JP5655568B2 - 有機光電変換素子、太陽電池及び光センサアレイ - Google Patents
有機光電変換素子、太陽電池及び光センサアレイ Download PDFInfo
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- JP5655568B2 JP5655568B2 JP2010532941A JP2010532941A JP5655568B2 JP 5655568 B2 JP5655568 B2 JP 5655568B2 JP 2010532941 A JP2010532941 A JP 2010532941A JP 2010532941 A JP2010532941 A JP 2010532941A JP 5655568 B2 JP5655568 B2 JP 5655568B2
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- 125000002889 tridecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
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- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/124—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom in the ring
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- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/125—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one oxygen atom in the ring
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- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
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- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
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- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6576—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only sulfur in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. benzothiophene
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- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C08G2261/32—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/322—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed
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- C08G2261/3229—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed containing nitrogen and sulfur as heteroatoms
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Description
下記要件(1)、(2−1)、(2−2)、(3−1)、(3−2)のいずれかを満たすことを特徴とする、有機光電変換素子。
(要件1)
前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する低分子化合物が下記一般式(5)で表される化合物であって、かつ、該化合物をバルクヘテロジャンクション層に含有し、下記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物におけるA 1 で表される複素環基が下記一般式(3)または(4)で表される複素環基であり、かつA 2 で表される複素環基が下記一般式(2)で表される複素環基であって共に含有する;
(式中、X1及びX2は前記一般式(1)におけるX1及びX2と同義の原子を表し、R1、R3〜R5、R7〜R10は前記一般式(1)におけるR1〜R10と同義の基を表す。pは前記一般式(1)のpと同義の整数である。A1及びA2はそれぞれ独立に、下記一般式(2)〜(4)で表される複素環基を表す。q、rは0〜8の整数を表すが、q+rは1以上の整数である。nは1以上の整数を表す。)
(式中、X3〜X5はそれぞれ独立に、置換または無置換の窒素原子、酸素原子、炭素原子、硫黄原子、珪素原子、ゲルマニウム原子、及びセレン原子から選ばれる原子を表す。R11〜R16はそれぞれ独立に、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換または無置換のアルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基、ヘテロアリール基、シクロアルキル基、シリル基、エーテル基、チオエーテル基、アミノ基、互いに結合した環構造の基から選ばれる基を表す。);
(要件2−1)
前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物におけるpが0である;
(要件2−2)
前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物が前記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物であって、かつ、前記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物におけるpが0である;
(要件3−1)
前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物におけるX 1 及びX 2 で表される原子の少なくともいずれかが、硫黄原子である;
(要件3−2)
前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物が前記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物であって、かつ、前記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物におけるX1及びX2で表される原子の少なくともいずれかが、硫黄原子である。
2.前記要件2−1または3−1を満たす場合において前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物がp型半導体材料としてバルクヘテロジャンクション層に含まれ、前記要件1、2−2または3−2を満たす場合において前記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物がp型半導体材料としてバルクヘテロジャンクション層に含まれること、を特徴とする前記1に記載の有機光電変換素子。
7.前記要件2−1または3−1を満たす場合において前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物が下記一般式(5)で表される化合物であって、かつ、該化合物をバルクヘテロジャンクション層に含有することを特徴とする前記6に記載の有機光電変換素子。
8.前記要件2−1または3−1を満たす場合において前記一般式(2)〜(4)で表される複素環基におけるX3〜X5で表される原子の少なくとも1つが、硫黄原子であり、前記要件1、2−2または3−2を満たす場合において前記一般式(2)〜(4)で表される複素環基におけるX 3 〜X 5 で表される原子の少なくとも1つが、硫黄原子であることを特徴とする前記6または7に記載の有機光電変換素子。
まず、有機光電変換素子の構造について説明する。
まず、一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物について説明する。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、n型半導体材料及びp型半導体材料を混合したバルクヘテロジャンクション層に適用することが好ましく、p型半導体材料として本発明の低分子化合物を用いればよく、n型半導体材料としては特に限定されないが、例えば、フラーレン、オクタアザポルフィリン等、p型半導体のパーフルオロ体(パーフルオロペンタセンやパーフルオロフタロシアニン等)、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸無水物、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド、ペリレンテトラカルボン酸無水物、ペリレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド等の芳香族カルボン酸無水物やそのイミド化物を骨格として含む高分子化合物等を挙げることができる。
電子受容体と電子供与体とが混合されたバルクヘテロジャンクション層の形成方法としては、蒸着法のようなドライプロセス、塗布法(キャスト法、スピンコート法を含む)のような溶液プロセス等を例示することができる。このうち、前述の正孔と電子が電荷分離する界面の面積を増大させ、高い光電変換効率を有する素子を作製するためには、溶液プロセスが好ましい。また溶液プロセスは、製造速度にも優れている。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、光電変換層と陰極との中間に電子輸送層を形成することで、光電変換層で発生した電荷をより効率的に取り出すことが可能となるため、これらの層を有していることが好ましい。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、光電変換層と陽極との中間には正孔輸送層を、光電変換層で発生した電荷をより効率的に取り出すことが可能となるため、これらの層を有していることが好ましい。
エネルギー変換効率の向上や、素子寿命の向上を目的に、各種中間層を素子内に有する構成としてもよい。中間層の例としては、正孔ブロック層、電子ブロック層、正孔注入層、電子注入層、励起子ブロック層、UV吸収層、光反射層、波長変換層などを挙げることができる。
本発明の有機光電変換素子においては、少なくとも陽極と陰極とを有する。また、タンデム構成をとる場合には、中間電極を用いることでタンデム構成を達成することができる。なお、本発明においては、主に正孔が流れる電極を陽極と呼び、主に電子が流れる電極を陰極と呼ぶ。
本発明の陽極は、好ましくは380〜800nmの光を透過する電極である。材料としては、例えば、インジウムチンオキシド(ITO)、SnO2、ZnO等の透明導電性金属酸化物、金、銀、白金等の金属薄膜、金属ナノワイヤ、カーボンナノチューブ用いることができる。
陰極は導電材単独層であってもよいが、導電性を有する材料に加えて、これらを保持する樹脂を併用してもよい。陰極の導電材としては、仕事関数の小さい(4eV以下)金属、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、ナトリウム、ナトリウム−カリウム合金、マグネシウム、リチウム、マグネシウム/銅混合物、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、インジウム、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、希土類金属等が挙げられる。
また、前記図3のようなタンデム構成の場合に必要となる中間電極の材料としては、透明性と導電性を併せ持つ化合物を用いた層であることが好ましく、前記陽極で用いたような材料(ITO、AZO、FTO、酸化チタン等の透明金属酸化物、Ag、Al、Au等の非常に薄い金属層またはナノ粒子・ナノワイヤを含有する層、PEDOT:PSS、ポリアニリン等の導電性高分子材料等)を用いることができる。
基板側から光電変換される光が入射する場合、基板はこの光電変換される光を透過させることが可能な、即ちこの光電変換すべき光の波長に対して透明な部材であることが好ましい。基板は、例えば、ガラス基板や樹脂基板等が好適に挙げられるが、軽量性と柔軟性の観点から透明樹脂フィルムを用いることが望ましい。本発明で透明基板として好ましく用いることができる透明樹脂フィルムには特に制限がなく、その材料、形状、構造、厚み等については公知のものの中から適宜選択することができる。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、太陽光のより効率的な受光を目的として、各種の光学機能層を有していてよい。光学機能層としては、例えば、反射防止膜、マイクロレンズアレイ等の集光層、陰極で反射した光を散乱させて再度発電層に入射させることができるような光拡散層などを設けてもよい。
本発明に係る電極、発電層、正孔輸送層、電子輸送層等をパターニングする方法やプロセスには特に制限はなく、公知の手法を適宜適用することができる。
また、作製した有機光電変換素子が環境中の酸素、水分等で劣化しないために、有機光電変換素子だけでなく有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子などで公知の手法によって封止することが好ましい。
次に、以上説明したバルクヘテロジャンクション型の有機光電変換素子10を応用した光センサアレイについて詳細に説明する。光センサアレイは、前記のバルクヘテロジャンクション型の有機光電変換素子が受光によって電流を発生することを利用して、前記の光電変換素子を細かく画素状に並べて作製し、光センサアレイ上に投影された画像を電気的な信号に変換する効果を有するセンサである。
<比較の有機光電変換素子1の作製>
ガラス基板上に、インジウム・スズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜を110nm堆積したもの(シート抵抗13Ω/□)を、通常のフォトリソグラフィ技術と塩酸エッチングとを用いて2mm幅にパターニングして、透明電極を形成した。
上記有機光電変換素子1の作製において、p型半導体材料を、P3HT(プレクストロニクス社製プレックスコアOS2100、比較化合物)に代えて、表1に記載した本発明の例示化合物に変更した以外は、比較の有機光電変換素子1と同様にして有機光電変換素子2〜8を得た。なお、有機光電変換素子8に使用した高分子材料は、分子量5500であった。
11、21 基板
12、22 透明電極
13、23 対電極
14、24 光電変換部
14′ 第1の光電変換部
15 電荷再結合層
16 第2の光電変換部
17 正孔輸送層
18 電子輸送層
20 光センサアレイ
Claims (6)
- 透明電極と対電極の間に、バルクヘテロジャンクション層を有し、かつ、下記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物を含有する有機光電変換素子であって、
下記要件(1)、(2−1)、(2−2)、(3−1)、(3−2)のいずれかを満たすことを特徴とする有機光電変換素子。
(要件1)
前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する低分子化合物が下記一般式(5)で表される化合物であって、かつ、該化合物をバルクヘテロジャンクション層に含有し、下記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物におけるA1で表される複素環基が下記一般式(3)または(4)で表される複素環基であり、かつA2で表される複素環基が下記一般式(2)で表される複素環基であって共に含有する;
(要件2−1)
前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物におけるpが0である;
(要件2−2)
前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物が前記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物であって、かつ、前記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物におけるpが0である;
(要件3−1)
前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物におけるX1及びX2で表される原子の少なくともいずれかが、硫黄原子である;
(要件3−2)
前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物が前記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物であって、かつ、前記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物におけるX1及びX2で表される原子の少なくともいずれかが、硫黄原子である。 - 前記要件2−1または3−1を満たす場合において前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物がp型半導体材料としてバルクヘテロジャンクション層に含まれ、前記要件1、2−2または3−2を満たす場合において前記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物がp型半導体材料としてバルクヘテロジャンクション層に含まれること、を特徴とする請求項1に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記要件2−1または3−1を満たす場合において前記バルクヘテロジャンクション層が、p型半導体材料として前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物と、n型半導体材料としてフラーレン誘導体とを含有し、前記要件1、2−2または3−2を満たす場合において前記バルクヘテロジャンクション層が、p型半導体材料として前記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物と、n型半導体材料としてフラーレン誘導体とを含有することを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記要件2−1または3−1を満たす場合において前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物が、分子量300〜3000の化合物であり、前記要件1、2−2または3−2を満たす場合において前記一般式(5)で表される部分構造を有する化合物が、分子量300〜3000の低分子化合物であることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記要件2−1または3−1を満たす場合において前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物におけるR2及びR6のいずれかが、置換または無置換の複素環基によって置換されていることを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記要件2−1または3−1を満たす場合において前記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物におけるR2及びR6のいずれかが、下記一般式(2)〜(4)のいずれかで表される複素環基であることを特徴とする請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
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