JP5980790B2 - バイオマーカーとしての、ice切断されたアルファ−シヌクレイン - Google Patents
バイオマーカーとしての、ice切断されたアルファ−シヌクレイン Download PDFInfo
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- JP5980790B2 JP5980790B2 JP2013537895A JP2013537895A JP5980790B2 JP 5980790 B2 JP5980790 B2 JP 5980790B2 JP 2013537895 A JP2013537895 A JP 2013537895A JP 2013537895 A JP2013537895 A JP 2013537895A JP 5980790 B2 JP5980790 B2 JP 5980790B2
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- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229960002232 sodium phenylbutyrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
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Description
[0001]本出願は、それぞれの全体が本明細書中に参照により援用される、2010年11月5日に出願された米国仮出願第61/410,856号、および、2010年11月5日に出願された米国仮出願第61/410,852号の優先権を主張するものである。
[0002]アルファ−シヌクレインのポリペプチド/α−シヌクレインのポリペプチド:本明細書において用いられる用語「α−シヌクレインのポリペプチド」または「アルファ−シヌクレイン」は、例えば、野生型ヒトα−シヌクレインのような、野生型α−シヌクレインのポリペプチドと高度の配列同一性を示すポリペプチドを指す。野生型のヒトα−シヌクレインの全長型は、次のアミノ酸配列を含む140アミノ酸のポリペプチドである。(例えば、アクセッションナンバー:NP_000336.1参照):
MDVFMKGLSK AKEGVVAAAE KTKQGVAEAA
GKTKEGVLYV GSKTKEGVVH GVATVAEKTK
EQVTNVGGAV VTGVTAVAQK TVEGAGSIAA
ATGFVKKDQL GKNEEGAPQE GILEDMPVDP
DNEAYEMPSE EGYQDYEPEA (配列番号1)。
一部の実施態様では、α−シヌクレインのポリペプチドは、配列番号1と、少なくとも75%、80%、85%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%または100%の全体的な配列同一性を示す。α−シヌクレイン全長の一次構造は、典型的に3つの異なるドメインに分けられる:配列番号1の残基1〜60に対応する残基は、コンセンサス配列KTKEGV(配列番号2)を含む、4つの11残基反復により多数が占められている両親媒性のN末端領域を示す。この配列は、アポリポタンパク質結合ドメインに似た構造上のα−へリックス性向を有すると報告されている;残基61〜95は、タンパク質凝集に関与する非アミロイド構成要素(NAC)領域を含む中央の疎水性領域に対応し;そして、残基96〜140は、明確な構造的傾向を有さない強酸性およびプロリンリッチな領域を構成する。一部の実施態様では、α−シヌクレインのポリペプチドは、配列番号1と比較して、1つ若しくは複数の、疾患、障害または状態と関連する点変異を含んでよい。例えば、制限されないが、A30P、A53T、およびE46Kを含む特定の単一点変異が、若年性家族性パーキンソン病の原因因子として同定されている。
[00031]シヌクレインは、α−、β−、およびγ−シヌクレインからなるタンパク質のファミリーである。ニューロンでは、シヌクレインタンパク質は、主にシナプス前部位に局在化している。シヌクレインタンパク質のうち、α−シヌクレインは、小胞輸送に関わる、小さな脂質結合タンパク質であり、その機能は特徴があまりない。α−シヌクレイン機能障害は、パーキンソン病(PD)を含む様々な神経変性疾患の病因に関与しているため、臨床的見地から大変興味深い(Ian et al.,Clinical Neurosc.Res.1:445−455,2001;Trojanowski and Lee,Neurotoxicology 23:457−460,2002)。
アルファ−シヌクレインは、脂質膜に直接結合することが知られており、リン脂質の負に帯電した表面に関係している(Uversky VN(October 2007).「Neuropathology,biochemistry,and biophysics of alpha−synuclein aggregation」.J.Neurochem.103(1):17‐37)。小胞への選択的結合が発見されている(Zhu M,Li J,Fink AL(October 2003).「The association of alpha−synuclein with membranes affects bilayer structure,stability,and fibril formation」.J.Biol.Chem.278(41):40186‐97)。脂質膜へのアルファ−シヌクレインの結合は、後に複合効果を有し、二重層構造を変化させて、そして、小胞の形成につながる(Madine J,Doig AJ,Middleton DA(May 2006).「A study of the regional effects of alpha−synuclein on the organization and stability of phospholipid bilayers」.Biochemistry 45(18):5783‐92)。アルファ−シヌクレインは、負に帯電したリン脂質小胞の膜を曲げて、そして、大きい脂質小胞由来の細管を形成することが示されている(Varkey J,Isas JM,Mizuno N,Jensen MB,Bhatia VK,Jao CC,Petrlova J,Voss J,Stamou D,Steven AC,Langen R(August 2010).「Membrane curvature induction and tubulation is a common feature of synucleins and apolipoproteins」.J Biol Chem)。研究は、膜におけるアルファ−シヌクレインの抗酸化活性の可能性も示している(Zhu M,Qin ZJ,Hu D,Munishkina LA,Fink AL(July 2006).「Alpha−synuclein can function as an antioxidant preventing oxidation of unsaturated lipid in vesicles」.Biochemistry 45(26):8135‐42)。
[00044]本発明は、例えば、α−シヌクレイン全長のICE依存性の切断産物であるフラグメントを含むα−シヌクレインのフラグメントに特異的な抗体も含む。一部の実施態様では、本発明は、ICEによって切断されない、または、されていない、α−シヌクレインを特異的に認識するα−シヌクレイン抗体を提供する。ICEを含むシステインプロテアーゼが、標的に存在するアスパラギン酸残基(AspまたはD)の後ろで、それらの基質の切断を触媒することが知られている。α−シヌクレインの一次配列は、ICE依存性のタンパク質分解に関する潜在的な標的である、残基115、119および121(以下に太字で示される)の3つのアスパラギン酸残基があることを明らかにする。
[00056]本明細書に記載のICE阻害剤治療のための候補者である対象は、シヌクレイン病の1つ若しくは複数の形態の症状を現在示す、または無症状の対象であってよい。一部の実施態様では、候補対象(例えば、患者)は、パーキンソン病のような、シヌクレイン病の少なくとも1つの形態を患っている、または、起こしやすいと診断されている。
[00062]本発明は、α−シヌクレインのICE切断を阻害する(または刺激する)薬剤(例えば、1つの化合物または複数の化合物)をスクリーニングする、同定する、およびまたは特性を明らかにするための方法。そのような化合物は、異常なα−シヌクレイン処理および/または凝集と関連する様々な疾患または状態を治療するために用いられることができる。
[00070]本発明による使用に関して本明細書に記載の適切な化合物は、本発明の疾患、障害、および/または状態の治療および/または予防に特に効果的な、本明細書中に参照により援用される化合物および薬学的に許容できるその誘導体を含む。例えば、一部の実施態様では、記載の化合物はパーキンソン病(特発性パーキンソン病(PD)を含む)、レビー小体認知症(DLB)としても知られるびまん性レビー小体病(DLBD)、アルツハイマー病とパーキンソン病の複合疾患、および/または多系統萎縮症(MSA)の治療および/または予防に有用である。
[00086]一部の実施態様では、記載の化合物は、本発明の疾患、障害、または状態の、1つ若しくは複数の症状の重症度または頻度における、検出可能な減少(例えば、少なくとも5%、少なくとも6%、少なくとも7%、少なくとも9%、少なくとも10%、少なくとも11%、少なくとも12%、少なくとも13%、少なくとも14%、少なくとも15%、少なくとも16%、少なくとも17%、少なくとも18%、少なくとも19%、少なくとも20%、少なくとも25%、少なくとも30%、少なくとも35%、少なくとも40%、少なくとも45%、少なくとも50%、少なくとも55%、少なくとも60%、少なくとも65%、少なくとも70%、少なくとも75%、少なくとも80%、少なくとも85%、少なくとも90%、少なくとも95%、少なくとも96%、少なくとも97%、少なくとも98%、少なくとも99%、またはそれ以上のような量)、および/または、本発明の疾患、障害、または状態の、1つ若しくは複数の症状の発症の遅延を生じさせることで特徴付けられる。
[00098]本明細書に記載の1つ若しくは複数の方法を用いてスクリーニングされ、同定され、および/または特性が明らかにされる化合物は、任意の様々な化学的分類であることができる。一部の実施態様では、そのような化合物は、50〜2500ダルトンの範囲の分子量を有する有機小分子である。そのような化合物は、タンパク質との構造的相互作用に関与する官能基(例えば、水素結合)を含むことができ、そして、一般的に、少なくともアミン基、カルボニル基、ヒドロキシル基、またはカルボキシル基、および好ましくは少なくとも2つのそのような化学官能基を含む。そのような化合物は、しばしば、1つ若しくは複数の上記官能基で置換された、環状炭素(cyclical carbon)または複素環の構造および/または芳香族または多環芳香族の構造(例えば、プリン核)を含む。
[0014]このように、特定の実施態様では、酵素(例えば、タンパク質分解)の分析は、α−シヌクレインのICE切断が様々な試験化合物の存在下または非存在下で測定されるインビトロで行われる。分析は、特定の濃度の試験薬剤または特定の条件下での適切な参照の存在下で行われる。特定の条件は、緩衝剤のタイプ、薬剤の濃度、溶解または懸濁される溶剤、pH、温度、インキュベーション時間などを含む。これらの特定のパラメーターは、当業者が理解するように、分析を行なう技術者または科学者によって決定されてよい。ICEによるα−シヌクレイン切断に対する任意の試験化合物の調節効果は、サンプルにおける、全長対α−シヌクレインの切断産物の相対的レベルを測定することにより決定されることができる。例えば、試験化合物の存在下で、より低い度合いのα−シヌクレインの切断である場合は、そのときは、その試験化合物はICE阻害剤の候補である。一部の実施態様では、ICE阻害剤の候補は、抗酸化剤である。一部の実施態様では、ICE阻害剤の候補は、ICEの活性を阻害する抗酸化剤である。
[000107]特定の実施態様では、α−シヌクレインのICE切断は、細胞系を用いて分析されてよい。このように、細胞中でα−シヌクレインのICE切断を阻害し得る候補化合物を同定する、および/または特性を明らかにするための方法は、α−シヌクレインおよびICEを発現している細胞を試験化合物と接触させること、ならびに、全長およびα−シヌクレインの切断産物の存在/レベル、および/または細胞でのα−シヌクレインの凝集体形成に関して、細胞の表現型に対する試験化合物の調節効果を決定することを含む。そのような方法では、表現型の調節は、化合物の有効性の指標である。特に、試験化合物が、細胞において、α−シヌクレインの切断されたフラグメントに対する全長の、参照と比較してより高い比率を生じさせる場合は、そのときは、その試験化合物は、ICE阻害剤の候補である。一部の実施態様では、分析される細胞の表現型は、α−シヌクレインの凝集体レベルを測定することを含む。
[000110]特定の実施態様では、本発明のスクリーニング方法は、1つ若しくは複数の動物モデルを用いてよい。例えば、α−シヌクレインの様々な対立遺伝子を発現している遺伝子導入マウスが、インビボでα−シヌクレインのICE切断を阻害し得る化合物をスクリーニングするために用いられてよい。パーキンソン病様の表現型を示す多くの遺伝子導入マウス株が市販されている。これらは、制限されずに、以下の株を含む:
B6.129P2−Sncgtm1Vlb/J;
B6.Cg−Tg(THY1−SNCA*A53T)F53Sud/J;
B6.Cg−Tg(THY1−SNCA*A53T)M53Sud/J;
B6;129−Gt(ROSA)26Sortm1(SNCA*A53T)Djmo/TmdJ;
B6;129−Gt(ROSA)26Sortm2(SNCA*119)Djmo/TmdJ;
B6;129−Gt(ROSA)26Sortm3(SNCA*E46K)Djmo/TmdJ;
B6;129X1−Sncatm1Rosl/J;
B6;C3−Tg(Prnp−SNCA*A53T)83Vle/J;
STOCK Tg(THY1−SNCA*A53T)F53Sud/J;
B6.129−Sncbtm1Sud/J;
B6;129−Sncatm1Sud Sncbtm1.1Sud/J;
B6;SJL−Tg(THY1−SNCA*A30P)M30Sud/J;
C57BL/6−Tg(THY1−SNCA)1Sud/J;および、
STOCK Tg(THY1−Snca)M1mSud/J (Jackson研究所から入手可能)。
[000112]α−シヌクレイン全長の、切断されたフラグメントへの処理は、1つ若しくは複数のプロテアーゼによって触媒される。したがって、さらなる態様での本発明は、α−シヌクレインをインビトロでおよび/またはインビボで切断する酵素(例えば、プロテアーゼ)を同定するためのスクリーニング方法を提供する。α−シヌクレインプロテアーゼとしてのICEを同定するために用いられる方法は、以下の実施例の節に記載されている。本発明は、α−シヌクレインを切断する、さらなるプロテアーゼを同定することを検討する。そのような、さらなるプロテアーゼは、パーキンソン病および他のα−シヌクレイン関連の疾患および状態の治療のための治療的標的の候補である。
[0015]ICEがα−シヌクレインを切断して、凝集してレビー小体(LB)を形成する傾向がより高いフラグメントを生じさせるという知見に基づき、本発明はシヌクレイン病の少なくとも1つの形態を患っている、または、発症するリスクがある対象を治療するための方法を提供する。提供される方法は、細胞での、毒性のα−シヌクレインのフラグメントの形成を減少させるようにα−シヌクレインの切断を阻害するのに効果的な量のICE阻害剤を対象に投与することを含む。
[000114]本明細書に記載されるように、とりわけ、本発明は、例えば、シヌクレイン病(syucleinopathy)の1つ若しくは複数の形態を患っているまたは起こしやすいと考えられまたは知られる、および/または、ICE阻害剤治療に関する候補であると考えられまたは知られる、対象由来の生物学的サンプルの特性化に関する方法およびシステムを提供する。
例えば、特定の実施態様では、候補の対象は、α−シヌクレインの切断産物の存在に関して試験される。本発明の発明者らは、血液サンプルのような生物学的サンプル中に、α−シヌクレインを検出することが可能であることを見出した。
[000127]用語「投与」または「投与すること」は、本発明の化合物(単数または複数)を、その意図される機能を果たすために対象に導入する経路を含む。使用され得る投与経路の例は、注射(皮下、静脈内、非経口的、腹腔内、髄腔内)、経口、吸入、直腸および経皮を含む。医薬品製剤は、各投与経路に適した形態で与えられてよい。例えば、これらの製剤は、錠剤またはカプセル形態で、注射、吸入、目薬、軟膏、坐薬などによって、注射、注入または吸入による投与;ローションまたは軟膏による局所;および坐薬による直腸によって投与される。経口投与が好ましい。注射は、ボーラスであることができ、または連続的な注入であることができる。投与経路に応じて、本発明の化合物は、それの意図される機能を果たすためのそれの能力に有害な影響を及ぼし得る天然の状態からそれを守るために、選択された材料で被覆され、または、処置されることができる。本発明の化合物は、単独で、または、上述の他の薬剤若しくは薬学的に許容できる担体のいずれか若しくは両方と併用して投与されることができる。本発明の化合物は、他の薬剤の投与の前に、薬剤と同時に、または薬剤の投与の後に、投与されることができる。さらに、本発明の化合物は、インビボでその活性代謝物、またはさらに活性の代謝物に変換される、代用形(pro−form)で投与されることもできる。
[000131]ICE阻害剤がICE阻害剤以外のシヌクレイン病治療と併用して対象に投与されるように、本明細書に記載のICE阻害剤を含む治療方法はシヌクレイン病の治療のための1つ若しくは複数のさらなる治療と組み合わせて用いられてよいことがさらに考えられる。特定の疾患または状態を治療するために普通に投与される、さらなる治療剤は、「治療される疾患または状態に適した薬剤」と呼ばれてよい。
[000143]本発明の薬剤は、しばしば、活性の治療剤、すなわち、および様々な他の薬学的に許容できる構成要素を含む医薬組成物として投与される。Remington’s Pharmaceutical Science(15th ed.,Mack Publishing Company,Easton,Pa.,1980)を参照。好ましい形態は、意図される投与方法および治療的適用に依存する。組成物は、所望の製剤に応じて、動物またはヒトへの投与のための医薬組成物を処方するために一般に用いられる賦形剤として定義される、薬学的に許容できる非毒性の担体または希釈剤も含むことができる。希釈剤は、組み合わせの生物学的活性に影響を及ぼさないように選択される。そのような希釈剤の例は、蒸留水、生理学的リン酸緩衝生理食塩水、リンガー溶液、ブドウ糖溶液、およびハンクス溶液である。加えて、医薬組成物または製剤は、他の担体、アジュバント、または非毒性、非治療的、非免疫原性の安定剤などを含んでもよい。
[0019]α−シヌクレインのタンパク質は、2つの最も流行している神経変性疾患の、パーキンソン病およびアルツハイマー病を含む、多数の神経障害と関連する。まとめると、これらのα−シヌクレインに関連する障害は、シヌクレイン病(synucleinophathies)と呼ばれ、そして大半は、レビー小体と呼ばれる、不溶性のα−シヌクレインリッチな凝集体の存在により特徴付けられる(1−3)。黒質のニューロン中のレビー小体の存在は、パーキンソン病の病理組織学的な特質であり、そして、重複する臨床的症状を有する他の神経障害からパーキンソン病を区別するために、現在のところ用いられている(4)。α−シヌクレインがパーキンソン病の孤発性の形態に見られるレビー小体の主な構成要素であることに加えて(4)、単一遺伝子の点変異(A30P、A53T、およびE46K)、ならびに、α−シヌクレイン遺伝子座の2重化および3重化が、若年性家族性パーキンソン病の原因因子として特定されている(5−7)。したがって、α−シヌクレインは、シヌクレイン病の孤発性および家族型の両方に共通する病原経路に関与する可能性がある。正常な脳機能におけるα−シヌクレインの役割は、未だにあまり理解されていない。シナプスの小胞輸送に、および場合により、ミトコンドリアの融合および分裂に、α−シヌクレインが関与するという証拠があり;マウスおよび鳴き鳥においてそれぞれ記憶および学習にも重要である(8、9)。酵母およびC.elegans(そのどちらも、自然にはα−シヌクレインを発現しない)でのヒトα−シヌクレインの過剰発現は、Rab1 GTPaseの脱制御の結果である、ER−ゴルジ体の小胞輸送の欠損をもたらす(3、10)。α−シヌクレインは小さく(140残基)、そして、脊椎動物において高く保存されている。その配列は、タンパク質の最初の2/3(残基1〜83)にまたがる、多重のKTKE(配列番号:3)またはEKTK(配列番号:4)の不完全なアミノ酸反復を含み、一方で、C末端領域(残基100〜140)は強酸性である。反復セグメントは、高いα−へリックス傾向を有し、そして、らせん構造は、α−シヌクレインがいくつかの界面活性剤および脂質小胞とともにインキュベートされるときの円偏光二色性(CD)および核磁気共鳴(NMR)によって検出される(11、12)。
[0022]本発明は、ヒトα−シヌクレインが過剰発現されるときに酵母において形成される凝集体が、レビー小体の中に見られるものと同一のタンパク質フラグメントを含むことを証明した。
[0023]次に、シヌクレイン−過剰発現株での50より多い酵母プロテアーゼのそれぞれが、欠失のいずれかが、酵母をシヌクレイン毒性から救うかどうかを見るために、体系的に検出された。2つの欠失が救った:ヒトシステインプロテアーゼのカルパインの唯一の酵母ホモログRIM13、および、システインプロテアーゼのヒトカスパーゼファミリーの唯一の酵母ホモログYCA1の欠失。酵母では、RIM13がYCA1を活性化するので、1つの酵素のみが、酵母においてシヌクレインを切断している可能性があると考えられた。いずれかのプロテアーゼの損失が、シヌクレインの毒性を消失させただけでなく、シヌクレインのフラグメントおよび凝集体の生産をも消失させた。システインプロテアーゼの関与は、それらのいずれかが、酵母でのシヌクレイン毒性を防いだかどうか見るために一連のプロテアーゼ阻害剤をスクリーニングすることにより、確認された。非特異的なシステインプロテアーゼ阻害剤のみ、効果的であった。
[0025]本実施例は、ICEが標的プロテアーゼであることを証明する。この細胞培養モデルでは、シヌクレインがレビー小体様の凝集体を形成するだけでなく、酵母およびPDの脳において見られるのと同一のフラグメントを生じさせることも決定された。ノックダウン細胞株のそれぞれが、このフラグメントの損失に関して調べられて、そして、ヒトカルパインおよびカスパーゼのうちのただ1つ:カスパーゼ−1の量の減少が、フラグメント生産を消失させることが見出された。
[0027]本発明はさらに、カスパーゼ−1/ICEがインビトロでα−シヌクレインを切断して予想のフラグメント化を生じさせることを検証するために、精製されたカスパーゼ−1/ICEを用いることができることを証明する。精製され、活性化されたカスパーゼ−1は、実際に、アルファ−シヌクレインを切断する(図5)。インビトロアッセイのこのセットでは、21μgのシヌクレイン、pH7.4の100mM HEPES中の様々な量のICE、0.1% OG、10%グリセロール、150mM NaClからなる60μlの反応混合物が、37℃で2時間インキュベートされた。20μlがSDS−PAGEのために反応から回収されて、続いて、抗−シヌクレイン抗体でのウエスタンブロッティングがされた(図5)。
[0030]本実施例は、ICEが、インビボでアルファ−シヌクレインを切断することを確認する。インビボ分析は、ストレス無負荷の細胞での低レベルの持続性のカスパーゼ−1の活性化のせいで(場合により細胞があまりストレス無負荷されていないために)より難易度が高いものであったが、カスパーゼ−1が、インビトロとインビボの両方でアルファ−シヌクレインを切断すること、および、カスパーゼ−1により切断されたアルファ−シヌクレインが、全長の野生型アルファ−シヌクレイン(例えば、配列番号1)よりもさらに早く凝集することが、決定的である。
[0031]本実施例は、ミトコンドリアでの酸化ストレスが、カスパーゼ−1を活性化してアルファ−シヌクレインの切断を誘導することができ、それによって、ロテノンおよびMPTPのような公知のPD誘導剤について考えられる説明を提供することを初めて証明する(図3)。この実験セットでは、α−シヌクレインを過剰発現するM17が、メナジオンの存在下または非存在下で、Optimem中で、コンフルエンスまで培養された。細胞は、それから、かき集められて、そしてSDS−PAGEのために超音波処理により溶解されて、抗−シヌクレイン抗体でのウエスタンブロッティングが後に続いた。
[0035]細胞の生存率分析が、LIVE/DEAD(分子プローブ)アッセイを用いて使用説明書にしたがって行われた。図10に要約されるように、カスパーゼ−1/ICEのRNAiノックダウンおよびカスパーゼ−1/ICE阻害剤での処理の両方が、神経細胞でのシヌクレインのフラグメント形成をブロックし、そして、PDの1つ若しくは複数のマウスモデルに由来する神経細胞でのシヌクレインの凝集を阻害する。
[0038]その上さらに検討されるのは、脳透過性および半減期に関して好ましい薬物動態を有する、さらなる(新規の)ICE阻害剤化合物をスクリーニングすることである。多くの、血液脳関門を通過する公知のまたは可能性のある能力を有する小分子の多様性ライブラリーが利用可能であり、そして、これらのスクリーニングのために使用されてよい。
[0041]本実施例は、α−Synの発現の蓄積および凝集を防ぎまたは遅らせ、および、ロテノン処理ラットにおける神経学的機能性の回復を改善するための、カスパーゼ−1阻害剤での事前処理の能力を評価するための方法を説明する。特に、本実施例は、カスパーゼ−1阻害がα−Synフラグメントの形成および凝集を防ぎまたは遅らせ、そして、ロテノンマウスPDモデルにおける運動障害を防ぐかどうかを決定する。特に興味深いのは、VertexのプロドラッグVX−765およびNIHの化合物NCGC00185682である。
[0042]対象:合計50のC57/BLマウスが本実験を含む。
[0045]本実施例は、ロテノン処理のラットにおいて、アルファ−シヌクレインのフラグメント化および凝集を覆しまたは遅らせて、そしてそれ故に、神経学的機能性の回復を改善させるための、ロテノン処理後に行われるカスパーゼ−1阻害剤治療の能力を決定するための方法を説明する。
[0047]本実施例は、aSynのフラグメント化および凝集を防ぎまたは遅らせて、そして、アルファシヌクレインの黒質内のウイルス性の過剰発現を受けているラットにおける、神経学的機能性の回復を改善させるための、カスパーゼ−1阻害剤治療の能力を決定するための方法を説明する。
[0049]対象:100の若齢成熟Sprague Dawley雄ラットが、本実験を含む。
[0055]本実施例は、とりわけ、2つの上記の化合物(すなわち、VX−765およびNCGC00185682)の、血液脳関門(BBB)を通過する能力を評価するための方法を説明する。予備試験は、動物でのBBB透過性が、両方の化合物に関して低いことを示唆する。潜在的なてんかん治療としてのVX−765の研究がVertexで現在進行中であるという事実に鑑みて、ヒトでのBBB透過性がより良いか、または、研究において測定される所望の効果を達成するために必要なCNSにおける化合物の量が少ないかの、いずれかであることが仮説される。
(1)無細胞の透過性
[0057]12穴のCostar Transwell(登録商標)プレート中のコラーゲン被覆の微孔性のポリカーボネート膜が、MDR1−MDCK細胞を伴わずに、本研究のために用いられた。透過性アッセイのバッファーは、15mMのグルコースを有するpH7.4の10mM HEPESを含む、ハンクス平衡塩類溶液(Hanks Balanced Salt Solution)であった。試験化合物の投与溶液の濃度は、アッセイバッファー中で1μMであった。デュプリケートで、無細胞の挿入がチャンバーの上部(頂端)に投入され、そして、加湿されたインキュベーター中で、5%のCO2とともに、37℃でインキュベートされた。120分後、一定分量がレシーバーバーチャンバー(receiver chamber)から取られた。サンプルは、5分および120分に、ドナーチャンバー(donor chamber)から取られた。全サンプルは、LC−MS/MSによって分析された。見かけ上の透過性、Papp、および回復の割合(Percent Recovery)は、以下のように計算された:
Papp=(dCr/dt)×Vr/(A×C0) (1)
回復の割合=100×((Vr×Crfinal)+(Vd×Cdfinal))/(Vd×CN) (2)
ここで、dCr/dtは、レシーバー部分での蓄積濃度対μM/sでの時間の傾斜であり;Vrは、レシーバー部分の、cm3での容積であり;Vdは、ドナー部分の、cm3での容積であり;Aは、挿入の面積(12穴のTranswell(登録商標)に関して1.13cm2)であり;C0は、1μMでの、測定された0分のドナー濃度であり;CNは、1μMでの、投与溶液の設定濃度(nominal concentration)であり;Crfinalは、インキュベーション時間の終点における、1μMでの、蓄積的なレシーバー濃度であり;Cdfinalは、インキュベーション時間の終点における、1μMでの、ドナーの濃度である。
[0058]MDR1−MDCKの単層は、12穴のCostar Transwell(登録商標)プレート中のコラーゲン被覆の微孔性のポリカーボネート膜上に、コンフルエンスまで培養された。プレートの詳細およびそれらの認証を以下に示す。透過性アッセイのバッファーは、pH7.4の10mM HEPESおよび15mMのグルコースを含む、ハンクス平衡塩類溶液であった。投与溶液の濃度は、アッセイバッファー中で5μMであった。細胞単層は、頂端側(A−to−B)または基底外側(B−to−A)に投入され、そして、加湿されたインキュベーター中で、5%のCO2とともに、37℃でインキュベートされた。60分および120分に、一定分量がレシーバーチャンバーから取られ、そして、新鮮なアッセイバッファーで置き換えられた。サンプルは、120分に、ドナーチャンバーから取られた。それぞれの決定は、デュプリケートで行われた。流動(flux)時間中に、細胞単層に対して損傷が何も与えられないことを確実にするために、ルシファーイエロー流動(lucifer yellow flux)が、試験化合物にさらされた後に、それぞれの単層に関して測定された。全サンプルは、エレクトロスプレーイオン化を用いてLC−MS/MSによって分析された。見かけ上の透過性、Papp、および回復の割合は、以下のように計算された:
Papp=(dCr/dt)×Vr/(A×CN) (1)
回復の割合=100×((Vr×Crfinal)+(Vd×Cdfinal))/(Vd×CN) (2)
ここで、dCr/dtは、レシーバー部分での蓄積濃度対μM/sでの時間の傾斜であり;Vrは、レシーバー部分の、cm3での容積であり;Vdは、ドナー部分の、cm3での容積であり;Aは、細胞単層の面積(12穴のTranswell(登録商標)に関して1.13cm2)であり;CNは、5μMでの、投与溶液の設定濃度であり;Crfinalは、インキュベーション時間の終点における、5μMでの、蓄積的なレシーバー濃度であり;Cdfinalは、インキュベーション時間の終点における、5μMでの、ドナーの濃度である。
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[0059]前述の開示は、当業者が本発明を実施するのを可能にするために十分であると考えられる。実施例は、本発明の1つ若しくは複数の態様の単なる実例として意図されているため、本発明は、提供される実施例によって範囲が制限されるものではない。他の、機能的に同等な実施態様は、本発明の範囲内であると考えられる。本明細書中に示され、および記載のものに加え、本発明の様々な改良は、前述の説明から、当業者にとって明らかとなるであろう。本発明の各制限は、本発明の様々な実施態様を含むことができる。したがって、任意の一つの要素または要素の組み合わせを含む本発明の各制限は、本発明の各態様中に含まれることができることが見込まれる。本発明はその応用において、説明されまたは図面で解説された構成要素の構成および配置の詳細に制限されない。本発明は、他の実施態様、および、様々な方法で実施されること、または行われることが可能である。
Claims (13)
- ICE阻害剤での治療に反応する可能性がある患者を処置するための方法において使用するための医薬組成物であって、以下の構造:
の1つから選択されるICE阻害剤の治療上有効量を含んでおり、
前記方法は、
シヌクレイン病の疾患、障害または状態を患っている、または、起こしやすい患者のサンプルにおいて、α−シヌクレイン全長に対するフラグメントの比率を決定するステップ;
前記比率が参照標準と比較して高い場合は、前記患者をICE阻害剤での治療のための良い候補者として同定するステップ;および
前記医薬組成物をICE阻害剤での治療に反応する可能性があると同定された患者に投与するステップ
を含む、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、
前記α−シヌクレインのフラグメントが、120アミノ酸の長さであることを特徴とする、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項2に記載の医薬組成物であって、
前記α−シヌクレインのフラグメントが、115アミノ酸の長さであることを特徴とする、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項2に記載の医薬組成物であって、
前記α−シヌクレインのフラグメントが、119アミノ酸の長さであることを特徴とする、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項2に記載の医薬組成物であって、
前記α−シヌクレインのフラグメントが、121アミノ酸の長さであることを特徴とする、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、
前記α−シヌクレインのフラグメントが、20アミノ酸の長さであることを特徴とする、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、
前記シヌクレイン病の疾患、障害または状態が、パーキンソン病、認知症、または多系統萎縮症であることを特徴とする、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項7に記載の医薬組成物であって、
前記パーキンソン病が、常染色体優性のパーキンソン病であることを特徴とする、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項7に記載の医薬組成物であって、
前記シヌクレイン病の疾患、障害または状態が、レビー小体の存在により特徴付けられる、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記比率が0よりも高いことを特徴とする、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項10に記載の医薬組成物であって、
前記比率が0.01、0.02、0.03、0.04、0.05、0.1またはそれ以上であることを特徴とする、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記α−シヌクレインのフラグメントが、参照標準では検出されないことを特徴とする、
医薬組成物。 - 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記サンプルが血液サンプルであることを特徴とする、
医薬組成物。
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- 2011-11-04 EP EP11838921.2A patent/EP2635907A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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| WO2012061785A3 (en) | 2013-07-04 |
| US20130316384A1 (en) | 2013-11-28 |
| JP2014503191A (ja) | 2014-02-13 |
| EP2635907A4 (en) | 2014-04-16 |
| EP2635906A2 (en) | 2013-09-11 |
| US9116157B2 (en) | 2015-08-25 |
| EP2635907A1 (en) | 2013-09-11 |
| JP2013543129A (ja) | 2013-11-28 |
| US20160143985A1 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
| US20140309172A1 (en) | 2014-10-16 |
| JP6006908B2 (ja) | 2016-10-12 |
| WO2012061786A1 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
| WO2012061785A2 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
| EP2635906A4 (en) | 2014-04-02 |
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