JP5788863B2 - 腫瘍開始細胞およびその使用方法 - Google Patents
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- JP5788863B2 JP5788863B2 JP2012502309A JP2012502309A JP5788863B2 JP 5788863 B2 JP5788863 B2 JP 5788863B2 JP 2012502309 A JP2012502309 A JP 2012502309A JP 2012502309 A JP2012502309 A JP 2012502309A JP 5788863 B2 JP5788863 B2 JP 5788863B2
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Description
その全体が本明細書中に参照により組み込まれている、2009年3月27日に出願の米国仮出願第61/164,272号の優先権が主張されている。
腫瘍開始細胞とは、(1)増殖または発達の潜在性が低下した1つまたは複数の種類の子孫を生じることができる細胞(たとえば分化した細胞)、(2)大規模な増殖能力を有する細胞、および(3)自己複製または自己維持が可能な細胞を意味することが、当分野で知られている。たとえばPottenら、Development、1990、110:1001〜1020を参照されたい。したがって、腫瘍開始細胞は、正常な組織の機能中に失われる細胞を常に補充する、成体組織中に見つかる幹細胞(血液、内臓、乳管系、および皮膚の細胞が含まれる)の特性を共有する。
腫瘍開始細胞は、陽性および陰性の分子マーカーを用いて選択し得る。腫瘍開始細胞陽性マーカー(すなわち、腫瘍開始細胞によって、非腫瘍原性細胞または分化した細胞と比較して上昇したレベルで発現されるマーカー)と結合する試薬は、腫瘍開始細胞の選択に使用することができる。また、腫瘍開始細胞陽性マーカーは、非腫瘍原性癌細胞、すなわち腫瘍開始細胞以外の癌細胞上にも存在していてよいが、そのレベルは低下している。広く発現されるマーカーは、腫瘍開始細胞中で発現レベルの測定可能な変化を示し得る、および/またはさらなる陽性もしくは陰性のマーカーと組み合わせて使用した場合に腫瘍開始細胞の分解能を提供し得る。腫瘍開始細胞陰性マーカー(すなわち、腫瘍開始細胞によって発現されないまたは測定可能に低下したレベルで発現されるマーカー)と結合する試薬は、集団中の腫瘍開始細胞ではない腫瘍細胞の排除に使用することができる。陽性および陰性の分子マーカーを用いた選択では、有用なマーカーには、生細胞が分別および追跡を受け入れるように、細胞表面上に発現されるものが含まれる。
2007、131:1109〜1123)、EpCAM高(Dalerbaら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA、2007、104:10158〜10163)、上皮に特異的な抗原(ESA、Liら、Cancer Res.、2007、67:1030〜1037)、CD90(Liら、Cancer Res.、2007、67:1030〜1037)、ABCG5(Schattonら、Nature、2008、451:345〜349)、ABCG2(Patrawalaら、Cancer Res.、2005、65(14):6207〜6219、Kondoら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.、2004、101(3):781〜786)、VEGF受容体−1(VEGFR−1)、VEGFR−2、VEGFR−3、および血小板由来成長因子(PDGF)(図7FおよびAndersenら、J.Thorac.Oncol.、2009、[印刷前の電子出版]を参照)、ニューロンに特異的なエノラーゼ(NSE)、サイトケラチン19断片(CYFRA)、癌胎児性抗原(CEA)、扁平細胞癌抗原(SCC)、CA125、CA15.3およびTAG−72.3(Molinaら、Tumour Biol.、2008、29(6):371〜380を参照)、VLA−2、Tweak(TNF様アポトーシス弱誘導因子)、EphB2、EphB3、ヒトSca−1(BIG1)、CD34、β1インテグリン(CD29)、CD150、CXCR4、ならびに表1および2に記載の分化した初代培養物に逆相関されている遺伝子組のメンバーが含まれる。実施例3および5を参照されたい。
本明細書中に記載のように、本発明の腫瘍開始細胞は、in vitroおよびin vivoで腫瘍原性であり、クローン原性などの腫瘍原性細胞の特徴を有しており、高度に増殖性の性質を有する。5T4高、CD44+、および/またはCD24−/低を発現し、コロニー形成および増殖について有意に濃縮されている、肺腫瘍細胞系の部分集団を同定した。実施例1〜4を参照されたい。腫瘍開始細胞を宿主動物内に注射することで、75%を超える場合で、たとえば、80%を超える場合で、または85%を超える、または90%を超える、または95%を超える場合で、または100%の場合で、腫瘍の確立の成功が一貫してもたらされた。
本明細書中に開示する腫瘍開始細胞集団は、腫瘍増殖、再発、および転移に対する治療剤の研究に有用である。癌患者から単離された場合、特定の治療の有効性は、単離された集団のユニークな遺伝子および分子プロファイルに基づいて試験および/または予想することができる。したがって、開示した腫瘍開始細胞集団は、個別化された癌治療を開発する手段を提供する。
非小細胞肺癌細胞系を用いたCD24−/低CD44+腫瘍開始細胞の単離
H460細胞は、米国バージニア州ManassasのAmerican Type Culture Collection(ATCC)から入手した。H460細胞系は、肺の大細胞癌を有する患者の胸膜腔内液に由来するものである(Gazdarら、Science、1989、246:491〜494)。HCC2429細胞はJ.Minnaから入手した。Harukiら、J.Med.Genet.、2005、42(7):558〜64を参照されたい。H460T細胞を用いたすべての実験は37〜51の継代数の細胞で行い、これは、これらの細胞がより低い継代数の細胞よりも頑強な表現型を有することが観察されたためである。最初にATCCから入手した低い継代数のH460と識別するために、より高い継代数の細胞はH460Tと呼ぶ。すべての細胞は、37℃で、5.0%の二酸化炭素(CO2)を用いてインキュベーションした。H460T細胞は、RPMI−1640(GIBCO(登録商標)、Invitrogen、米国カリフォルニア州Carlsbadから入手可能)中で培養した。Mooreら、JAMA、1967、199:519〜524を参照されたい。10%のウシ胎児血清(FBS、GIBCO(登録商標)、Invitrogen、米国カリフォルニア州Carlsbadから入手可能)、2mMのさらなるグルタミン、100IU/mlのペニシリン、100μg/mlのストレプトマイシン、1mMのピルビン酸ナトリウム、0.1%の炭酸水素ナトリウム、0.45%のさらなるグルコース、および10mMの4−(2−ヒドロキシエチル)−1−ピペラジンエタンスルホン酸(HEPES)。HCC2429細胞を、RPMI−1640、10%のFBS、2mMのさらなるグルタミン、100IU/mlのペニシリン、100μg/mlのストレプトマイシン中で培養した。H460Tの核型分析および短いタンデム反復(STR)の分析によりそれがH460起源であることが確認されたが、Y染色体がH460T細胞中には存在せず、ほとんどのH460細胞中に存在していた。
非小細胞肺癌細胞系における5T4+腫瘍開始細胞の同定
CD24−/低CD44+とCD24高CD44+細胞との間の表現型の差異の根底にあるであろう遺伝子を同定するために、遺伝子発現プロファイルをFACSで単離した集団の3つ組試料から作成した。予想どおり、CD24のmRNAレベルはCD24高CD44+細胞で常に高く、CD24−/低CD44+細胞で低かった(図5)。5T4(TPBGとしても知られる)のレベルは、CD24高CD44+細胞と比較してCD24−/低CD44+細胞で4.5倍高かった(図6A)。
非小細胞肺癌の初代培養物における腫瘍開始細胞の分化モデル
初代無血清培養物を新しく切除したNSCLC試料から確立した。細胞を、自己複製を促進する条件下で培養したか、または、レチノイン酸の存在下で気液界面に曝すことによって分化を誘発させた。気液界面は肺細胞の生理的環境であるとみなされ、胎児の肺発生の研究に使用されている(Vaughanら、Differentiation、2006、74:141〜148)。このモデルを用いて分化を誘発するために、培養物を以下のように調製および処理した。Millicellの1μMのPETハンギング細胞培養挿入物(Millipore、米国マサチューセッツ州Billerica)を6ウェルの皿の内部に入れた。膜をリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)で事前に湿らせ、87426A1腫瘍組織から得た2.5×105個の初代細胞をそれぞれの挿入物上に播種し、BEBM培地で満たした。1〜2日後、培地を上部および下部のチャンバから除去し、PBSですすぎ、50nMのレチノイン酸および1mMのCaCl2を含有するCnT−23培地(Millipore、米国マサチューセッツ州Billerica)を下部のチャンバに加え戻し、上部チャンバ中の細胞は空気に曝されたままにした。持ち上げられた培養物は、2日毎に新鮮な培地を加えたか、または示した時点でRNA単離用には緩衝液RLT(QIAGEN、米国カリフォルニア州Valencia)中で、もしくは抗5T4ウエスタンブロット分析用にはTBS(トリス緩衝生理食塩水)/0.5%NP40(タージトール型NP−40、Sigma−Aldrich、米国ミズーリ州St.Louis)中で収集した。遺伝子発現プロファイリングには、同型成長の試料を一緒に分析し、限られた試料のため、8、16、および24日目の分化試料をプールして一緒に分析した。生細胞のイメージングにより、単層培養物が、気液界面および50nMのレチノイン酸に18日間曝された後に3D重層の上皮を効率的に形成したことが明らかとなった(図7A)。
非小細胞肺癌の細胞異種移植片における腫瘍開始細胞の同定
初代異種移植系は、Charles River、米国マサチューセッツ州Wilmingtonから入手した雌の無胸腺症のnu/nu(ヌード)およびNOD−SCIDマウス(18〜23g)を用いて調製した。選別した細胞の腫瘍形成能を評価するために、細胞を、50%のMatrigel(BD Biosciences)中で、肩甲骨の間に皮下移植した。典型的には、H460TおよびHCC2429では、1匹のヌードマウスあたり100個の選別した細胞を移植した。37622系では、1匹のヌードマウスあたり2500個の細胞を移植した。60257系では、1匹のnod−scidマウスあたり5000個の細胞を移植した。腫瘍は、少なくとも週に1度測定し、腫瘍体積=0.5×(腫瘍の幅2)×(腫瘍の長さ)とした。それぞれの移植系は、生じた異種移植片の断片を新しい動物内に外移植することによって増殖させ、したがって、主にin vivoで維持した。それぞれの系で、異種移植片の組織学は元の腫瘍のそれに似ていた。実験を低継代数の異種移植片で行って繰り返すことができるように、試料を低温保存した。
腫瘍開始細胞のさらなるバイオマーカー
細胞を培養細胞系から収集し(実施例1および2に記載)、溶解緩衝液(QIAGEN、米国カリフォルニア州Valencia)に再懸濁させ、QIAGEN RNEASY(登録商標)カラムを用いて、製造者の指示に従って、全RNAを精製した。異種移植腫瘍には(実施例4に記載)、腫瘍試料を最初に3mlの氷冷した4Mのグアニジニウム/10%の酢酸ナトリウム緩衝液(RNAGENTS(登録商標)、Promega、米国ウィスコンシン州Madison)中の超音波処理によって破壊し、フェノール−クロロホルム−イソアミルアルコール(50:48:2)で2×抽出し、同体積のイソプロパノールを用いてRNAを水相から沈殿させた。続いて、沈殿物を溶解緩衝液(QIAGEN)に再懸濁させ、QIAGEN RNEASY(登録商標)カラムを用いて、製造者の指示に従って、全RNAを精製した。
Sox2は肺癌の腫瘍開始細胞の分化を調節する
CD24高へと移行したクローンを安定化したクローン(>99%のCD24−/低)と比較するために、遺伝子発現プロファイリングをCD24−/低CD44+クローンのパネルで行った。CD24−/低CD44+細胞をそれぞれのクローンから選別し、実施例5に記載のようにRNAをマイクロアレイ分析用に抽出した。
抗5T4抗体/薬物のコンジュゲートを用いた腫瘍細胞の成長の阻害
CD24−/低CD44+集団は、細胞生存度アッセイおよびコロニー成長アッセイにおいてCD24高CD44+集団よりも抗5T4抗体−薬物のコンジュゲートに対する感受性が高かった。それぞれのアッセイについて、抗体−カリチアマイシンAcBut連結(AcBut−AcBut−[4−(4−アセチルフェノキシ)ブタン酸])のコンジュゲートを記載のように調製した(Hamannら、Bioconjug.Chem.、2002、13:47〜58)。選別した細胞に対する抗5T4 huH8抗体−薬物のコンジュゲートまたは抗CD22抗体−薬物のコンジュゲートの効果を、細胞生存度の指示薬((3−(4,5−ジメチルチアゾール−2−イル)−5(3−カルボキシメトキシフェノール−2−(4−スルホフェニル)−2H−テトラゾリウム(MTS)(Promega、米国ウィスコンシン州Madison)を用いて評価して、薬物処理に曝した後の生存した細胞の数を決定した。細胞はアッセイ開始の18時間前に選別した。細胞を96ウェルのマイクロタイタープレートに10,000個の細胞/ウェルの密度で播種し、様々な濃度の薬物に曝した。96時間の薬物への曝露を生存した生細胞数を決定した後、それぞれの処理のIC50は、用量応答曲線から誘導したロジスティック退縮パラメータに基づいて計算した。IC50値はロジスティック非直線退縮によって計算し、50%の細胞生存度の低下を引き起こすそれぞれの処置群のカリチアマイシンジメチルヒドラジド(CalichDMH)の濃度として報告する。CD24−/低CD44+細胞は、抗5T4−カリチアマイシンのコンジュゲートに対して10倍を超える感度を有していた(図10A)。抗CD22−カリチアマイシンのコンジュゲートまたはカリチアマイシン単独で処理した場合に、2つの集団間の差異は観察されなかった(図10A)。
抗5T4抗体/薬物のコンジュゲートを用いた腫瘍の退縮
ヌード(37622用)またはnod−scid(60274用)マウスに、低継代数の初代移植片の断片を肩甲骨の間に皮下注射した。腫瘍が0.2〜0.5gの質量に達した際、治療を投与する前に様々な処置群間で腫瘍質量が均質であることを確実にするために、腫瘍をステージングした。抗5T4 huH8抗体および抗CD33 p67.6抗体を、記載のようにアミドリンカーを介してカリチアマイシンとコンジュゲートさせた(Hamannら、Bioconug.Chem.、2002、13:40〜46)。「アミド」リンカーは、カリチアマイシンの、抗体−薬物のコンジュゲートを内部移行させる細胞への放出を制限する(Hamannら、Bioconug.Chem.、2002、13:40〜46)。抗体−薬物のコンジュゲートまたはビヒクルを、無菌生理食塩水(0.2ml/マウス)中で、1日目にそれぞれ腹腔内投与し、同じ処置を4日間の間隔で2回繰り返した(Q4D×3)。カリチアマイシンコンジュゲートは、160μg/kgのCalichDMHの用量で投与した。腫瘍は少なくとも週に1度測定し、その質量は体積=0.5×(腫瘍の幅2)(腫瘍の長さ)とした。それぞれの処置群の平均腫瘍体積(±SEM)を計算し、片側t検定を用いた統計的有意性のためにビヒクルで処置した群と比較し、t検定の誤差項はすべての処置群にわたるプールした分散に基づく。それぞれの処置群の腫瘍値は、処置開始の120日後まで、または腫瘍を保有するマウスが死亡するまでもしくは腫瘍が体重の15%まで成長するまで(この時点で、これらのマウスは施設の規制に従って安楽死させた)記録した。抗CD33コンジュゲートは、これらの異種移植片がCD33を発現しないため、対照として役割を果たした。
Claims (36)
- 腫瘍細胞集団に由来する単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団であって、前記単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団が少なくとも90%の腫瘍開始細胞を含み、前記腫瘍開始細胞は、(i)同じ起源の非腫瘍原性細胞よりも少なくとも2倍高いレベルで5T4を発現し、(ii)腫瘍原性であり、(iii)遊走が可能であり、(iv)自己複製が可能であり、(v)非腫瘍原性細胞を含む腫瘍を生じる、単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 少なくとも95%の腫瘍開始細胞を含む、請求項1に記載の単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 腫瘍開始細胞が、それが由来する腫瘍細胞集団の50%未満を構成する、請求項1に記載の単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 腫瘍開始細胞が、それが由来する腫瘍細胞集団の33%未満を構成する、請求項3に記載の単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 腫瘍開始細胞が、それが由来する腫瘍細胞集団の25%未満を構成する、請求項4に記載の単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 腫瘍開始細胞が、それが由来する腫瘍細胞集団の15%未満を構成する、請求項5に記載の単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 腫瘍開始細胞が、それが由来する腫瘍細胞集団の10%未満を構成する、請求項6に記載の単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 腫瘍開始細胞および非腫瘍原性細胞を含む腫瘍細胞集団に由来する濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団であって、前記腫瘍開始細胞が、(i)同じ起源の非腫瘍原性細胞よりも少なくとも2倍高いレベルで5T4を発現し、(ii)腫瘍原性であり、(iii)遊走が可能であり、(iv)自己複製が可能であり、(v)非腫瘍原性細胞を含む腫瘍を生じ、(vi)前記腫瘍細胞集団と比較して少なくとも2倍濃縮されている、濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 腫瘍開始細胞が、前記腫瘍細胞集団と比較して少なくとも5倍濃縮されている、請求項8に記載の濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 腫瘍開始細胞が、前記腫瘍細胞集団と比較して少なくとも10倍濃縮されている、請求項9に記載の濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 腫瘍開始細胞が、前記腫瘍細胞集団と比較して少なくとも50倍濃縮されている、請求項10に記載の濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 腫瘍開始細胞が、前記腫瘍細胞集団と比較して少なくとも100倍濃縮されている、請求項11に記載の濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 同じ起源の非腫瘍原性細胞よりも少なくとも5倍高いレベルで5T4を発現する、請求項1に記載の単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団または請求項8に記載の濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 同じ起源の非腫瘍原性細胞よりも少なくとも10倍高いレベルで5T4を発現する、請求項1に記載の単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団または請求項8に記載の濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 同じ起源の非腫瘍原性細胞よりも少なくとも5倍低いレベルでCD24をさらに発現する、請求項1に記載の単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団または請求項8に記載の濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- CD44をさらに発現する、請求項1に記載の単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団または請求項8に記載の濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 同じ起源の非腫瘍原性細胞よりも少なくとも5倍低いレベルでCD24をさらに発現し、およびCD44をさらに発現する、請求項1に記載の単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団または請求項8に記載の濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 肺腫瘍に由来する、請求項1に記載の単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団または請求項8に記載の濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- 単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団の10個以下の細胞の部分集団が、触知可能な腫瘍を形成する能力を有する、請求項1に記載の単離された腫瘍開始細胞集団または請求項8に記載の濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- (a)細胞の大多数が5T4を低レベルで発現し、細胞の少数が5T4を高レベルで発現する、解離した腫瘍細胞を提供するステップと、
(b)前記解離した腫瘍細胞を、5T4と特異的に結合する薬剤と接触させるステップと、
(c)前記低レベルよりも少なくとも2倍高い、高レベルの5T4発現を示す(b)の薬剤と特異的に結合する細胞を選択するステップと
を含み、それにより、腫瘍開始細胞集団が単離または濃縮される、腫瘍開始細胞集団を単離または濃縮する方法。 - 5T4と特異的に結合する薬剤が抗5T4抗体である、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記単離または濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団が少なくとも95%の腫瘍開始細胞を含む、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 腫瘍開始細胞集団が、腫瘍開始細胞中で、解離した腫瘍細胞と比較して少なくとも2倍濃縮される、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 腫瘍開始細胞集団が、腫瘍開始細胞中で、解離した腫瘍細胞と比較して少なくとも5倍濃縮される、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 腫瘍開始細胞集団が、腫瘍開始細胞中で、解離した腫瘍細胞と比較して少なくとも10倍濃縮される、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 解離した腫瘍細胞が肺癌細胞である、請求項23から25のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- 細胞を選択するステップが、フローサイトメトリー、蛍光活性化細胞選別、パニング、親和性カラム分離、または磁気選択によって行われる、請求項20に記載の方法。
- (d)前記解離した腫瘍細胞を、CD44と特異的に結合する薬剤と接触させるステップと、
(e)(d)の薬剤と特異的に結合する細胞を選択するステップと
をさらに含む、請求項20に記載の方法。 - CD44と特異的に結合する薬剤が抗CD44抗体である、請求項28に記載の方法。
- (d)前記解離した腫瘍細胞を、CD24と特異的に結合する薬剤と接触させるステップと、
(e)同じ起源の非腫瘍原性細胞よりも少なくとも5倍低い、低レベルのCD24発現を示し、かつ(d)の薬剤と特異的に結合する細胞を選択するステップと
をさらに含む、請求項20または28に記載の方法。 - CD24と特異的に結合する薬剤が抗CD24抗体である、請求項30に記載の方法。
- (d)前記解離した腫瘍細胞を、CD24と特異的に結合する薬剤と接触させるステップと、
(e)同じ起源の非腫瘍原性細胞よりも少なくとも5倍高い、高レベルのCD24発現を示し、かつ(d)の薬剤と特異的に結合する細胞を枯渇させるステップと
をさらに含む、請求項20または28に記載の方法。 - (d)前記解離した腫瘍細胞を、腫瘍細胞によって発現される分化マーカーと特異的に結合する1つまたは複数の薬剤と接触させるステップと、
(e)(d)の1つまたは複数の薬剤と特異的に結合する細胞の腫瘍開始細胞集団を枯渇させるステップと
をさらに含む、請求項20に記載の方法。 - CD24と特異的に結合する薬剤が抗CD24抗体である、請求項33に記載の方法。
- 請求項20から34のいずれか一項に記載の方法に従って単離および調製された、単離または濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団。
- (a)請求項1から19または35のいずれか一項に記載の、単離または濃縮された腫瘍開始細胞集団を提供するステップと、
(b)前記腫瘍開始細胞を抗癌薬または候補抗癌薬と接触させるステップと、
(c)前記腫瘍開始細胞を抗癌薬または候補抗癌薬と接触させた後の、腫瘍開始細胞の腫瘍形成能の変化を観察するステップと
を含む、抗癌薬または候補抗癌薬の有効性を試験する方法。
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