JP5653918B2 - 神経標的の最適化された刺激のための装置および方法 - Google Patents
神経標的の最適化された刺激のための装置および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本明細書に記載の装置および方法は、概して、哺乳動物の体内の組織を刺激するための導電性電極の使用に関する。より具体的には、本装置および方法は、神経標的を刺激するための導電性電極の使用に関する。
今日、神経刺激は、電極を神経組織と接触するように配置することで、いくつかの疾患を処置するために有効に使用されている。一般に、神経刺激の過程で使用される医療機器は、電荷および電界のうち1つまたは複数を組織に移すことで、患者に有利である生理学的変化をもたらすか、または生理学的測定を行う。例えば、電気神経刺激を蝸牛において使用することで、可聴音によりもたらされる応答と同様の応答をもたらす。別の例としては、電極を動物の脊椎の近傍に配置し、電気パルスを発生させるように構成することで疼痛を処置する。別の例としては、電極を視床下核、淡蒼球を含む神経標的の刺激用に脳深部に配置し、電気パルスを発生させるように構成することで、パーキンソン病、本態性振戦またはジストニーなどの運動障害の症状を処置する。そのような治療はてんかんおよび他の神経障害の症状を処置することもできる。神経刺激は網膜および末梢神経系などの身体の他の部分においても使用される。
電気ニューロン刺激に好適な周波数および/またはパルス形状および/または振幅を同定するためのシステムおよび方法が本明細書に記載される。神経標的に位置づけられる少なくとも1つの微小電極について電気インピーダンスを測定する。ある範囲の異なる周波数にわたって測定を繰り返し、電気インピーダンス測定値のうち1つを純抵抗に最も近いものとして同定する。同定されたインピーダンスが得られた測定された周波数を本明細書では「ピーク抵抗周波数」と呼ぶ。刺激信号のパラメータ、すなわち振幅、パルス形状およびパルス周波数を、ピーク抵抗周波数の特性を使用して決定およびいくつかの場合では最適化することができる。続いて、ピーク抵抗周波数またはそのごく近傍において実質的なスペクトル内容、エネルギーを有する信号を少なくとも1つの微小電極に印加することで、この周波数で組織(ニューロン)を治療的に刺激する。
[本発明1001]
神経標的に位置づけ可能な少なくとも1つの微小電極と、
少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々と電気的に連絡しているインピーダンス分析器であって、少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々について、複数の異なる周波数の各々において、微小電極-組織界面を示す各電気インピーダンス値を測定するように構成されている、インピーダンス分析器と、
インピーダンス分析器と連絡している好適周波数検出器であって、少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々において測定される電気インピーダンス値から各好適周波数を検出するように構成されている、好適周波数検出器と、
少なくとも1つの微小電極のうちの少なくとも1つと連絡している刺激源であって、各好適周波数で神経標的を刺激するように構成されている、刺激源と
を含む、神経標的を刺激するための装置。
[本発明1002]
少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々が神経標的の細胞または細胞群の寸法に近似した寸法を有する微小電極である、本発明1001の装置。
[本発明1003]
複数の電気微小電極を含む、本発明1001の装置。
[本発明1004]
複数の電気微小電極が細長い支持構造に沿って配設されている、本発明1003の装置。
[本発明1005]
刺激源と少なくとも1つの微小電極のうちの少なくとも1つとの間で電気的に連絡している少なくとも1つの電気フィルタをさらに含む、本発明1001の装置。
[本発明1006]
少なくとも1つの電気フィルタが少なくとも1つの微小電極のうちの少なくとも1つについて各好適周波数を含むように調節可能である、本発明1005の装置。
[本発明1007]
刺激源と少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々との間で電気的に連絡している各電気フィルタをさらに含む、本発明1006の装置。
[本発明1008]
刺激源が、パルス発生器と、該パルス発生器と少なくとも1つの微小電極のうちの少なくとも1つとの間で電気的に連絡している電気フィルタとをさらに含む、本発明1001の装置。
[本発明1009]
少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々とインピーダンス分析器および刺激源のうちの少なくとも一方との間に信号経路を選択的に確立するように構成されている信号ルータをさらに含む、本発明1001の装置。
[本発明1010]
少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々と連絡しているセンサであって、ニューロン活動を示す電気信号を測定するように構成されている、センサと、
少なくともセンサおよび信号ルータと連絡している制御器であって、センサにより測定される電気信号に応答して、微小電極のうちの少なくとも1つと刺激源との間に信号経路を選択的に確立するように構成されている、制御器と
をさらに含む、本発明1009の装置。
[本発明1011]
少なくとも1つの微小電極を通じて、複数の異なる周波数の各々において、微小電極-組織界面インピーダンスを示す各電気インピーダンス値を測定する工程;
電気インピーダンス値から好適刺激周波数を同定する工程; および
好適刺激周波数で神経標的を刺激する工程
を含む、少なくとも1つの微小電極で神経標的を刺激する方法。
[本発明1012]
好適刺激周波数を同定する工程が各電気インピーダンス測定値から最小の位相角を有する好適電気インピーダンス値を決定することを含む、本発明1011の方法。
[本発明1013]
刺激する工程が
広帯域信号を受け取ること; および
広帯域信号の、好適刺激周波数を含むスペクトルサブ部分を選択すること; および
広帯域信号の選択されたスペクトルサブ部分を使用して神経標的を刺激すること
を含む、本発明1011の方法。
[本発明1014]
広帯域信号がパルス発生器信号を含む、本発明1013の方法。
[本発明1015]
広帯域信号のサブ部分を選択することが各好適周波数の逆数未満のパルス幅までパルス発生器信号のパルスをフィルタリングすることを含む、本発明1013の方法。
[本発明1016]
広帯域信号のスペクトルサブ部分を選択することが広帯域信号をフィルタリングすることを含む、本発明1013の方法。
[本発明1017]
少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々においてニューロン活動を示す電気信号を測定する工程; および
測定された電気信号に応答して、微小電極のうちの少なくとも1つと刺激源との間に信号経路を選択的に確立する工程
をさらに含む、本発明1011の方法。
[本発明1018]
好適刺激周波数で神経標的を刺激する工程が、少なくとも1つの微小電極のうちの1つより多くについて、各好適刺激周波数で実質的に同時に達成される、本発明1011の方法。
[本発明1019]
少なくとも1つの微小電極を通じて、複数の異なる周波数の各々において、微小電極-組織界面インピーダンスを示す各電気インピーダンス値を測定する工程;
電気インピーダンス値から、少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々について好適刺激周波数を同定する工程; および
電気インピーダンス値から、少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々について、好適刺激周波数で好適刺激振幅を同定する工程; および
好適刺激周波数および好適刺激振幅で神経標的を刺激する工程
を含む、少なくとも1つの微小電極で神経標的を刺激する方法。
[本発明1020]
好適刺激振幅を同定する工程が、電気インピーダンス値に応答して電流および電圧のうちの少なくとも一方の振幅を調整することを含む、本発明1019の方法。
[本発明1021]
複数の微小電極の各々を通じて、複数の異なる周波数の各々において、微小電極-組織界面インピーダンスを示す各電気インピーダンス値を測定する工程;
電気インピーダンス値から、複数の微小電極の各々についてピーク抵抗周波数を同定する工程; および
各ピーク抵抗周波数から、神経標的に位置づけられる微小電極のうち1つまたは複数を同定する工程
を含む、少なくとも1つの微小電極で神経標的を刺激する方法。
[本発明1022]
好適刺激周波数で神経標的を刺激することをさらに含む、本発明1021の方法。
[本発明1023]
少なくとも1つの微小電極を通じて、複数の異なる周波数の各々において、微小電極-組織界面インピーダンスを示す各電気インピーダンス値を測定するための手段と、
電気インピーダンス値から、純抵抗に最も近い各インピーダンス値に関連する周波数である好適刺激周波数を同定するための手段と、
好適刺激周波数で神経標的を刺激するための手段と
を含む、神経標的を刺激するための装置。
ピーク抵抗周波数の同定は、インピーダンス分光法による単純な概念であるが、少なくともそれが未だ微小電極には適用されていないことが理由で、ニューロン刺激の分野では新しいものである。生存動物内の標的神経部位での微小電極の埋め込み後、微小電極アレイの周囲に組織反応が漸進的に形成される。組織反応が埋め込み直後のある期間内に実質的に変化し、続いてこの初期期間後に安定化することが観察された。この組織反応は個々の微小電極の電流の流れを改変する傾向がある。これは、それらの各微小環境が変動するためである。一般に、各微小電極-組織界面のインピーダンスは、微小電極のアレイの各微小電極について実質的に異なる。
流れ図に記載のように、操作は、各微小電極部位について複数の異なる周波数において微小電極-組織界面の電気インピーダンスを最初に測定すること(150)を包含する。インピーダンス分析回路は周波数掃引を行い、微小電極-組織界面のインピーダンススペクトルを取り込む。標準的インピーダンス分析技術を使用する掃引周波数測定として、そのような測定を行うことができる。各微小電極部位において測定されたインピーダンス値から最も抵抗性の高いインピーダンス値を同定する(160)。インピーダンスの測定および最も抵抗性の高いインピーダンスの決定を他の電極について繰り返すことができる(170)。したがって、そのような掃引周波数測定を使用して、各微小電極部位について最適刺激周波数および/または最適パルス形状および/または最適振幅を同定することができる。その後、最も抵抗性の高い各インピーダンスに関連するピーク抵抗周波数もしくは好適パルス形状、その近傍またはその周辺に刺激源を調節することで、1つまたは複数の微小電極部位のうちの少なくとも1つについて刺激信号を発生させる(180)。あるいはまたはさらに、刺激信号を、予め設定した生理学的に決定されたパルス周波数、例えば100マイクロ秒幅パルスを伴って1秒当たり約130パルスのパルス繰り返し速度で発生させ、そのパルス形状および/または振幅をピーク抵抗周波数特性に基づいて最適化値に調節する。微小電極部位に取り付けた回路により信号を発生させることができるか、またはパルス発生器などの既存の信号源からそれをフィルタリングすることができる。次に調節された刺激信号を、本明細書にさらに記載のように、最適な刺激のために各微小電極を通じて神経標的に印加することができる(190)。
いくつかの態様では、信号調整器238は、既存の信号を微小電極アレイに伝送する前にプレフィルタリングまたは利得調整する(例えば予め増幅および/または減衰させる)かそうでなければ調整する、フィルタリング回路を含む。いくつかの普及しているフィルタの選択肢としては、無限インパルス応答(IIR) フィルタなどのデジタルフィルタ、インダクタおよびコンデンサなどの、1つまたは複数の電気部品を使用する電子フィルタ、ならびに表面弾性波(SAW)デバイスが挙げられる。周知のフィルタ合成技術を通じてフィルタを好適な性能特徴を有するように設計することができる。フィルタ合成における制御可能な特徴の一部としては濾波帯域幅、コーナー周波数、通過帯域リップルおよび相対側波帯レベルが挙げられる。そのようなフィルタとしてはバターワースフィルタ、チェビシェフ1型および2型フィルタならびに楕円フィルタと呼ばれる分類が挙げられる。特定の実施形態は、アナログであれデジタルであれ、受動であれ能動であれ、ほとんど異ならない。これはどの実施形態からの出力でも所望の出力にやはり一致するためである。バンドパスフィルタの例示的態様では、以下の図11A(絶対値)および図11B(位相)に示す周波数応答は、方形波信号をプレフィルタリングすることで特定の微小電極部位のためにその周波数スペクトルの最も重要な要素を保持するフィルタを示す。フィルタの中心周波数(または通過帯域)Fcを各微小電極のピーク抵抗周波数またはその近傍において選択する。
機械部品および関連する組み立てプロセスは、気密性および生体適合性の様式でアセンブリ320を収容するために役立つ。それらは既存の埋め込み可能なパルス発生器、または体外制御ユニットに対する接続も可能にし得る。体外ユニットは電力、プログラミング能力および情報検索を与えることができる。いくつかの態様では、現在利用可能な外部蝸牛刺激システムと非常に類似した形でアセンブリ320を埋め込むことができる。埋め込み可能なパルス発生器を含む態様では、それは情報を受け取るために、および埋め込み可能なパルス発生器から微小電極アレイ322に信号を伝送するように電気ユニットをプログラムするために役立つ。
本デバイスは、微細加工部品、電子部品および機械部品を組み入れることで、高度に局在化しかつ効率的な刺激を与える。微細加工部品は微小電極アレイからなる。このアレイはポリイミド、ポリウレタン、パリレンまたはポリシロキサン(シリコーン)などのポリマー材料で実現することができ、白金、白金-イリジウム、イリジウム、酸化イリジウムまたはチタンなどの高い電荷輸送能力を有する金属または金属酸化物の薄膜層またはめっき層を含む。ポリマー層および金属層は、スピンコーティング、DC/RFスパッタリング、フォトリソグラフィー、プラズマエッチング、および二酸化ケイ素またはフォトレジストなどの二次材料または犠牲材料からなるマスクによるエッチングなどの微細加工の確立された原理を使用して順次固着させ、成形することができる。金属層を成形することで、微小電極アレイ、ならびにアレイを電子機器およびハウジングに接続するトレースを作り出すことができる。ポリマー層は、トレースを互いに隔離するが埋め込み物の刺激/記録チップの構造を与えるために役立つ。そのような微細加工部品を構築する記述可能ないくつかの製作方法が存在する。
本デバイスの電子部品または超小型電子部品は以下を可能にする: (i) 電気インピーダンス分光法を使用して個々の微小電極部位についてピーク抵抗周波数を同定する能力; (ii) 各微小電極の特徴的ピーク抵抗周波数で刺激すること(これは信号歪みの最小化および組織に対する電荷移動の最大化を保証する); あるいは既存のパルス発生器からの信号を好適なパルス形状に再形状化すること; ならびに(iii) 微小電極アレイによる、ニューロン活動の刺激および変調、ならびにどの微小電極部位を刺激するかを選択する能力。
Claims (15)
- 神経標的に位置づけ可能な少なくとも1つの微小電極と、
少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々と電気的に連絡しているインピーダンス分析器であって、該インピーダンス分析器が、微小電極-組織界面における前記少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の電気インピーダンスを測定するように構成されており、かつ、該電気インピーダンスが、複数の異なる周波数において試験刺激に応答する、インピーダンス分析器と、
インピーダンス分析器と連絡している周波数検出器であって、前記複数の異なる周波数から周波数を選択するように構成されている、周波数検出器と、
少なくとも1つの微小電極のうちの少なくとも1つと連絡している刺激源であって、前記選択された周波数で神経標的を刺激するように構成されている、刺激源と、
を含む、神経標的を刺激するための装置。 - 少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々が、
神経標的の細胞の寸法に近似した寸法を有するか、
神経標的の細胞の細胞群の寸法に近似した寸法を有するか、または
細長い支持構造に沿って配設される、
ように構成されている、請求項1記載の装置。 - 刺激源と少なくとも1つの微小電極のうちの少なくとも1つとの間で電気的に連絡している少なくとも1つのバンドパスフィルタをさらに含む、請求項1記載の装置であって、該少なくとも1つのバンドパスフィルタが、
該少なくとも1つのバンドパスフィルタの通過帯域において前記選択された周波数を含むように調節可能であること、および
刺激源と少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々との間で電気的に連絡していること、
のうちの少なくとも1つの特徴を有する、装置。 - 刺激源が、パルス発生器と、該パルス発生器と少なくとも1つの微小電極のうちの少なくとも1つとの間で電気的に連絡しているバンドパスフィルタと、をさらに含む、請求項1記載の装置。
- 少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々とインピーダンス分析器および刺激源のうちの少なくとも一方との間に信号経路を選択的に確立するように構成されている信号ルータと、
少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々と連絡しているセンサであって、ニューロン活動を示す電気信号を測定するように構成されている、センサ、ならびに
少なくともセンサおよび信号ルータと連絡している制御器であって、ニューロン活動を示す測定された電気信号に応答して、微小電極のうちの少なくとも1つと刺激源との間に信号経路を選択的に確立するように構成されている、制御器、
のうちの少なくとも1つと、
をさらに含む、請求項1記載の装置。 - 少なくとも1つの微小電極を通じて、微小電極-組織界面における前記少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の電気インピーダンスを測定する手段を制御し、ここで、該電気インピーダンスは、複数の異なる周波数において試験刺激に応答し、
前記複数の異なる周波数から刺激周波数を同定する手段を制御し、かつ
刺激周波数で神経標的を刺激する手段を制御する
ことを含む、ヒトを除く哺乳動物において神経標的を刺激するための装置の作動方法。 - 刺激周波数の同定が、前記少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の電気インピーダンスから、最小の位相角を有する少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の電気インピーダンスを決定することを含む、請求項6記載の方法。
- 刺激周波数における神経標的の刺激が
広帯域信号を受け取ること;
広帯域信号の、刺激周波数を含むスペクトルサブ部分を選択すること; および
広帯域信号の選択されたスペクトルサブ部分を使用して神経標的を刺激すること
を含み、ここで、前記方法が、
広帯域信号がパルス発生器信号を含むこと、
広帯域信号のサブ部分を選択することが前記周波数の逆数未満のパルス幅までパルス発生器信号のパルスをフィルタリングすることを含むこと、および
広帯域信号のスペクトルサブ部分を選択することが広帯域信号をフィルタリングすることを含むこと
のうちの少なくとも1つの特徴を有する、請求項6記載の方法。 - 少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の電気インピーダンスを測定する手段を制御し、かつ
少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の測定された電気インピーダンスに応答して、微小電極のうちの少なくとも1つと刺激源との間に信号経路を選択的に確立する手段を制御すること
をさらに含む、請求項6記載の方法。 - 刺激周波数における神経標的の刺激が、少なくとも1つの微小電極のうちの1つより多くについて、各刺激周波数で実質的に同時に達成される、請求項6記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つの微小電極を通じて、微小電極-組織界面における前記少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の電気インピーダンスを測定する手段を制御し、ここで、該電気インピーダンスは、複数の異なる周波数において試験刺激に応答し、
前記少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の測定された電気インピーダンスから、少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々について前記複数の異なる周波数から刺激周波数を同定する手段を制御し、
前記少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の電気インピーダンス値から、少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々について、刺激周波数で刺激振幅を同定する手段を制御し、かつ
刺激周波数および刺激振幅で神経標的を刺激する手段を制御する
ことを含む、ヒトを除く哺乳動物において神経標的を刺激するための装置の作動方法。 - 刺激振幅の同定が、前記少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の測定された電気インピーダンスに応答して電流および電圧のうちの少なくとも一方の振幅を調整することを含む、請求項11記載の方法。
- 複数の微小電極の各々を通じて、複数の異なる周波数において、微小電極-組織界面における前記複数の微小電極の各々の電気インピーダンスを測定する手段を制御し、
前記複数の微小電極の各々の測定された電気インピーダンスから、前記複数の微小電極の各々についてピーク抵抗周波数を同定する手段を制御し、かつ
前記複数の微小電極の各々のピーク抵抗周波数に応答して、神経標的に位置づけられる微小電極のうち1つまたは複数を同定する手段を制御する
ことを含む、ヒトを除く哺乳動物において神経標的を刺激するための装置の作動方法。 - 少なくとも1つの微小電極を通じて、複数の異なる周波数において、微小電極-組織界面における前記少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の電気インピーダンスを測定するための手段と、
前記少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の電気インピーダンスから、前記少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の純抵抗に最も近い前記少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々のインピーダンス値に関連する周波数である刺激周波数を同定するための手段と、
前記少なくとも1つの微小電極の各々の刺激周波数で神経標的を刺激するための手段と
を含む、神経標的を刺激するための装置。 - 前記周波数検出器が、最小の位相角を有する測定された電気インピーダンス値に応答して複数の異なる周波数から周波数を選択するようにさらに構成されている、請求項1記載の装置。
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| US8487008P | 2008-07-30 | 2008-07-30 | |
| US61/084,870 | 2008-07-30 | ||
| PCT/US2009/052077 WO2010014686A1 (en) | 2008-07-30 | 2009-07-29 | Apparatus and method for optimized stimulation of a neurological target |
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| EP3536376A1 (en) | 2019-09-11 |
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| US8788042B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 |
| US20110295350A1 (en) | 2011-12-01 |
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| EP2313148B1 (en) | 2013-08-21 |
| EP2313148A4 (en) | 2011-08-24 |
| US20190134400A1 (en) | 2019-05-09 |
| EP2313148A1 (en) | 2011-04-27 |
| US9072906B2 (en) | 2015-07-07 |
| JP2011529732A (ja) | 2011-12-15 |
| AU2009276603B2 (en) | 2015-11-12 |
| AU2009276603A1 (en) | 2010-02-04 |
| US10166392B2 (en) | 2019-01-01 |
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