JP5774025B2 - ポリスルフィドベースの極高温のための伝熱流体および蓄熱流体 - Google Patents
ポリスルフィドベースの極高温のための伝熱流体および蓄熱流体 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5774025B2 JP5774025B2 JP2012547483A JP2012547483A JP5774025B2 JP 5774025 B2 JP5774025 B2 JP 5774025B2 JP 2012547483 A JP2012547483 A JP 2012547483A JP 2012547483 A JP2012547483 A JP 2012547483A JP 5774025 B2 JP5774025 B2 JP 5774025B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- alkali metal
- hydrogen sulfide
- sulfur
- polysulfide
- heat
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 title claims description 81
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 title claims description 80
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 title claims description 80
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 title claims description 26
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title description 20
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 79
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 62
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 59
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 55
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 55
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
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- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- -1 alkali metal hydrogen sulfide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000013529 heat transfer fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 13
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- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 28
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 20
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
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- ZOCLAPYLSUCOGI-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrosulfide Chemical compound [SH-].[K+] ZOCLAPYLSUCOGI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
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- 125000006267 biphenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
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- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BNOODXBBXFZASF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].[S] Chemical compound [Na].[S] BNOODXBBXFZASF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 3
- HIVLDXAAFGCOFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium hydrosulfide Chemical compound [NH4+].[SH-] HIVLDXAAFGCOFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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Description
これらの問題は、−12℃でようやく結晶化する、ナトリウムおよびカリウムの共融合金(カリウム約68原子パーセント)ではさらに深刻になる。
つまり、約160〜230℃の温度範囲では、環状硫黄分子は開環重合して非常に長い鎖になる。溶融範囲を上回る粘度がおよそ7mPasである一方で、170〜200℃の範囲の温度で最大値およそ100000mPasに達するために、160℃では23mPasに上がる。すなわち、硫黄の重合は一般に粘度の上昇をもたらし、それによって標準精製された硫黄は、前記温度範囲では一般にもはや運搬されえず、伝熱流体としての適用には好適ではない。
(I)(Me1(1−x)Me2x)2Sz
[式中、Me1およびMe2は、リチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム、ルビジウムおよびセシウムからなるアルカリ金属の群から選択され、Me1はMe2と同一ではなく、およびxは0〜1であり、かつzは2.3〜3.5である]のアルカリ金属ポリスルフィド(以下では「本発明によるアルカリ金属ポリスルフィド」とも呼ぶ)が、なおも温度130℃まで流動性があった、つまり、文献から期待できるよりもはるかに低い融点および粘度を有していることが判明した。
前記別の方法には、一般に、硫化水素または硫化水素との混合物中に存在するスルフィドの脱水時に、製造をより費用のかかるものにする、高融の乾燥した物質が得られることが含まれる。
ただし、前記方法の別形にしたがって本発明によるアルカリ金属ポリスルフィドが得られ、その凝固温度は、第1および好ましい方法の別形による同一組成のそれぞれの本発明によるアルカリ金属ポリスルフィドを10〜20℃下回る。
基材および保護作用を有する酸化層の延性を高めることによって、より高いアルミニウム含有量を有する合金に匹敵する硫化物形成に対する耐性が得られる。温度変化時に微小クラックは形成されず、前記合金は水素に敏感ではない。
できる限り高いモリブデン含有量は、室温延性を低下させない限り、そこで硫化物形成を阻止するべきである。モリブデンは、アルミニウムと並んで、ナトリウム硫黄電池のためのケーシング材料として推奨される。
同時に発生する水素を有利には液状の硫黄と反応させ、硫化水素にする。そのために、化学工業は非常に巧みな、経済的な、連続的かつ無加圧に実施する方法を開発し、それによって大量の硫化水素の貯蔵は不必要である(例えばWO2008/087086)。硫化水素は、後に続く段階がまさに必要とする物質量と一緒に生成される。
当然のことながら、脱硫設備において水素添加段階で生じる硫化水素を利用することも考えられる。
つまり、後に続くミラーが日光照射をタワーの先端に向け、そこでは日光照射が受容器に当たり、受容器にある伝熱流体をできる限り高い温度まで加熱する。加熱された流体は、蒸気発生のために利用され、ならびに貯蔵の目的のため夜間稼働用の大容量タンク内に入れられる。日没時に、前記流体を単に受容器から取り出し下方の貯蔵タンクに入れる。直接受容器内で水を蒸発させ、それによって熱機関を稼働させても、設備を夜間に稼働するという問題が依然として残る。したがって、一般に蓄熱流体は、このような発電所のタイプにとっても不可欠である。
本発明による伝熱媒体/蓄熱媒体は漏出が少ないため、一般に数日内に大気中酸素によって酸化され、無機質の硫酸塩になる。加水分解によって形成された硫化水素の発火温度が270℃であるため、ポリスルフィドは高められた温度にて湿度の高い空気中で発火しうる。
一般的な方法様式
ポリスルフィドの本発明による合成を、簡単にするために少量を用いて試験管内で実施した。
水をできる限り完全に蒸発させるため、少ししてから温度をさらに上げ、2〜5分の間におよそ500℃の値まで上げた。
赤色の液体は、冷却時に190℃で結晶化し始めた。
(Na0.5〜0.65K0.5〜0.35)2S2.4〜2.8
の範囲にある。
(Na0.6K0.4)2S2.6
を有する前記アルカリ金属ポリスルフィドの1種は、700℃までの温度では分解せず、冷却時に低粘度のままであり、およそ110〜115℃まで、その溶融範囲までは糸を引かないままである。
Claims (10)
- 熱エネルギーの運搬および貯蔵のための組成物であって、
一般式(Me1(1−x)Me2x)2Sz[式中、Me1およびMe2は、リチウム、ナトリウムおよびカリウムからなるアルカリ金属の群から選択され、かつMe1はMe2と同一ではなく、ならびにxは0〜1であり、かつzは2.3〜3.5である]のアルカリ金属ポリスルフィドを含み、
該アルカリ金属ポリスルフィドが、
(i)アルカリ金属硫化水素塩の濃縮された水溶液と硫黄との反応によって、または
(ii)アルカリ金属硫化水素塩をモル不足のアルカリ金属水酸化物と反応させ、アルカリ金属硫化水素塩が混ざり合ったアルカリ金属スルフィドにし、これを硫黄と反応させて、完全にアルカリ金属ポリスルフィドにし、減圧下に又は減圧せずに、500℃までの温度で水を留去することによって、または
(iii)アルカリ金属硫化水素塩の水溶液、またはモル不足のアルカリ金属水酸化物と反応して、アルカリ金属硫化水素塩が混ざり合ったアルカリ金属スルフィドにした、アルカリ金属硫化水素塩の水溶液を脱水し、減圧下に又は減圧せずに、第2の工程で前記脱水されたアルカリ金属硫化水素塩/アルカリ金属スルフィドを液状の硫黄と反応させてアルカリ金属ポリスルフィドにすることによって、
得られる前記組成物。 - 請求項1に記載の組成物であって、式中、Me1がカリウムであり、かつMe2がナトリウムである前記組成物。
- 請求項1または2に記載の組成物であって、式中、xは0.5〜0.7であり、かつzは2.4〜2.9である前記組成物。
- 請求項1から3までのいずれか1項に記載の組成物であって、一般式(Na0.5〜0.65K0.5〜0.35)2S2.4〜2.8、または(Na0.6K0.4)2S2.6である前記組成物。
- 請求項1から4までのいずれか1項に記載の組成物であって、アルカリ金属硫化水素塩1モルあたり最大0.9モルのアルカリ金属水酸化物を(ii)または(iii)において使用することを特徴とする前記組成物。
- 請求項1から5までのいずれか1項に記載の組成物を、熱エネルギーの運搬および/または貯蔵のための媒体として用いる使用。
- 請求項1から5までのいずれか1項に記載の組成物を、太陽熱発電所または原子力発電所の一次回路において熱エネルギーの運搬および/または貯蔵のために用いる使用。
- 請求項1から5までのいずれか1項に記載の組成物を、伝熱流体として用いる使用であって、該伝熱流体の熱エネルギーが蓄熱体として別の媒体に伝達される前記使用。
- 請求項8に記載の使用であって、前記別の媒体がスルファンを含有する低粘度の硫黄である前記使用。
- エネルギーを生成するための設備であって、請求項1から5までのいずれか1項に記載の組成物を、伝熱媒体および/または蓄熱媒体として含む前記設備。
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PCT/EP2010/070616 WO2011083053A1 (de) | 2010-01-05 | 2010-12-23 | Wärmeträger- und wärmespeicherflüssigkeiten für extrem hohe temperaturen auf der basis von polysulfiden |
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EP2521693A1 (de) * | 2010-01-05 | 2012-11-14 | Basf Se | Wärmeträger- und wärmespeicherflüssigkeiten für extrem hohe temperaturen auf der basis von polysulfiden |
US8679668B2 (en) | 2010-06-22 | 2014-03-25 | Basf Se | Industrial apparatus for the large-scale storage of electric energy |
US8933262B2 (en) | 2011-05-24 | 2015-01-13 | Basf Se | Process for preparing polyisocyanates from biomass |
US9957625B2 (en) | 2012-06-11 | 2018-05-01 | Basf Se | Electrode unit |
DE102014000115A1 (de) | 2014-01-03 | 2015-07-09 | Hans-Josef Sterzel | Kondensatoren sehr hoher Energiedichte miteiner offenporösen Elektrode sehr hoher spezifischer Oberfläche und einem Halbleiter hoher Dielektrizitätskonstante |
US20190127221A1 (en) * | 2016-05-19 | 2019-05-02 | Guillaume Lambotte | Sulfides electrolyte for metal processing and extraction |
CN105947993A (zh) * | 2016-05-24 | 2016-09-21 | 华南师范大学 | 使硫磺转化为聚硫硫化物以提高其生物可利用性的方法 |
FR3077295A1 (fr) | 2018-01-31 | 2019-08-02 | Arkema France | Utilisation d'un compose polyaryle comme fluide de transfert de chaleur |
WO2020263751A1 (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2020-12-30 | Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc. | Polysulfide compositions and processes for making same |
KR20230145474A (ko) * | 2021-02-18 | 2023-10-17 | 해치 리미티드 | 리튬 및 배터리 화학물질 생성 시 황산나트륨 부산물 가공 |
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CN102695671B (zh) | 2015-03-11 |
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US20110163258A1 (en) | 2011-07-07 |
CL2012001786A1 (es) | 2012-11-16 |
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EP2521693A1 (de) | 2012-11-14 |
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