JP5925711B2 - 検出器、pet装置及びx線ct装置 - Google Patents
検出器、pet装置及びx線ct装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5925711B2 JP5925711B2 JP2013031555A JP2013031555A JP5925711B2 JP 5925711 B2 JP5925711 B2 JP 5925711B2 JP 2013031555 A JP2013031555 A JP 2013031555A JP 2013031555 A JP2013031555 A JP 2013031555A JP 5925711 B2 JP5925711 B2 JP 5925711B2
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- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- semiconductor region
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- semiconductor
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
- H10F39/12—Image sensors
- H10F39/18—Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor [CMOS] image sensors; Photodiode array image sensors
- H10F39/189—X-ray, gamma-ray or corpuscular radiation imagers
- H10F39/1898—Indirect radiation image sensors, e.g. using luminescent members
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
- G01N23/046—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material using tomography, e.g. computed tomography [CT]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/24—Measuring radiation intensity with semiconductor detectors
- G01T1/241—Electrode arrangements, e.g. continuous or parallel strips or the like
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/29—Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
- G01T1/2914—Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
- G01T1/2985—In depth localisation, e.g. using positron emitters; Tomographic imaging (longitudinal and transverse section imaging; apparatus for radiation diagnosis sequentially in different planes, steroscopic radiation diagnosis)
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F30/00—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors
- H10F30/20—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H10F30/29—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to radiation having very short wavelengths, e.g. X-rays, gamma-rays or corpuscular radiation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
- H10F39/12—Image sensors
- H10F39/18—Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor [CMOS] image sensors; Photodiode array image sensors
- H10F39/189—X-ray, gamma-ray or corpuscular radiation imagers
- H10F39/1895—X-ray, gamma-ray or corpuscular radiation imagers of the hybrid type
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/804—Containers or encapsulations
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/809—Constructional details of image sensors of hybrid image sensors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/811—Interconnections
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/20—Electrodes
- H10F77/206—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/10—Bump connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/12—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors prior to the connecting process
- H01L2224/13—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual bump connector
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine (AREA)
- Solid State Image Pick-Up Elements (AREA)
- Light Receiving Elements (AREA)
Description
(タイプ1)
半導体領域12(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(n型/5×1011〜1×1020cm−3/30〜700μm)
半導体領域13(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(p型/1×1014〜1×1017cm−3/2〜50μm)
半導体領域14(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(p型/1×1018〜1×1020cm−3/10〜1000nm)
(タイプ2)
半導体領域12(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(p型/5×1011〜1×1020cm−3/30〜700μm)
半導体領域13(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(n型/1×1014〜1×1017cm−3/2〜50μm)
半導体領域14(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(n型/1×1018〜1×1020cm−3/10〜1000nm)
(タイプ3)
半導体領域12(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(n型/5×1011〜1×1020cm−3/30〜700μm)
半導体領域13(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(n型/1×1014〜1×1017cm−3/2〜50μm)
半導体領域14(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(p型/1×1018〜1×1020cm−3/10〜1000nm)
(タイプ4)
半導体領域12(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(p型/5×1011〜1×1020cm−3/30〜700μm)
半導体領域13(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(p型/1×1014〜1×1017cm−3/2〜50μm)
半導体領域14(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(n型/1×1018〜1×1020cm−3/10〜1000nm)
(タイプ1S)
半導体領域12、13、14のパラメータは、タイプ1と同一。
半導体領域15(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(p型/1×1014〜1×1017cm−3/2〜50μm)
(タイプ2S)
半導体領域12、13、14のパラメータは、タイプ2と同一。
半導体領域15(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(n型/1×1014〜1×1017cm−3/2〜50μm)
(タイプ3S)
半導体領域12、13、14のパラメータは、タイプ3と同一。
半導体領域15(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(p型/1×1014〜1×1017cm−3/2〜50μm)
(タイプ4S)
半導体領域12、13、14のパラメータは、タイプ4と同一。
半導体領域15(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(n型/1×1014〜1×1017cm−3/2〜50μm)
(タイプ1D)
半導体領域12、13、14のパラメータは、タイプ1と同一。
半導体領域15(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(n型/1×1014〜1×1017cm−3/2〜50μm)
(タイプ2D)
半導体領域12、13、14のパラメータは、タイプ2と同一。
半導体領域15(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(p型/1×1014〜1×1017cm−3/2〜50μm)
(タイプ3D)
半導体領域12、13、14のパラメータは、タイプ3と同一。
半導体領域15(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(n型/1×1014〜1×1017cm−3/2〜50μm)
(タイプ4D)
半導体領域12、13、14のパラメータは、タイプ4と同一。
半導体領域15(導電型/不純物濃度/厚み)
(p型/1×1014〜1×1017cm−3/2〜50μm)
(1)構造(図34,図35の構造における数値例)
・半導体領域12:
導電型:n型(不純物:Sb(アンチモン))
不純物濃度:5.0×1011cm−3
厚み:650μm
・半導体領域13
導電型:p型(不純物:B(ボロン))
不純物濃度:1.0×1014cm−3
厚み:30μm
・半導体領域14
導電型:p型(不純物:B(ボロン))
不純物濃度:1.0×1018cm−3
厚み:1000nm
・絶縁層16:SiO2(厚み:1000nm)
・絶縁層17:SiO2(厚み:2000nm)
・コンタクト電極3A:(アルミニウム(Al))
コンタクトホール径:2.0μm
・配線パターン3C:(アルミニウム(Al))
厚み:1.0μm
配線パターン3Cの幅W0:1.0〜3.0μm
・抵抗部4:SiCr
(コンタクト電極4A)
コンタクトホール径:1.0μm
(抵抗層4B)
抵抗層4Bの厚み:20nm
抵抗層4Bの幅W1:1.0〜3.0μm
抵抗層4Bの長さL1:10〜50μm
抵抗部4の抵抗値:200〜500kΩ(コンタクト電極4C)
(2)製法条件
・半導体領域12:CZ法((001)Si半導体基板)
・半導体領域13:Siエピタキシャル成長法(原材料:気相の四塩化珪素(SiCl4)、三塩化シラン(トリクロルシラン、SiHCl3)、成長温度1200℃)
・半導体領域14:不純物の熱拡散法(不純物原材料:ジボラン(B2H6)、拡散温度1200℃)
・絶縁層16:(Si熱酸化法:酸化温度(1000℃))
・絶縁層17:(プラズマCVD法:原材料ガス(テトラエトキシシラン(TEOS)及び酸素ガス):成長温度(200℃))
・コンタクト電極3A及び配線パターン3C:蒸着法(原料:アルミニウム)
・抵抗部4:スパッタ法(ターゲット材料:SiCr)
・配線パターン3Cの幅W0=2.0μm
・光検出領域の面積S=2025μm2
・抵抗層4Bの幅W1=3.0μm
・抵抗層4Bの長さ(合計の長さ)L1=200μm
・抵抗部4の抵抗値=160kΩ
・配線パターン3Cの幅W0=1.5μm
・光検出領域の面積S=420μm2
・抵抗層4Bの幅W1=3.0μm
・抵抗層4Bの長さL1=70μm
・抵抗部4の抵抗値=250kΩ
・配線パターン3Cの幅W0=1.5μm
・光検出領域の面積S=240μm2
・抵抗層4Bの幅W1=2.0μm
・抵抗層4Bの長さL1=55μm
・抵抗部4の抵抗値=300kΩ
・配線パターン3Cの幅W0=1.2μm
・光検出領域の面積S=132μm2
・抵抗層4Bの幅W1=1.0μm
・抵抗層4Bの長さL1=78μm
・抵抗部4の抵抗値=600kΩ
・配線パターン3Cの幅W0=1.2μm
・光検出領域の面積S=132μm2
・抵抗層4Bの幅W1=1.0μm
・抵抗層4Bの長さL1=55μm
・抵抗部4の抵抗値=420kΩ
・配線パターン3Cの幅W0=1.2μm
・光検出領域の面積S=42μm2
・抵抗層4Bの幅W1=1.0μm
・抵抗層4Bの長さL1=29μm
・抵抗部4の抵抗値=700kΩ
(1)構造
(1−1)半導体領域12:
導電型:n型(不純物:Sb(アンチモン))
不純物濃度:5.0×1011cm−3
厚み:650μm
(1−2)半導体領域13:
導電型:p型(不純物:B(ボロン))
不純物濃度:1.0×1014cm−3
厚み:30μm
(1−3)半導体領域14
導電型:p型(不純物:B(ボロン))
不純物濃度:1.0×1018cm−3厚み:1000nm
(1−4)絶縁層16:SiO2(厚み:1000nm)
(1−5)絶縁層17:SiO2(厚み:2000nm)
(1−6)絶縁層18:SiO2(厚み:2000nm)
(1−7)接続電極3:(アルミニウム(Al))
(1−8)クエンチング抵抗4(ポリシリコン)
形状:図63に示す形状
厚み:500nm
幅:2μm
長さ:100μm
抵抗値:500kΩ
(1−9)光検出部10
1つの光検出部10の面積S:2025μm2
隣接する光検出部10の中心間の間隔X:50μm
受光領域内のフォトダイオード数(X軸方向=100個×Y軸方向100個)
受光領域のX軸方向寸法:5mm
受光領域のY軸方向寸法:5mm
(1−10)読出配線5B2
幅:5μm
X軸方向の配線の本数:101本
Y軸方向の配線の本数:101本
1つの開口内に存在する光検出部10の数:1
(2)製法条件
・半導体領域12:CZ法((001)Si半導体基板)
・半導体領域13:Siエピタキシャル成長法(原材料:気相の四塩化珪素(SiCl4)、三塩化シラン(トリクロルシラン、SiHCl3)、成長温度1200℃)
・半導体領域14:不純物の熱拡散法(不純物原材料:ジボラン(B2H6)、拡散温度1200℃)
・絶縁層16:(Si熱酸化法:酸化温度(1000℃))
・クエンチング抵抗4:スパッタ法(ターゲット材料:Si)
・絶縁層17:(プラズマCVD法:原材料ガス(テトラエトキシシラン(TEOS)及び酸素ガス):成長温度(200℃))
・第1コンタクト電極3A、表面電極3B、第2コンタクト電極3C、接続配線6、補助読出配線5A、共通電極E3:蒸着法(原料:アルミニウム)
・絶縁層18:(プラズマCVD法:原材料ガス(テトラエトキシシラン(TEOS)及び酸素ガス):成長温度(200℃))
・コンタクト電極5B1、読出配線5B2、共通電極(電極パッド):蒸着法(原料:アルミニウム)
Claims (8)
- 配線基板と、
二次元状に互いに離間して、前記配線基板上に配置された複数の半導体チップと、
個々の前記半導体チップと前記配線基板との間に配置された第1及び第2バンプ電極と、を備えた検出器であって、
個々の前記半導体チップは、
二次元状に配置された複数の光検出部を有する半導体基板と、
前記半導体基板の表面上に形成された絶縁層と、
前記絶縁層上に配置され、その周辺領域が複数の前記光検出部によって囲まれるように配置された共通電極と、
個々の前記光検出部のクエンチング抵抗と前記共通電極とを電気的に接続する読出配線と、
前記共通電極から、前記半導体基板の貫通孔を介して、前記半導体基板の裏面に延びた貫通電極と、
を備え、
個々の前記光検出部は、
第1導電型の第1半導体領域、及び、前記第1半導体領域とpn接合を構成し、キャリアを出力する第2導電型の第2半導体領域を備えるAPDと、
前記APDの前記第2半導体領域に電気的に直列に接続された前記クエンチング抵抗と、
を備え、
前記第1バンプ電極は、前記貫通電極と前記配線基板とを電気的に接続しており、
前記第2バンプ電極は、前記APDの前記第1半導体領域と前記配線基板とを電気的に接続しており、
複数の前記光検出部が備えるそれぞれの前記APD同士は、並列に接続されている、
ことを特徴とする検出器。 - 個々の前記半導体チップの表面上には、絶縁体を介して、シンチレータが位置していることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の検出器。
- 個々の前記光検出部は、前記第2半導体領域に電気的に接続され、且つ、その外縁に沿って前記第2半導体領域を囲む表面電極を備えている、
ことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の検出器。 - 前記第2半導体領域の表面を含む平面を基準平面とした場合、この基準平面から前記読出配線までの距離は、この基準平面から前記表面電極までの距離よりも大きく、
前記読出配線は、隣接する前記APD間に位置している、
ことを特徴とする請求項3に記載の検出器。 - 前記第2半導体領域に接触する第1コンタクト電極と、
前記第1コンタクト電極とは異なる材料を備え、前記第1コンタクト電極に重なる位置に配置され、前記第1コンタクト電極に接触する第2コンタクト電極と、
を備え、
前記クエンチング抵抗は、前記第2コンタクト電極に連続している
ことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の検出器。 - 前記第2コンタクト電極及び前記クエンチング抵抗は、SiCrを備える
ことを特徴とする請求項5に記載の検出器。 - クレードルと、
前記クレードルが位置する開口を有するガントリと、
を備え、
請求項1乃至6のいずれか1項に記載の検出器を、前記ガントリの開口を囲むように複数配置してなることを特徴とするPET装置。 - クレードルと、
前記クレードルが位置する開口を有し、前記開口内にX線を出射するX線源を内蔵するガントリと、
を備え、
前記X線源からのX線が入射する位置に、請求項1乃至6のいずれか1項に記載の検出器を、複数配置してなることを特徴とするX線CT装置。
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