JP6144247B2 - ヒト非小細胞肺癌における転座および変異rosキナーゼ - Google Patents
ヒト非小細胞肺癌における転座および変異rosキナーゼ Download PDFInfo
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Description
また、本発明は、部分的には、単離CD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドおよびそれらの断片も提供する。一実施形態では、本発明は、以下からなる群から選択される配列と少なくとも95%同一のアミノ酸配列を含有する単離ポリペプチドを提供する:(a)配列番号:1のアミノ酸配列を含有するCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドをコードしているアミノ酸配列;(b)CD74のN末端アミノ酸配列(配列番号:3の残基1〜208)およびROSのキナーゼドメイン(配列番号:5の残基1945〜2222)を含有するCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドをコードしているアミノ酸配列;ならびに(c)CD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドの融合ジャンクション(配列番号:1の残基208〜209または配列番号:3の残基208〜209)を含む少なくとも6つの連続したアミノ酸を含有するポリペプチドをコードしているアミノ酸配列。
開示の方法の実施において有用な変異ROSポリペプチド特異的試薬には、とりわけ、生体試料中のCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドに対応し、かつ生体試料中のCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチド発現の検出および定量化に適した、融合ポリペプチド特異的抗体およびAQUAペプチド(重同位体で標識したペプチド)が含まれる。融合ポリペプチド特異的試薬は、生体試料中で発現したCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドを特異的に結合し、生体試料中で発現したCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドの存在/レベルを検出、および/または定量化することができる、生物学的または化学的な、任意の試薬である。この用語には、下記の好ましい抗体試薬およびAQUAペプチド試薬が含まれるが、これらに限定されるものではなく、同等の試薬は本発明の範囲内にある。
本発明の方法の実施における使用に適した試薬には、CD74−ROS融合ポリペプチド特異的抗体が含まれる。本発明の融合体特異的抗体は、本発明のCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチド(例えば、配列番号:1)を特異的に結合するが、野生型CD74も野生型ROSも実質上結合しない、単離抗体である。他の好適な試薬にはエピトープ特異的抗体が含まれ、これらは、野生型ROSタンパク質配列の細胞外ドメイン(このドメインは本明細書中に開示の切断型ROSキナーゼには存在しない)内のエピトープに特異的に結合し、そのため、試料中の野生型ROSの存在(または欠如)を検出することができる。
開示の方法の実施において有用なCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチド特異的試薬には、生体試料中の発現したCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドの絶対的な定量化に好適な重同位体標識ペプチドも含まれ得る。複雑な混合物中のタンパク質の絶対的な定量化(AQUA)のためのAQUAペプチドの作製および使用については記載されている。WO第/03016861号、「Absolute Quantification of Proteins and Modified Forms Thereof by Multistage Mass Spectrometry」、Gygiら、およびGerberら、Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100:6940-5(2003))も参照されたい(これらの教示は参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる)。
本発明が提供する融合体特異的試薬には、上記のセクションBにおいて詳細に記載したような、CD74−ROSポリヌクレオチドの検出用に好適な核酸プローブおよびプライマーも含まれる。蛍光in situハイブリダイゼーション(FISH)またはPCR増幅などのアッセイにおけるこのようなプローブの具体的な使用については、下記のセクションFに記載する。
本発明の方法を、当業者に知られている多様な種々のアッセイ形態で行うこともできる。
本発明の方法の実施において有用なイムノアッセイは、ホモジニアスイムノアッセイまたはヘテロジニアスイムノアッセイであってもよい。ホモジニアスアッセイにおいて、この免疫学的反応は、通常、変異ROSポリペプチド特異的試薬(例えば、CD74−ROS融合ポリペプチド特異的抗体)、標識した分析物、および目的とする生体試料を必要とする。標識から生じるシグナルは、抗体が標識した分析物に結合することによって、直接的または間接的に修飾される。免疫学的な反応およびその程度の検出の両方は、ホモジニアス溶液中で行われる。用い得る免疫化学標識には、遊離ラジカル、放射性同位体、蛍光色素、酵素、バクテリオファージ、補酵素などが含まれる。半導体ナノ結晶標識、あるいは「量子ドット」を都合よく用いることもでき、これらの調製および使用については十分に記載されている。一般的には、K. Barovsky, Nanotech. Law & Bus. 1(2):Article 14(2004)およびこの中に引用される特許を参照されたい。
同様に、上記のセクションEに詳述しているように、腫瘍からの細胞を含む生体試料における、発現した変異ROSポリペプチドの検出/定量化のためのAQUAペプチドを調製して、標準的なAQUAアッセイに用いることもできる。したがって、本発明の方法のいくつかの好ましい実施形態において、CD74−ROS融合ポリペプチド特異的試薬には、セクションEに上述しているように、CD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドの融合ジャンクションを含有するペプチド配列に対応する重同位体標識リン酸化ペプチド(AQUAペプチド)が含まれる。
本発明の方法の実施において有用な生体試料は、CD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドの存在を特徴とする癌が存在または進行している、あるいは存在または進行している可能性のある、任意の哺乳動物から得ることができる。一実施形態では、該哺乳動物はヒトであり、このヒトは、肺癌、例えばNSCLCの治療のためのROS阻害治療の候補者となり得る。該ヒト候補者は、現在ROSキナーゼ阻害剤で治療している、またはその治療を検討している患者であってもよい。別の一実施形態では、該哺乳動物はウマまたはウシのような大型動物であり、一方、他の実施例では、該哺乳動物はイヌまたはネコのような小型動物であり、これらの全てが肺癌を含む癌を発症することが知られている。
CD74−ROSの転座および/または融合ポリペプチドが存在する癌を選択的に同定できることにより、診断の目的でそのような腫瘍を正確に同定するための新しい重要な方法、ならびに、癌の治療用の単一の薬剤として投与する場合に、そのような腫瘍がROS阻害治療組成物に反応性である可能性が高いのかどうか、あるいは別のキナーゼを標的とする阻害剤に部分的にまたは完全に非反応性である可能性が高いのかどうかを決定する際に有用となる情報を得るための新しい重要な方法が可能になる。
また、本明細書に記載の新規CD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドの発見によって、これらの変異ROSタンパク質の活性、特にそれらのROSキナーゼ活性を阻害する新しい化合物の開発も可能となる。したがって、本発明はまた、部分的には、化合物がCD74−ROS融合ポリヌクレオチドおよび/またはCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドを特徴とする癌の進行を抑制するかどうかを判定する方法も提供し、前記方法には、前記化合物が前記癌において前記CD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドの発現および/または活性を阻害するかどうかを判定するステップが含まれる。好ましい一実施形態では、本発明の変異ROSポリヌクレオチドおよび/または変異ROSポリペプチドを検出する少なくとも1つの試薬を用いて、CD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドの発現および/または活性の阻害を判定する。本発明の好ましい試薬については、上述している。ROSキナーゼ活性の阻害に好適な化合物については、下記のセクションGでさらに詳述する。
本発明によって、該CD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドがヒトNSCLCの少なくとも1つのサブグループにおいて生じることをここで示してきた。したがって、CD74−ROS融合タンパク質を発現する哺乳動物の癌(例えば、NSCLC)の進行を、そのような癌におけるROSキナーゼ活性を阻害することによってin vivoで抑制することができる。変異ROSキナーゼの発現を特徴とする癌におけるROS活性は、その癌(例えば腫瘍)をROSキナーゼ阻害治療薬と接触させることによって阻害することができる。したがって、本発明は、部分的には、癌におけるROSキナーゼの発現および/または活性を阻害することによってCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドを発現する癌の進行を抑制するための方法を提供する。
いくつかの好ましい実施形態では、本発明の方法の実施において有用なROS阻害治療薬は、標的化される小分子阻害剤である。小分子標的化阻害剤は、典型的には、特異的に、かつ多くの場合不可逆的に、それらの標的酵素の触媒部位に結合し、かつ/あるいはATP結合溝またはその酵素がその活性に必要なコンフォメーションをとることを妨げるその酵素内の他の結合部位に結合して、その酵素の活性を阻害するあるクラスの分子である。例示的な小分子標的化キナーゼ阻害剤は、Gleevec(登録商標)(イマチニブ、STI-571)であり、これは、CSF1RおよびBCR−ABLを阻害し、その特性はよく記載されている。Dewarら、Blood 105(8):3127-32(2005)を参照されたい。
また、本発明の方法において有用なROSキナーゼ阻害治療薬は、ROS活性に必要とされる重要な触媒部位もしくは結合部位または触媒ドメインもしくは結合ドメインに特異的に結合し、リガンド、基質、または第2の分子の第1の分子への到達を阻止することおよび/またはこの酵素がその活性に必要なコンフォメーションをとるのを妨げることによってこのキナーゼを阻害する標的化抗体であってもよい。ヒト化標的特異的抗体の作製、スクリーニング、および治療的使用については、よく記載されている。Merluzziら、Adv Clin Path. 4(2):77-85(2000)を参照されたい。ヒト化標的特異的抑制抗体の高処理の作製およびスクリーニングのために、Morphosys社のヒトコンビナトリアル抗体ライブラリー(HuCAL(登録商標))のような市販の技術およびシステムを利用することができる。
開示の方法の実施において有用なROS阻害化合物は、ROSキナーゼそのもの以外のタンパク質または分子の活性を阻害することによって、間接的にROS活性を阻害する化合物であってもよい。このような阻害治療薬は、ROS自体をリン酸化または脱リン酸化する(したがって、活性化または不活性化する)重要な調節キナーゼの活性を調節する、あるいはリガンドの結合を妨げる標的化阻害剤であってもよい。他の受容体チロシンキナーゼと同様に、ROSは、アダプタータンパク質および下流のキナーゼのネットワークを通して下流のシグナル伝達を制御する。この結果として、これらの相互作用しているタンパク質または下流のタンパク質を標的化することによって、ROS活性による細胞の増殖および生存の誘導を阻害することができる。
ROS阻害治療薬には、ROSをコードする遺伝子および/または該CD74−ROS融合遺伝子の転写を阻止することによってROSキナーゼ活性を阻害する、アンチセンス阻害化合物および/または転写阻害化合物も含まれていてもよい。癌の治療用のアンチセンス治療薬による、VEGFR、EGFR、およびIGFR、ならびにFGFRを含む種々の受容体キナーゼの阻害については、記載されている。例えば、米国特許第6,734,017号;第6,710,174号、第6,617,162号;第6,340,674号;第5,783,683号;第5,610,288号を参照されたい。
RNA干渉の過程を通して、ROSの翻訳を阻害し、したがってROSの活性を阻害する、低分子干渉RNA分子(siRNA)組成物も、本発明の方法において望ましいように用いることができる。RNA干渉、すなわち、標的タンパク質をコードするmRNAと相補的な配列を含有する外因性の短い二本鎖RNA分子の導入による、標的タンパク質の発現の選択的なサイレンシングについては、よく記載されている。例えば、米国特許公開第20040038921号、「Composition and Method for Inhibiting Expression of a Target Gene」、2004年2月26日、Kreutzerら;米国特許公開第20020086356号、「RNA Sequence-Specific Mediators of RNA Interference」、2003年6月12日、Tuschlら;米国特許公開第20040229266号、「RNA Interference Mediating Small RNA Molecules」、2004年11月18日、Tuschlらを参照されたい。
本発明の方法の実施において有用なROSキナーゼ阻害治療用組成物を、静脈内、筋肉内、腹腔内、皮下、経皮、気道(エアロゾル)、直腸、膣、および局所(頬および舌下など)の投与を含む経口または腹膜の経路を含むが、これらに限定されない、当技術分野で知られている任意の方法によって、哺乳動物に投与することができる。
本発明はまた、部分的には、化合物が癌においてCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドの活性を阻害するかどうかを判定することによって、化合物がCD74−ROSの転座および/または融合ポリペプチドを特徴とする癌の進行を抑制するかどうかを判定する方法も提供する。いくつかの好ましい実施形態では、骨髄、血液、または腫瘍からの細胞を含有する生体試料を調べることによって、ROSの活性の阻害を判定する。他の好ましい一実施形態では、少なくとも1つの本発明の変異ROSポリヌクレオチドまたは変異ROSポリペプチド特異的試薬を用いて、ROSの活性の阻害を判定する。
包括的なリン酸化ペプチドプロファイリングによる、NSCLC患者由来のROSキナーゼ活性の同定
最近記載された、複雑な混合物から修飾ペプチドを単離して質量分析で特性決定を行うための強力な技術(「IAP」技術、Rushら、前掲を参照されたい)を用いて、CS042を含む数人のヒトNSCLC患者におけるキナーゼ活性化の包括的なリン酸化プロファイルを調べた。リン酸化チロシン特異的抗体(CELL SIGNALING TECHNOLOGY社、Beverly, MA, 2003/04カタログ#9411)を用いてIAP技術を行い、NSCLC細胞株の抽出液からリン酸化チロシンを含むペプチドを単離し、次いで、その特性決定を行った。
合計0.5gの腫瘍組織を、1.25×108細胞/mLで、尿素溶解緩衝液(20mM HEPES pH8.0、9M 尿素、1mM バナジン酸ナトリウム、2.5mM ピロリン酸ナトリウム、1mM β−グリセロリン酸)中にホモジナイズして溶解して、超音波で破砕した。超音波で破砕した溶解液を、20,000×gの遠心分離によって清澄化して、以前に記載されているようにタンパク質を還元してアルキル化した(Rushら、Nat. Biotechnol. 23(1):94-101(2005)を参照されたい)。試料を20mM HEPES pH 8.0で希釈して、尿素の最終濃度を2Mにした。トリプシン(0.001M HCl中に1mg/mL)をこの溶解液上清に1:100v/vで添加した。試料を室温で一晩消化させた。
IP溶出液(40μL)中のペプチドを、溶出した抗体からStop and Go抽出チップ(StageTips)を用いて濃縮および分離させた(Rappsilberら、Anal. Chem., 75(3):663-70(2003)を参照されたい)。このマイクロカラムから、ペプチドを、1μLの60%MeCN、0.1%TFAで、7.6μLの0.4%酢酸/0.005%ヘプタフルオロ酪酸(HFBA)中に溶出させた。この試料を、不活性のサンプルインジェクションバルブを有するFamosオートサンプラー(Dionex)を用いて、Magic C18 AQ逆相樹脂(Michrom Bioresources)の詰まった10cm×75μmのPicoFritキャピラリーカラム(New Objective)上にロードした。このカラムを、0.4%酢酸、0.005%HFBA中のアセトニトリルの45分間の直線濃度勾配によって、流速280nL/分(Ultimate、Dionex)で展開した。
(BioWorks 3.0の一部として供給されるSequest Browser package(v.27, rev.12)中の)TurboSequest(ThermoFinnigan)を用いて、MS/MSスペクトルを評価した。以下の設定で、Sequest BrowserプログラムCreateDtaを用いて、生のデータファイルから個々のMS/MSスペクトルを抽出した:下限分子量、700;上限分子量、4,500;イオンの最小数、20;最小TIC、4×105;かつプレカーサー荷電状態、不特定。試料注入前の生のデータファイルの開始から溶出勾配の終了まで、スペクトルを抽出した。Sequest解析用にさらにMS/MSスペクトルを選択するために、IonQuestプログラムおよびVuDtaプログラムは用いなかった。以下のTurboSequestパラメータでMS/MSスペクトルを評価した:ペプチドマストレランス、2.5;フラグメントイオントレランス、0.0;修飾ごとに異なるアミノ酸の最大数、4;マスタイプ親、平均;マスタイプ断片、平均;内部切断部位の最大数、10;水およびアンモニアのbおよびyイオンからのニュートラルロスは相関解析において考慮した。エラスターゼ消化から収集されるスペクトルを除き、タンパク質分解酵素を特定した。
CD74−ROS融合遺伝子の単離および配列決定
NSCLC患者において活性化型のROSキナーゼの存在が認められた場合には、キメラなROS転写産物が存在するかどうかを決定するために、ROSのキナーゼドメインをコードしている配列のcDNA末端の5’高速増幅を行った。
RNeasy Miniキット(Qiagen)を用いて、CS045細胞株からRNAを抽出した。DNAは、DNeasy Tissueキット(Qiagen)を用いて抽出した。cDNA末端の高速増幅は、5' RACEシステム(Invitrogen)を用いて、cDNA合成用のROS−GSP1プライマーならびにネストPCR反応用のROS−GSP2プライマーおよびROS−GSP3プライマーで行った。
RT−PCRのために、SuperScript(商標)IIIファーストストランド合成システム(Invitrogen)を用いて、ファーストストランドcDNAを、2.5μgの全RNAからオリゴ(dT)20で合成した。次いで、以下のCD74−F1およびROS−GSP3のプライマー対を用いて、CD74−ROS融合遺伝子を増幅した:
ROS−GSP1:ACCCTTCTCGGTTCTTCGTTTCCA(配列番号:7)
ROS−GSP2:GCAGCTCAGCCAACTCTTTGTCTT(配列番号:8)
ROS−GSP3:TGCCAGACAAAGGTCAGTGGGATT(配列番号:9)
CD74−F1:GCAGAATGCCACCAAGTATGGCAA(配列番号:10)
得られた産物の配列解析によって、ROSのC端末がCD74遺伝子のN末端に融合していることが明らかにされた(図1、パネルBおよびCを参照されたい)。このCD74−ROS融合遺伝子は、インフレームであり、CD74の最初の208アミノ酸がROSの最後の495アミノ酸に融合されており(図1、パネルBを参照されたい)、結果として融合タンパク質が生じていた。CD74は染色体5q32に位置し、一方、ROSは染色体6q22に位置していた。したがって、該融合遺伝子は、t(5;6)(q32;q22)によって引き起こされていた。
FISHアッセイを用いた、ヒト癌試料中のCD74−ROS融合タンパク質の発現の検出
以前に記載されているように、蛍光in situハイブリダイゼーション(FISH)アッセイを用いて、ヒトNSCLC腫瘍試料中のCD74−ROS融合タンパク質の存在を検出した。例えば、Vermaら、HUMAN CHROMOSOMES:A MANUAL OF BASIC TECHNIQUES, Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y.(1988)を参照されたい。200を超える、パラフィン包埋したヒトNSCLC腫瘍試料を調べた。
PCRアッセイを用いた、ヒト癌試料中の変異ROSキナーゼの発現の検出
以前に記載されている、ゲノムもしくは逆転写酵素(RT)のポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)を用いて、ヒト癌試料中の切断型ROSキナーゼおよび/またはCD74−ROS融合タンパク質の存在を検出することもできる。例えば、Coolsら、N. Engl. J. Med. 348:1201-1214(2003)を参照されたい。
Claims (8)
- 癌を有するヒト患者からの生体試料中のCD74−ROS融合ポリヌクレオチドを検出することを含む方法であって、
前記生体試料は癌細胞を含み、
前記CD74−ROS融合ポリヌクレオチドは、配列番号1のアミノ酸配列を含むCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドまたは配列番号1のアミノ酸配列と少なくとも95%同一であるアミノ酸配列を含むポリペプチドをコードする、
方法。 - 前記検出は、
第一プライマーが配列番号4の12−636ヌクレオチドまたはその相補体から成るポリヌクレオチドにハイブリダイズし、第二プライマーが配列番号6の5756−7368ヌクレオチドまたはその相補体から成るポリヌクレオチドにハイブリダイズする一対のプライマーを使用し、前記試料からのポリヌクレオチドを用いたポリヌクレオチド増幅反応を行うこと、および、
増幅生成物の有無を検出することにより前記試料中のCD74−ROS融合ポリヌクレオチドの有無を検出すること、
を含む請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記ポリヌクレオチドはDNAである、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリヌクレオチドはRNAである、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記検出は、
配列番号1のアミノ酸配列を含むCD74−ROS融合ポリペプチドをコードするヌクレオチド配列を含むCD74−ROS融合ゲノムDNAにハイブリダイズする蛍光標識した核酸プローブを用いた蛍光in situハイブリダイゼーションアッセイを行うこと、および、
前記試料中のCD74−ROS融合ゲノムDNAの有無を検出すること、
を含む請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記検出は核酸シークエンシングを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記シークエンシングは、前記CD74−ROS融合ポリヌクレオチドの融合ジャンクション配列を決定することを含む、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記生体試料は腫瘍生検試料、胸水試料、または血液試料である、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |