JP5576657B2 - カスパーゼ−8ならびに炎症、感染および創傷治癒 - Google Patents
カスパーゼ−8ならびに炎症、感染および創傷治癒 Download PDFInfo
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Description
(i)マウス系統
カスパーゼ−8ノックアウト対立遺伝子を持つマウスの系統(Casp8-/+)(Varfolomeevら、1998)または条件付きカスパーゼ−8対立遺伝子を持つマウス系統(Casp8F/+)(Kangら、2004)、ならびに肝臓特異的アルブミンプロモーターの制御下にCreを発現するマウス(Alb−Cre)(Kellendonkら、2000)および肝細胞に特異的なカスパーゼ−8遺伝子の欠損のためのその使用(Kangら、2004)に関しては、先に述べた。リステリア感染に関する実験は、C57B1/6系統のマウスとの11回の戻し交配により得られた純粋なC57B1/6バックグラウンドのマウスで行われた。PHx後の肝臓の再生に関する示された実験は、示したように、元の遺伝的に混合したバックグラウンドのマウスおよび純粋なC57B1/6バックグラウンドのマウスで実施された。全てのマウスは、特定の無菌設備内で管理された。マウスは、国立科学アカデミー(the National Academy of Sciences)により作成され、国立保健研究所(the National Institutes of Health)により出版された「実験動物の管理と使用の手引(Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals)」にまとめられた基準にしたがって扱われた。全ての実験は、施設内動物倫理管理委員会により承認された。
マウスは、2×103プラーク−形成ユニットのリステリア モノサイトゲネス(10403S株)を静脈内に注射され、その後異なる時間後に殺された。それらの肝臓と脾臓が摘出され、重量が測定された。肝臓および脾臓の一部が、計量され、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)の1%Triton X−100に別々にホモジネートされた。器官ホモジネートの連続10倍希釈液は、脳心臓浸出物寒天上でプレート培養された。器官あたりのコロニー形成ユニットの数は、寒天プレートを37℃で24時間インキュベートした後測定された。肝臓および脾臓の残りの部分は、10%中性緩衝ホルマリンに24〜48時間固定された。組織はその後、切り取られ、ごく普通にパラフィンにおいて処理され、ヘマトキシリンおよびエオシン(H&E)または抗Ki67抗体(ダコサイトネイション(DakoCytonation)、グロストルップ(Glostrup)、デンマーク)で染色された。
齢の一致したCasp8F/―:Alb−CreマウスおよびCasp8F/+:Alb−Creマウスは、腹腔内に(i.p.)投与された10mg/g体重のキシラジン(チャネル ファーマシューティカルズ マニュファクチュアリング(Chanelle Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing)、ラックレア(Loughrea)、ゴールウェイ、アイルランド)および450mg/g体重のケタミン(フォート ドッジ アニマル ヘルス(Fort Dodge Animal Health)、フォートドッジ、アイオワ州)で軽く麻酔をかけられた。記載されたように、「1/3」(30%)PHxは肝臓の中間葉を切除し、「2/3」(70%)PHxは中間、左および右上葉を切除することで実施された(Higginsら、1931およびGreeneら、2003)。マウスは、PHx前と後0〜56日間(第1週は1日おきに、その後は毎週)画像をとられた。PHx後10日および12日に、マウスは腹腔内に生理食塩水中の塩化ガドリニウム(シグマ−アルドリッチ(Sigma-Aldrich)、セントルイス、ミズーリ州)を10mg/kgの投薬量で注射された。
磁気共鳴画像(MRI)実験は、水平方向4.7Tバイオスペック(Biospec)分光計(ブルカー メディカル(Bruker Medical)、エトリンゲン(Ettlingen)、ドイツ)と4.2cmの鳥かご型コイルを用いて行われた。マウスは麻酔をかけられ(腹腔内ペントバルビタール30mg/kgで)、仰向けに肝臓がコイルの中心に位置するよう置かれた。肝臓体積は、マルチスライス冠状方向および軸方向のT1強調スピンエコー画像(反復時間=400ms;エコー時間=18ms;スライスの厚み=1mm)から決定された。簡単に述べると、各スライスにおいて視覚化された肝臓の境界は、画像加工ソフトウェア(NIH イメージ)を用いて輪郭を描かれた。肝臓のピクセル数を領域に変換するために、本発明者らは要素によって多重化した[(視野)2/(マトリクス)2]。合計の肝臓の体積は、スライスの厚みによって多重化された、全てのスライスの領域の合計として計算された。それぞれのマウスごとに、肝臓の体積は、手術前の肝臓体積のパーセンテージで表現された。
切開域の周囲の、健全な肝臓組織よりも高い信号強度を示している異常域は、MRIによって検出可能であった。この領域は、「虚血域」と称され、その境界および体積が決定された。各マウスにおける体積は、スライスの厚みにより多重化された、全てのスライスの高信号強度の領域の合計として算出された。虚血域の体積は、PHx後2日および4日に、PHx前の肝臓体積に対する割合として算出された。
群間の差は、対応のない(unpaired)スチューデントのT検定により同定された。P<0.05の値は、統計的に有意であると考えられた。
肝臓は10%中性緩衝ホルマリンで固定され、パラフィン内に埋められ、4μmの切片に切られ、H&Eで染色された。プロセシングされたカスパーゼ−3を発現する細胞を検出するために、切片はパラフィンをはがされ、再水和され、ウサギ抗マウス切断カスパーゼ−3(Asp175)抗体(セル シグナリング テクノロジー(Cell Signaling Technology)、ビバーリー(Beverly)、マサチューセッツ州)とともに、製造者の使用説明書にしたがってインキュベートされた。切片はその後、ビオチン化ペルオキシダーゼ抗ウサギ抗体(ダコ エンビジョンプラスシステム(DAKO Envision+System)、グロストルップ、デンマーク)で染色された。
PHx後の異なる時間後に、肝臓組織は摘出され、すぐに液体窒素の中で凍結され、使用まで−80℃で保存された。凍結組織の0.3mgの試料を計量し、ホモジネート緩衝液[50mM β−グリセロホスフェート pH7.3、1.5mM EGTA、1mM EDTA、および1’完全プロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル(ロシュ ダイアグノスティクス(Roche Diagnostics)、マンハイム(Mannheim)、ドイツ)を含む1mMジチオスレイトール]にホモジネートされ、10%ドデシル硫酸ナトリウムポリアクリルアミドゲル上に分画され、ニトロセルロースにブロットし、ウサギ抗マウスサイクリンA抗体、ウサギ抗マウスホスホSTAT−3抗体(両方ともサンタ クルーズ バイオテクノロジー(Santa Cruz Biotechnology))、ウサギ抗マウスサイクリンE抗体(アップステート(Upstate)、シカゴ、イリノイ州)、ウサギ抗マウスホスホ−Rb抗体(セル シグナリング テクノロジー)、ラット抗マウスカスパーゼ−8モノクローナル抗体(1G12、親切にもA.Strasser博士およびL.A.O’Reilly博士から寄贈された、WEHI、メルボルン、オーストラリア)、またはモノクローナル抗−β−アクチン抗体(シグマ)とともに4℃で一晩インキュベートされた。これは、続いて西洋わさびペルオキシダーゼ共役二次抗体(ジャクソン イムノリサーチ ラボラトリーズ、ウェスト グローブ、ペンシルベニア州)とともにインキュベートされ、1:5000に希釈された。特異的バンドが、化学発光により可視化された。
肝臓は、真核細胞の細胞質に侵入し、そこで多数化するグラム陽性菌、リステリア モノサイトゲネスの複製の主な部位である。マウスの実験的感染後の肝臓からこの病原体を根絶することが、よって細胞内病原体に対する免疫防御の機序の研究のモデルシステムとして広く用いられた(Wingら、2002)。カスパーゼ−8機能の肝細胞における免疫応答への寄与を調査するために、カスパーゼ−8欠損肝細胞を有するマウス(Casp8F/-:Alb−Cre)に致死量以下のリステリア モノサイトゲネスが静脈内に接種された後異なる時点で、その感染からの回復がその対照同腹子(Casp8F/+:Alb−Cre)と比較された。
損傷からの組織回復に対するカスパーゼ−8の寄与を評価するために、肝細胞からカスパーゼ−8が欠損することのPHx後の肝臓再生に対する効果が評価された。先の報告と一致して、PHxは肝細胞の爆発的増殖を促すことが見いだされた(Faustoらにより概説された、2006)。Casp8F/-:Alb−Creマウスの肝臓においては、しかしながら、増殖ならびにG1/S移行に関連するいくつかの分子の変化の誘導(サイクリンA、DおよびEの発現、および網膜芽腫タンパク質のリン酸化の増加)もまた、対照同腹子におけるよりも有意に少なく生じた(図2A〜2E)。この減少は、1/3PHxおよび2/3PHxの後に観察され、それがより旺盛で良好な同調したDNA合成およびより効果的な細胞周期の進行につながる(Mitchellら、2005 19)。切除後の最初の数時間の死亡数は2/3PHx後で有意に高かったので、その後の全てのカスパーゼ−8欠損の効果の分析は1/3PHxからのマウスの回復に限定された。
インビボでの細胞増殖の厳格な制御は、その通常のサイズを維持する肝臓の能力および切開後の元のサイズの正確な回復により印象的に現れた(Diehl、2000、ならびにMichalopoulosおよびDeFrances、1997)。種々の病原体症状では、しかしながら、この制御は失敗し、結果として異常に肥大する(肝腫)(Adachiら、1995、Andersら、2005およびZimmersら、2003)。PHx後の肝臓の回復に対するカスパーゼ−8欠損の効果をさらに評価するために、肝臓体積の変化がMRIを使用して監視された。肝切除前は、Casp8F/-:Alb−Creマウスの平均肝臓体積は、Casp8F/+:Alb−Creマウスのものと同一であった(データは示していない)。PHx後は、しかし、この2群は肝臓成長の反応速度において有意に異なった(図3C)。T1強調スピンエコーMRI上で、2つの領域は肝切除術を受けた肝臓において区別が可能であり:切開の結果として生み出された虚血病変部位には、壊死性組織および死んだ細胞が含まれることが組織学的分析で見出され(図3E)、そのサイズは再生の間に徐々に減少し;肝臓の残りの部分では切開した組織の喪失を補うためにサイズが増加した。Casp8F/-:Alb−Creマウスにおける虚血病変部位のサイズの減少は、対照マウスにおけるよりも有意に速く(図3A〜3C)、肝細胞におけるカスパーゼ−8の不在が、その部位での組織の迅速な治癒または吸着を促すことを示唆する。
驚くべきことに、カスパーゼ−8欠損肝細胞の初期の増殖反応は、正常肝細胞におけるよりも穏やかで、Casp8F/-:Alb−Creマウスの肝臓の残りの部分のサイズの増加は、その対照同腹子におけるよりゆっくりではなく、有意に速かった。その上、対照マウスの肝臓は、一旦その元のサイズに至ると成長を止めるのに対し、Casp8F/-:Alb−Creマウスにおける肝臓の最終的なサイズは正常よりも有意に大きく(図3D)、PHx前のサイズの120%に至った。
Casp8F/-:Alb−Cre肝細胞はPHx後長く増殖を続けるとの本観察は、肝切除後の後期においてこれらのマウスの肝臓のサイズが持続的に増加することに一致するようである。しかしながら、より速い体積増加は既に肝切除の数日後には認識できるという事実は(図3D)、カスパーゼ−8欠損肝細胞の増殖率が正常よりもまだ遅い時には、この差異にも付加的な因子が寄与していることを示唆した。
持続した肝細胞増殖期間中の肝切除されたCasp8F/-:Alb−Creマウスの肝臓由来の異なる切片の比較組織学的分析は、細胞成長の程度における切片間の多様性が対応する領域において蓄積するマクロファージ数と相関することを開示し(図5B)、肝細胞増殖および肝臓の炎症状態には因果関係があると示唆した。この関係をさらに調査するために、マウスは塩化ガドリニウム、クッパー細胞の一時的な消耗を誘導する薬剤(Canbayら、2003)を、その炎症が最高潮に至ったPHx後10日および12日に注射された。図5B(下のパネル)ならびに図6Aおよび6Bで示されたように、実質的にCasp8F/-:Alb−Cre肝臓に蓄積した炎症細胞を減少させることに加えて、この治療はまた、これらのマウスにおける肝細胞増殖の増加を実質的に一掃した。さらに、それらの肝臓のサイズの過度の増加(おそらく部分的には炎症に関連した血液体積および流量の増加ならびにクッパー細胞の増加が原因で、また部分的には同時に主に起きる肝細胞数の増加が原因である)は、削減された。これらの発見は、肝切除後の後期のCasp8F/-:Alb−Creマウスにおける肝細胞の構成的な成長は、それらの肝臓で起きる持続的炎症の結果であることを示唆する。
Claims (26)
- 肝臓の炎症を予防および/または治療するための医薬の製造における、カスパーゼ−8またはそのムテイン、融合タンパク質、機能的誘導体もしくは塩の使用であって、前記ムテインがカスパーゼ−8の配列と少なくとも90%の同一性または相同性を有し、カスパーゼ−8と同じ活性を有する同類アミノ酸置換されたムテインであり、前記融合タンパク質がイムノグロブリンとの融合タンパク質であり、および、前記機能的誘導体がポリエチレングリコール側鎖、カルボキシル基の脂肪族エステル、カルボキシル基のアミド、アミノ酸残基の遊離アミノ基のN−アシル誘導体およびアミノ酸残基の遊離ヒドロキシル基のO−アシル誘導体を含む誘導体である使用。
- カスパーゼ−8のレベルおよび/または活性が、肝細胞において下方調節される請求項1記載の使用。
- 炎症が肝臓の損傷後に現れる請求項1または2記載の使用。
- 損傷が肝臓切除により引き起こされる請求項3記載の使用。
- カスパーゼ−8のレベルおよび/または活性が下方調節される肝細胞を含む肝臓に発現し、該肝臓の損傷後に現れる、肝臓の炎症を予防および/または治療するための医薬の製造における、カスパーゼ−8またはそのムテイン、融合タンパク質、機能的誘導体もしくは塩の使用であって、前記ムテインがカスパーゼ−8の配列と少なくとも90%の同一性または相同性を有し、カスパーゼ−8と同じ活性を有する同類アミノ酸置換されたムテインであり、前記融合タンパク質がイムノグロブリンとの融合タンパク質であり、および、前記機能的誘導体がポリエチレングリコール側鎖、カルボキシル基の脂肪族エステル、カルボキシル基のアミド、アミノ酸残基の遊離アミノ基のN−アシル誘導体およびアミノ酸残基の遊離ヒドロキシル基のO−アシル誘導体を含む誘導体である使用。
- 細胞内病原体により引き起こされる感染を治療するための医薬の製造における、カスパーゼ−8またはそのムテイン、融合タンパク質、機能的誘導体もしくは塩の使用であって、前記ムテインがカスパーゼ−8の配列と少なくとも90%の同一性または相同性を有し、カスパーゼ−8と同じ活性を有する同類アミノ酸置換されたムテインであり、前記融合タンパク質がイムノグロブリンとの融合タンパク質であり、および、前記機能的誘導体がポリエチレングリコール側鎖、カルボキシル基の脂肪族エステル、カルボキシル基のアミド、アミノ酸残基の遊離アミノ基のN−アシル誘導体およびアミノ酸残基の遊離ヒドロキシル基のO−アシル誘導体を含む誘導体であり、前記細胞内病原体がリステリア属(Listeria)である使用。
- 感染が、カスパーゼ−8のレベルおよび/または活性が下方調節される細胞を含む肝臓に現れる請求項6記載の使用。
- 細胞が肝細胞である請求項7記載の使用。
- リステリア属がリステリア モノサイトゲネス(Listeria monocytogenes)である請求項6〜8のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
- カスパーゼ−8のレベルおよび/または活性が下方調節される細胞を含む肝臓において現れ、細胞内病原体により引き起こされる感染を治療するための医薬の製造における、カスパーゼ−8またはそのムテイン、融合タンパク質、機能的誘導体もしくは塩の使用であって、前記ムテインがカスパーゼ−8の配列と少なくとも90%の同一性または相同性を有し、カスパーゼ−8と同じ活性を有する同類アミノ酸置換されたムテインであり、前記融合タンパク質がイムノグロブリンとの融合タンパク質であり、および、前記機能的誘導体がポリエチレングリコール側鎖、カルボキシル基の脂肪族エステル、カルボキシル基のアミド、アミノ酸残基の遊離アミノ基のN−アシル誘導体およびアミノ酸残基の遊離ヒドロキシル基のO−アシル誘導体を含む誘導体であり、前記細胞内病原体がリステリア属(Listeria)である使用。
- 創傷または損傷した肝臓の治癒を円滑化または増進するための医薬の製造における、カスパーゼ−8のレベルおよび/または活性の阻害剤の使用であって、前記阻害剤が、カスパーゼ−8特異的アンチセンスmRNA、カスパーゼ−8特異的低分子干渉RNAおよび抗−カスパーゼ−8抗体より選択されるカスパーゼ−8阻害剤である使用。
- 創傷または損傷が、肝臓切除後に現れる請求項11記載の使用。
- 創傷または損傷が、外科的手術、咬傷、スポーツ事故、事故、肝臓切除および切断より選択される身体的外傷後に現れる請求項11または12記載の使用。
- 損傷した肝臓の創傷治癒を円滑化または増進するための医薬の製造における、カスパーゼ−8のレベルおよび/または活性の阻害剤の使用であって、前記阻害剤が、カスパーゼ−8特異的アンチセンスmRNA、カスパーゼ−8特異的低分子干渉RNAおよび抗−カスパーゼ−8抗体より選択されるカスパーゼ−8阻害剤である使用。
- カスパーゼ−8の阻害剤が、数時間から1、2、3日間および4日未満の間使用される請求項11〜14のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
- 損傷した肝臓の治癒を円滑化または増進するための医薬の製造における、炎症阻害剤と組み合わせてのカスパーゼ−8のレベルおよび/または活性の阻害剤の使用であって、前記阻害剤が、カスパーゼ−8特異的アンチセンスmRNA、カスパーゼ−8特異的低分子干渉RNAおよび抗−カスパーゼ−8抗体より選択されるカスパーゼ−8阻害剤である使用。
- 損傷が肝臓切除後に現れる請求項15記載の使用。
- 肝臓の1/3が切除される請求項16または17記載の使用。
- 肝臓の2/3が切除される請求項16または17記載の使用。
- 炎症阻害剤が、免疫細胞を阻害することができる薬剤である請求項16〜19のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
- 免疫細胞がマクロファージである請求項20記載の使用。
- マクロファージがクッパー細胞である請求項21記載の使用。
- 炎症阻害剤がカスパーゼ−8の阻害剤の後に投与される請求項16〜22のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
- 炎症阻害剤が、肝臓切除後1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11日および/または12日に投与される請求項16〜22のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
- カスパーゼ−8が、4日間以上5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16日間まで、および肝臓切除の1ヵ月後まで投与される請求項16〜24のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
- 炎症阻害剤が塩化ガドリニウムを含む請求項16〜25のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
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