ultra-Turrax T 10ホモジナイザーを使用して3分ホモジナイズ、ホモジネートを、15分、3000×gで遠心分離した。中部層(透明上清)を、上層(高脂肪含量)またはチューブの底の残骸を乱すことなく取った。SSAO/VAP−1活性を、蛍光シグナルの確認により測定した。Km/Vmax値を測定し、脂肪ホモジネートを等分し、アッセイを実施するまで−80℃で保存した。アッセイを、マウス脂肪ホモジネートおよびラット脂肪ホモジネートで使用した基質(ベンジルアミン)濃度がそれぞれ80μMおよび30μMであった以外、ヒトSSAO/VAP−1についての方法(実施例5)に準じて実施した。結果を表2に示す。
式Iの化合物がヒト組み換えMAO−Bを阻害する能力を測定するための方法
本発明化合物の特異性を、インビトロでMAO−B活性を阻害する能力の測定により試験した。組み換えヒトMAO−B(0.06mg/mL;Sigma Aldrich)をMAO−B酵素活性源として使用した。アッセイを、基質ベンジルアミンを100μMで使用した以外、ヒトSSAO/VAP−1についての方法(実施例5)に準じて実施した。表2はいくつかの式Iの化合物のデータを示す。
式Iの化合物がヒト組み換えジアミンオキシダーゼを阻害する能力を測定するための方法
3種のヒト遺伝子が銅含有アミンオキシダーゼ群をコードすることが判明している。ジアミンオキシダーゼ(DAO)は、AOC1遺伝子により産生される酵素群の一つであり、ジアミンへの基質優先度にちなんで名づけられた。式Iの化合物の特異性を、インビトロでDAO活性を阻害する能力の測定により試験した。組み換えヒトDAO(2.4μg/mL)をDAO酵素活性源として使用した。アッセイを、使用した基質が200μM プトレシンであり、対照ウェルがモフェギリンではなく10μMアミノグアニジンを含む以外、ヒトSSAO/VAP−1についての方法(実施例5)に準じて実施した。表2はいくつかの式Iの化合物のデータを示す。
式Iの化合物がリジルオキシダーゼを阻害する能力を測定する方法
リジルオキシダーゼ(LOX)は、コラーゲンのペプチジルリシン残基およびヒドロキシリシン残基およびエラスチンのリシン残基を酸化してペプチジルアルファ−アミノアジピン−デルタ−セミアルデヒドを産生する細胞外銅依存性酵素である。この触媒反応は、LOXの活性部位に結合するβ−アミノプロピオニトリル(βAPN)により不可逆的に阻害される(Tang S.S., Trackman P.C. and Kagan H.M., Reaction of aortic lysyl oxidase with beta-aminoproprionitrile. J. Biol. Chem. 1983, 258, 4331-4338)。5種のLOXファミリーメンバーが存在し、LOX、LOXL1、LOXL2、LOXL3およびLOXL4である。式Iの化合物の特異性をインビトロで種々のLOXファミリーの源を阻害する能力を測定することにより試験した。
式Iの化合物が、マウスおよびラットに投与したとき、SSAO/VAP−1を阻害する能力を測定するための方法
マウスおよびラットに、0.1mg/Kg〜100mg/Kgの範囲の種々の濃度の本発明化合物を、経口(p.o.)または静脈内(i.v.)投与した。対照群に同じ体積の媒体をp.o.またはi.v.投与した。腹部脂肪、血漿および肺、肝臓および大動脈組織を、0〜96時間の範囲の種々の時点で回収した。
カラゲニン誘発ラット足浮腫の阻害
カラゲニン誘発足浮腫は、種々の治療剤の抗炎症性活性を測定するための試験で広範に使用されており、化合物が急性炎症を軽減させる効果を評価するために有用な実験的系である。炎症を、記載のとおり、20μLのカラゲニン懸濁液(食塩水中1%)の足底内注射により誘発した(Roussin, A. et al., Neutrophil-associated inflammatory responses in rats are inhibited by phenylarsine oxide. Eur. J. Pharmacol, 1997, 322, 91-96およびWise, L.E. et al., Evaluation of fatty acid amides in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Neuropharmacology, 2008. 54, 181-188)。試験化合物(0.1〜100mg/kg)を、カラゲニン投与1時間前に与える。足の厚みを、電子デジタルノギスで、カラゲニン注射前、ならびに1時間、3時間、5時間、6時間および24時間後に測定し、対照動物と比較して、浮腫の50%を超える阻害を証明する。
全身性炎症のモデルにおける効果
本発明の化合物の効果の評価を、高投与量のリポポリサッカライド(LPS)(5mg/kg)の腹腔内注射から成る内毒血症モデルで実施する(Schabbauer, G. et al., PI3K-Akt pathway suppresses coagulation and inflammation in endotoxemic mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2004, 24, 1963-1969 and Lentsch, A.B. et al., STAT4 and STAT6 regulate systemic inflammation and protect against lethal endotoxemia. J. Clin. Invest., 2001, 108, 1475-1482参照)。血液サンプル(50mL)をLPS注射後0時間、1時間、2時間、4時間および8時間に採取し、血液塗抹標本およびサイトカイン評価のために使用する。化合物(0.1〜100mg/kg)で処置したマウスにおけるTNF−α、IL−6、MCP−1およびKCの血漿濃度は、ELISAで測定して、20〜80%減少する。動物生存率を次の3日間記録し、化合物処置マウスは、20%高い生存率を示す。
マウスにおける空気嚢炎症の阻害
カラゲニン注射は炎症を誘発し、嚢は、局所的に蓄積する液体中で容易に測定できる細胞およびメディエーターの貯蔵所として働く。
精巣挙筋微小循環における白血球遊走阻害
マウス精巣挙筋調製物を、記載のとおり、微小循環および隣接結合組織への白血球遊走の阻害を試験するために使用した(Pinho, V. et al., Tissue- and Stimulus-Dependent Role of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Isoforms for Neutrophil Recruitment Induced by Chemoattractants In Vivo. J Immunol 2007; 179:7891-7898 and Nanhekhan, L.V., Microcirculatory hemodynamics of the rat cremaster muscle flap in reduced blood flow states. Ann Plast Surg. 2003 Aug;51(2):182-8参照)。
盲腸結紮穿孔(CLP)侵襲の誘導による炎症の阻害
CLP方法は、記載のとおり、開腹および回盲弁に遠位の盲腸の結紮を含んだ(Martin, E. et al Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase γ Activity Contributes to Sepsis and Organ Damage by Altering Neutrophil Recruitment Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. September, 2010-182 (6) 762-773 and Lutterloh, E.C., Inhibition of the RAGE products increases survival in experimental models of severe sepsis and systemic infection. Crit Care. 2007; 11(6):R122参照)。
化学的に誘発させた大腸炎の阻害
本方法を使用して、TNBS誘発大腸炎モデルを使用して対照と比較して大腸炎の発症を阻止する化合物をスクリーニングした(Maslowski, K.M. et al., Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature, 2009. 461, 1282-1286参照)。要約すれば、マウスを、肩甲骨間の剃った皮膚にアセトン/オリーブ油(50:50)とTNBS(50:50、計)の混合物を適用することにより感作する。7日後、マウスを、肛門縁から3.5cmのところに2.5mg TNBSと50%エタノールを直腸内投与することにより負荷する。直腸内負荷前の一夜マウスを絶食させ、飲料水に5%デキストロースを与えた。マウスをTNBS負荷3日後に分析する。
マウスにおけるConA誘発肝傷害の阻害
自己免疫性肝疾患は、宿主抗原に対する免疫反応が主病態機構であることが判明している、急性および慢性炎症性肝疾患の異型である自己免疫性肝炎(AIH)を含む。AIHは、肝硬変のような重症肝疾患に至り得る。マウスにおけるConA誘発特異的肝傷害は、肝傷害の病因が吟味されている実験的動物モデルである。T細胞仲介免疫と、その後のTNF−α遊離がこの疾患に重要な役割を有すると考えられる。
ラットにおけるパーキンソン病病理の阻害
モデルA:神経変性を促進するためのLPSの全身暴露
パーキンソン病は、ドパミン作動性神経の特異的かつ進行性の変性により特徴付けられる病理学的、加齢性神経変性障害である。齧歯類における炎症の強力なインデューサーであるLPSへの末梢暴露は、パーキンソン病で観察されるものに類似した、神経炎症、永続的なミクログリア活性化、後発性で進行性の黒質におけるドーパミンニューロン損失を生じる。最近の証拠により、黒質線条体ドパミン作動性神経の神経変性が炎症と関連付けられており、LPSはそれを促進することが示された(Qin, L. et al. Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration, 2007 Glia, 453-462参照)。
脳の選択した領域へのLPSの直接注射は、脳における局在型炎症性応答の誘発に使用できる。ドパミン作動性神経は、炎症による神経毒性により脆弱であり、黒質および線条体のような関連領域への局所LPS注射がパーキンソン病のためのモデルとして使用されている(Liu, M., & Bing, G. Lipopolysaccharide animal models for Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease, 2011, 327089; Choi, D-Y. et al. Striatal neuroinflammation promotes Parkinsonism in rats. PloS one, 2009, 4(5), e5482参照)。LPSはまた黒質ドパミン作動性神経変性を促進することも示されている(Machado, A. et al., Inflammatory animal model for Parkinson's Disease: The intranigral injection of LPS induced the inflammatory process along with the selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. ISRN Neurology, 2011, 1-16参照)。
マウスにおける卒中に関連する炎症の阻止
卒中における脳組織損傷の発症は、即時型成分から成り、再灌流後の二次的組織損傷を伴う炎症性応答が続く。虚血/再灌流モデルは組織損傷ならびに炎症性成分を模倣する(Hase, Y. et al., Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, prevents no-reflow and haemorrhage in mice with focal cerebral ischemia. Exp. Neurol., 2012, 233(1), 523参照)。マウスを、右総頸動脈(CCA)にナイロンモノフィラメントを導入することにより、中大脳動脈閉塞/再灌流手術に付す。それを頸動脈二分枝から11mmまで注意深く挿入し、右中大脳動脈の近位閉塞を確立する。90分の閉塞後、フィラメントを引き抜き、さらに22.5時間再灌流させる。動物を化合物0.1〜100mg/Kgで処置し、微小血管における血小板凝集および白血球閉塞の最大50%減少を示す。処置は、死亡率を有意に減少させ、>80%の動物が生存する。
LPS誘発モデルにおける急性肺炎症阻止
炎症を、気管手術曝露方法を使用してマウスの肺にLPSを注入することにより誘発した(Innate immune responses to LPS in mouse lung are suppressed and reversed by neutralization of GM-CSF via repression of TLR-4. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 2004, L877-85; and Harrod, K.S., A.D. Mounday, and J.A. Whitsett, Adenoviral E3-14.7K protein in LPS-induced lung inflammation. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 2000, 278, L631-9参照)。要約すれば、10mg/kgのデキサメサゾンまたは2mg/kgの化合物9で処置1時間後、マウスを麻酔し、正中切開を頸部に行い、筋肉層を鈍的剥離により分離し、1ml/kg LPS(20mg/kg)または媒体を気管に注射した。切開部を創傷クリップで閉じ、マウスをケージに戻した。
ウイルス感染マウスの肺アレルギー性炎症の阻止
若年期呼吸器ウイルス感染、特に呼吸器多核体ウイルス(RSV)感染は、その後の小児喘息発症のリスクを高める。RSVと同じ科(パラミクソウイルス科)および属(ニューモウイルス)に属するマウス肺炎ウイルス(PVM)での感染は、RSV疾患のモデルを提供する(Rosenberg, H.F. et al., The pneumonia virus of mice infection model for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection: identifying novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Pharmacol. Ther., 2005, 105, 1-6参照)。好酸球の動員を含むアレルギー性気道炎症は、新生児期にPVMに感染し、その後OVA抗原に暴露させた動物で顕著である(Siegle, J.S. et al., Early-life viral infection and allergen exposure interact to induce an asthmatic phenotype in mice. Respir. Res., 2010, 11,14参照)。
HDM誘発喘息モデルにおける増悪阻止
喘息を有するヒトにおけるライノウイルスが主な原因である呼吸器感染は気道炎症を増悪させ、さらに疾患負荷および医療費の増大に寄与する。ライノウイルス増悪チリダニ(HDM)モデルを、アレルギー性喘息のモデルにおける化合物23の効果の試験に使用した(Collison, A. et al. The E3 ubiquitin ligase midline 1 promotes allergen and rhinovirus-induced asthma by inhibiting protein phosphatase 2A activity. Nat. Med. 2013, 19(2): 232-7)。
乾癬のSCIDマウスモデルにおける皮膚炎症の阻止
乾癬は、異常上皮性分化、真皮乳頭層における広範な毛細管形成ならびにTリンパ球、NKリンパ球および顆粒球を含む炎症性白血球の蓄積を特徴とする、一般的炎症性皮膚疾患である。易感染性マウス(重症複合免疫不全[SCID]マウス)へのヒト皮膚移植は、乾癬の研究のモデルを提供する。この方法を使用して、上皮肥厚、広範な乳頭間突起形成および炎症性細胞の存在が、移植皮膚上で長期間維持される(Zeigler, M. et al., Anti-CD11a ameliorates disease in the human psoriatic skin-SCID mouse transplant model: comparison of antibody to CD11a with Cyclosporin A and clobetasol propionate. Lab. Invest, 2001, 81, 1253-1261 and Nickoloff, B.J. et al., Severe combined immunodeficiency mouse and human psoriatic skin chimeras. Validation of a new animal model. Am. J. Pathol., 1995, 146, 580-588参照)。
抗菌活性−クレブシエラ・ニューモニエ
本化合物の効果を、グラム陰性菌クレブシエラ・ニューモニエによる肺感染モデルで試験する。成果は、マウス肺感染後の致死率、細菌数および炎症指標における化合物と対照での差異であった(Soares, A.C. et al., Dual function of the long pentraxin PTX3 in resistance against pulmonary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae in transgenic mice. Microbes Infect., 2006, 8, 1321-1329参照)。
慢性閉塞性肺疾患の阻止
慢性閉塞性肺疾患(COPD)は、肺の消耗性障害である。本疾患は、慢性気道炎症、粘液分泌過多、気道リモデリングおよび気腫により特徴付けられ、これは肺機能低下および息切れを起こす。気流制限は、通常進行性であり、かつ侵害性ガスおよび粒子に対する肺の異常炎症性応答と関連する。タバコの煙は、プロテイナーゼのようなメディエーターの作用を解して、肺に構造的および機能的変化をもたらすと考えられている、反復性炎症性侵襲を誘発する。さらに、COPDを有する患者は、気道感染に感受性が高い(Beckett, E.L., A new short-term mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease identifies a role for mast cell tryptase in pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Mar; 131(3):752-762.e7; Guerassimov, A., The Development of Emphysema in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice Is Strain Dependent. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. Nov, 2004 (170) 974-980 and Morris, A., Comparison of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Acute Inflammation in Multiple Strains of Mice and the Effect of a Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor on These Responses. JPET December 2008 (327) 851-862参照)。
CCl 4 誘発肝線維症の阻止
炎症性/線維性疾患の処置のためのVAP−1/SSAO阻害剤の使用の分析を、CCl4誘発肝線維症モデルの使用を介して行う。肝傷害の後、肝細胞の再生能により、しばしば完全実質再生が起こる。しかしながら、脂肪貯蔵細胞の同時の活性化が、反復性肝細胞壊死、炎症および再生過程を伴う細胞外マトリクス蓄積をもたらし、肝線維症および結果的に肝硬変を起こす(Natsume, M. et al., Attenuated liver fibrosis and depressed serum albumin levels in carbon tetrachloride-treated IL-6-deficient mice. J. Leukoc. Biol., 1999, 66,. 601-608参照)。
非アルコール性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)誘発肝線維症の阻止
炎症性/線維性疾患の処置のためのVAP−1/SSAO阻害剤の使用の分析を、非アルコール性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)誘発肝線維症モデルの使用を介して行う。30匹の雄マウスで、NASHのSTAMモデルを、生後2目のストレプトゾトシン溶液の1回皮下注射および4週齢〜10週齢の高脂肪餌(HFD、57kcal%脂肪)での飼育により誘発した。7週齢から、マウスに媒体(PBS)、化合物23(6mg/kg)または陽性対照テルミサルタン(10mg/kg)を3週間経口投与した。化合物23は、臨床試験による炎症および非アルコール性脂肪肝疾患(NAFLD)スコアの両方を低下させた(図13Aおよび13B)。シリウスレッド陽性領域の減少により証明されるとおり(図13C)、線維症も減少させた。
ブドウ膜炎の阻止
この方法は、本発明の化合物によるブドウ膜炎の阻止を決定するためである。ブドウ膜炎は、失明に至り得る複雑な炎症性眼疾患である。これは眼のあらゆる部位に影響し得、眼組織中への白血球蓄積により特徴付けられる。ブドウ膜炎の現在の治療は、炎症を軽減するためのコルチコステロイドおよび化学療法剤を含む。しかしながら、眼内圧上昇または細胞毒性のようなこれらの薬剤の重篤な副作用により使用が制限される(Moorthy, R.S. et al., Glaucoma associated with uveitis. Surv. Ophthalmol., 1997, 41, 361-394 and Lightman, S., New therapeutic options in uveitis. Eye 1997, 11, 222-226参照)。
黄斑変性症の阻止
加齢黄斑変性症(AMD)は失明の主原因であり、二種の主要な形態で起こる。第1は地図状萎縮(‘乾燥’)型であり、網膜黄斑近辺の光受容器および網膜色素上皮(RPE)変性、リポフスチン(A2E)蓄積およびドルーゼン形成により特徴付けられる。第2は、‘滲出’型であり、脈絡膜新生血管と関連する(Randazzo, J. et al., Orally active multi-functional antioxidants are neuroprotective in a rat model of light induced retinal damage. PLoS One, 2011, 6 e21926 and Davis, S.J. et al., The Effect of Nicotine on Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy in a Mouse Model of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Retina, 2011参照)。
暗順応2週間後、各群のラットを、3時間、1000ルクスの白色蛍光灯光の有害な光に曝す(光損傷ラット、LD)。各群の対照ラットもまた3時間光ボックスに入れるが、光に曝さない(非光損傷ラット、NLD)。酸化ストレスマーカーを、光暴露直後に評価した。0.1〜100mg/kg化合物処置動物は − 屠殺後 − 眼球除去した眼から切断した神経網膜の評価により見られるとおり、酸化ストレスの>20%減少を示す。機能的および形態的評価のために、ラットを、暴露後暗環境に戻し、網膜機能をERGにより5〜7日後に評価する。ERG分析後、ラットを屠殺し、定量的形態学のために眼球除去した眼をすぐに処理する。化合物処置群は、対照動物と比較して、眼の形態的変化の減少により見られるとおり、疾患の重症度の減少を示した。
CNVを、マウスにおいて、アルゴンレーザー(スポットサイズ、50mm;時間、0.05秒;出力、260mW)を用いて、レーザー光凝固により誘発させた。各眼で、3個のレーザースポットを、視神経近くに設定する。レーザー時の気泡により、BMの破壊を確認する。各群の動物をレーザー後1日目、3日目、5日目および7日目に屠殺する。対照と比較して、化合物処置マウス(0.1〜100mg/kg)は、顕微鏡で測定して、CNVのサイズ(20%まで)および発生率(>40%)の減少を示す。
癌進行の阻止
B16F10黒色腫細胞(4×105細胞/動物)を、Marttila-Ichihara, F. et al., Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 Reduce the Accumulation of Myeloid Cells into Tumors and Attenuate Tumor Growth in Mice. The Journal of Immunology, 2010, 184, 3164-3173に記載のとおり、動物の剃った腹部に注射する。腫瘍を増殖させ、続いて電子ノギスにより寸法を測定する。腫瘍進行は、対照群と比較したとき、化合物処置動物(0.1〜100mg/kg)で減少し、最大25%腫瘍増殖が少ない。化合物処置群は、腫瘍における減弱した骨髄球性細胞蓄積を示し、細胞浸潤が>40%少なく、さらに、処置マウスは血管新生の阻害を示す。
Claims (19)
- 式II:
非置換フェニレン基、又は、
アルキル、ハロ、アルコキシおよびハロアルキルから独立して選択される1個以上の基で置換されたフェニレン基であり;
R6は
R7およびR8は水素、場合により置換されていてよいC1-6アルキルおよび場合により置換されていてよいC3-7シクロアルキルから成る群から独立して選択され;
Xは酸素であり;
用語“アルキル”は、1〜6個の炭素原子を有する、一価直鎖または分枝鎖飽和炭化水素基を示し、
用語“ハロ”は、フッ素、塩素、臭素およびヨウ素を示し、
用語“アルコキシ”は、直鎖または分枝鎖アルキルオキシ基(ここで、アルキルは上に定義したとおりである)を示し、
用語“場合により置換されていてよい”は、本用語が関連している基が非置換でも、ハロゲン、C1−C6アルキル、C2−C6アルケニル、C1−C6ハロアルキル、C1−C6アルコキシ、ヒドロキシ(C1-6)アルキル、C3−C6シクロアルキル、C(O)H、C(O)OH、NHC(O)H、NHC(O)C1−C4アルキル、C(O)C1−C4アルキル、NH2、NHC1−C4アルキル、N(C1−C4アルキル)2、NO2、OHおよびCNから成る群から独立して選択される1個以上の基で置換されていてもよいことを意味する。〕
の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩、溶媒和物、または多形体。 - R5が、非置換フェニレン基、又は、
メチル、フッ素、塩素、臭素、OCH3、及びCF3から独立して選択される1個以上の基で置換されたフェニレン基である、請求項1に記載の化合物。 - R7およびR8が双方水素であるか、R7およびR8が双方C1-6アルキルであるか、R7が水素でR8がC1-6アルキルである、請求項1又は2に記載の化合物。
- R6が
R7およびR8が請求項1又は3で定義したとおりである、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の化合物。 - R6が
R7およびR8が請求項1又は3で定義したとおりである、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の化合物。 - 次のものからなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩または溶媒和物。
- (E)−4−(2−(アミノメチル)−3−フルオロアリルオキシ)−N−tert−ブチルベンズアミドまたはその薬学的に許容される塩または溶媒和物。
- 請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の化合物の薬学的に許容される塩。
- 酸付加塩である、請求項8に記載の薬学的に許容される塩。
- 酸付加塩が、塩酸塩、臭化水素酸塩、硫酸塩、ギ酸塩、酢酸塩、乳酸塩、リンゴ酸塩、酒石酸塩、クエン酸塩、アスコルビン酸塩、コハク酸塩、マレイン酸塩、酪酸塩、吉草酸塩、及びフマル酸塩からなる群から選択される、請求項9に記載の薬学的に許容される塩。
- 酸付加塩が塩酸塩である、請求項10に記載の薬学的に許容される塩。
- (E)−4−(2−(アミノメチル)−3−フルオロアリルオキシ)−N−tert−ブチルベンズアミド塩酸塩。
- 請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の化合物、又は請求項8〜12のいずれかに記載の薬学的に許容される塩、又はそれらの溶媒和物を含む、組成物。
- SSAO/VAP−1タンパク質と関連するまたはそれにより調節される疾患の処置用の、請求項13に記載の組成物であって、
疾患が、炎症、線維症、糖尿病誘発疾患、神経炎症性疾患、又は癌である、組成物。 - 該炎症が肝疾患、呼吸器疾患、嚢胞性線維症、喘息または慢性閉塞性肺疾患、または、眼疾患と関連する、請求項14に記載の組成物。
- 疾患が糖尿病性腎症、糸球体硬化症、糖尿病性網膜症、非アルコール性脂肪肝疾患および脈絡膜新生血管から成る群から選択される糖尿病誘発疾患である、請求項14に記載の組成物。
- 疾患が嚢胞性線維症、肝線維症、肝硬変、腎線維症、強皮症、特発性肺線維症および放射線誘発線維症から成る群から選択される、請求項14に記載の組成物。
- 疾患が肝硬変に至る、非アルコール性脂肪肝疾患、非アルコール性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、又はアルコール誘発線維症である、請求項17に記載の組成物。
- SSAO/VAP−1タンパク質と関連するまたはそれにより調節される疾患の処置用医薬の製造のための、請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩または溶媒和物、または請求項13に記載の組成物の使用であって、
疾患が、炎症、線維症、糖尿病誘発疾患、神経炎症性疾患、又は癌である、使用。
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2017132767A (ja) * | 2012-05-02 | 2017-08-03 | ベーリンガー インゲルハイム インターナショナル ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | Ssaoの置換3−ハロアリルアミン阻害剤およびその使用 |
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