JP5358578B2 - 撮像装置および方法 - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue
- A61B5/14542—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue for measuring blood gases
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
- A61B5/1459—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters invasive, e.g. introduced into the body by a catheter
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/313—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor for introducing through surgical openings, e.g. laparoscopes
- A61B1/3137—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor for introducing through surgical openings, e.g. laparoscopes for examination of the interior of blood vessels
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Endoscopes (AREA)
- Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
Description
前記器官または組織を照明するための光源と、
ハウジング内に取り付けられて、前記照明された器官または組織から光を収集する1つまたは複数のレンズ装置と
前記光の緑色の波長を撮像するための画像捕捉デバイスとを備える装置を提供する。
前記器官または組織を照明すること、
前記器官または組織から光を収集すること、および
前記収集した光の緑色の波長を撮像することを含む方法も提供する。
1.一般に使用されるデバイスの幾何形状では、光センサを取り囲むLEDによって放射される光が、不完全に配置されたセンサからの読み取りエラー(半影効果)を生じ、直接の光が流れ出る。
2.単一点測定には、背景を除去するための長期間(数分間)の記録が必要とされる。この期間中、読み取りの誤りを招く恐れがある患者の動き(静脈の動き)および不規則な血流(静脈の拍動およびうっ血)など複数の問題が起こることが多い。
3.パルス酸素測定法は、この単一点の技法で提供される画像の不足により、血管の構造に関する情報を全く提供することができない。したがって、酸素濃度測定法は平均的であり、小さい毛細血管内の問題を全て見逃す恐れがある。
本発明者らは、緑色光を使用して得られるコントラストの向上がヘモグロビン(Hb)の光吸収特性によるものであると仮定する。本発明者らは、RBCが、簡易の色素含有の6〜8μmの両凹面円板として、光学フィルタとして働き、より深部の組織および界面に入る光とそれから反射されて戻る光の両方の長い波長の光以外の全ての光の通過を阻止すると仮定する。これは、緑色光の使用によって、血管組織の良好なコントラストが得られる理由を明らかにするものであり、RBCが緑色光を強く吸収するために暗い輪郭が現れるが、周囲組織はこの波長の光を通過させることができるためである。
生体外:
高コントラストRBC撮像が実際に透過フィルタリング効果であるという最初の仮定を研究するため、ヒトのRBCの一連の画像を、赤色、緑色、および青色の波長で反射と透過の両方の照明シナリオで獲得し、得られた画像を比較した。ボランティアからの新鮮なヒトのヘパリン化血を同量の無菌の通常の食塩水で希釈して、浸透による細胞損傷を回避した。「Spectra master」光源(Perkin Elmer LSR、Cambridge、UK)からの単色光の赤色、緑色、および青色の落射照明(青色436nm、緑色518nm、赤色600nm)の透過(20倍/0.80油、60倍/1.40油、100倍/1.30油)で薄層血液塗抹標本を見た(Olympus BX60顕微鏡、Olympus UK、London、UK)。再構成により、同じ機器を使用するが、血液塗抹標本を50%の白色(反射)および50%の艶消し黒(無反射)表面のスライドを使用して再作成し、反射撮像が可能になった。血液試料のグレースケール(256 Houndsfield number−重みなしの線形変換)とカラー画像の両方が得られた。前者を一定パラメータの単色Cohuカメラ(4912CCDカメラ、Cohu、Inc.San Diego、USA)を使用して記録し、後者をNikonデジタルカメラ(Coolpix5000、Nikon、Japan)を使用して記録した。
この研究の生体内部分は、二重共焦点および落射照明の接触マイクロ内視鏡機器による口腔粘膜下血管構造の撮像に関する(図1を参照)。本質的に、剛体の光学台構成要素は、45度に角度付けられた表面の反射鏡を使用して単一平面接合部を通る光軸の位置合わせを維持する、ホプキンスパターンのコルポヒステロスコープ(Karl Storz UK)を支持する3部関節式フレームに構成された。最終アームの軸方向回転機能により、内視鏡の斜面がヒトの口腔組織と快適に接触することができるようになった。長波長透過ダイクロイックミラーが、488nmの青色照明を、Yokogawa共焦点ヘッドを通過する単色CCDによって検出された励起蛍光および(540+/−5nmの帯域透過フィルタ(Knight Optical、Harrietsham、UK)反射画像から分離した。Yokogawa共焦点ヘッドは、落射照明モードでNDフィルタとして働き、共局在化光断面の蛍光撮像に不可欠であった。
生体外:透過撮像
予想されたように、透過では、RBC内のヘモグロビンが比較的短い照明波長を吸収し、単色撮像で比較的暗い細胞が生成されたが、比較的長い波長ではコントラストが低減され、背景に近づいた。細胞膜のリン脂質二分子膜の光学的効果のみで、赤色の照明で血球の輪郭が描かれた(図3)。
表1:RBCは赤色よりも青色および緑色の落射照明で比較的暗くなった。背景に対するRBC含量(Hb)のコントラストは赤色の波長ではかなり低い。値は平均強度のグレーレベルに関連し、細胞と背景の値の比較は生データとして、かつ青色の照明への基準化として与えられ、様々な波長から検出器に到達するエネルギの変動を示す。
半反射/半吸収スライド面上の反射で撮像した場合、比較的短い照明波長での同じ赤色細胞の吸収パターンが白色反射背景に対して示された(図4)。細胞と背景の両方が一貫して黒色(Hounsfiled値25未満)であったことは、より深部の表面および組織の反射、したがって、細胞透照(trans-illumination)効果がWatson他(2002)(8)からのオリジナルの生体内反射撮像を明らかにしたことを示す。細胞の輪郭は、100倍/l.3naの対物レンズを使用してかろうじて見えた。これは、特に生体内の内視鏡装置に含まれる低い倍率および開口数のシステムでは、細胞膜からの内部反射機構がいずれも非常に小さいことを示唆する。透照効果が、細胞を通る軸上の直接反射した光、または深部反射面から検出器に戻る細胞を斜めに通る反射した光からの2つの透過であるかどうかが依然として不明である。表2で示したように、波長による平均の背景と細胞のグレーレベルの比較では、より長い波長でコントラストが失われ、より短い波長ではコントラストが同様であることが示された。パターンは、前に透過モードで使用した基準化形式(0.69768=Dark−Blue/Dark−Green:0.70304=Dark−Blue/Dark−Red)で保持された(表2)。背景に対する細胞の輪郭、したがってコントラストが全く識別できなかった。
表2:RBCの背景に対するコントラストが、比較的短い波長を使用した明るい表面に対する反射撮像で維持された。反射赤色光の透過が、青色光エネルギレベルに補正した場合でも、平均強度のグレーレベルの差を大幅に低減した。
生体内では血管内のRBC循環が黒点として表され、局所血管パターンをはっきり画定した。局所麻酔注射前の口唇粘膜の撮像は、はっきり画定されたより大きい径の深部栄養血管の混合であり、戻る流れのために端部に遠位ループを形成してねじりを増加するさらに浅い毛細血管につながるところを示した(図5)。頬側および舌下の粘膜を撮像した場合に同様のパターンが示された。しかし、角化粘膜では、付着した歯肉および硬口蓋を特徴とする、毛細血管ループの針状先端部だけが見え、おそらく針状先端部が上皮網突起の間に隆起しているところが見えた。舌の背側の乳頭では、粘膜片内に隆起する弓状栄養血管からのねじれた毛細血管である、第3の血管パターンが示された。
我々の結果は、反射構成に関係なく、透過撮像効果がこの技法に関係し、RBCが照明システムの透過フィルタとして働くことを示す。照明エネルギはより深部の組織平面および界面によって反射され、長い可視波長だけが重ねられたヘモグロビン色素を透過することができる。撮像は、かなりの赤色の筋肉を含むほど十分深くなかったが、筋肉のミオグロビン色素は十分に透照された場合と同じ効果をもたらすことができる。この同じ効果が、指先を通過する赤色および赤外線の波長の部分吸収を使用して、酸化ヘモグロビンの赤色ずれに基づく患者の酸素飽和度を測定する、パルス酸素濃度計に使用される(34)。
皮膚の真下の毛細血管構造の直接撮像を可能にし、この毛細血管構造中の正確な血液酸素測定値を前例のない横方向分解能でマッピングするハンドヘルドデバイス。このデバイスは、固体内視鏡を介した皮膚の白色光照明の脂肪層による反射およびスペクトル分析に基づくものである。固体管によって収集された光が、慎重に選択されたダイクロイックフィルタによって3つの異なる段階に分離されてから、3つの異なるCCDカメラに合焦され撮像される。
E ホプキンスパターンのコルポヒステロスコープ
Mi 表面の反射鏡
S ヒト組織
O 適応光学系
Di 長波長透過ダイクロイック
L 複数波長照明源
IL 照明ビーム
M1 落射照明ビームを試料と位置合わせするためのデバイス
S 検体組織
Ref 反射/透過の組合せ信号
D1 ダイクロイック1−緑色/黄色を選択
G Det 緑色選択検出器
D2 ダイクロイック2 可視赤色を選択
R Det 可視赤色選択検出器
IR Det 赤外線選択検出器。
Claims (24)
- 器官または組織の脈管構造を撮像し、前記脈管構造中の血液酸素測定値をマッピングするための撮像装置であって、
前記器官または組織を照明するための光源と、
ハウジング内に取り付けられて、前記照明された器官または組織から光を収集するレンズと、
緑色の波長を前記光から分離させる第1の光学フィルタと、
前記光の赤外線の波長から前記光の赤色の波長を分離させ、または前記光の青色の波長から前記光の赤色の波長を分離させる第2の光学フィルタと、
それぞれ前記収集した光の前記緑色の波長、前記赤色の波長、および前記赤外線の波長を撮像するための、またはそれぞれ前記収集した光の前記緑色の波長、前記赤色の波長、および前記青色の波長を撮像するための画像捕捉デバイスとを備え、
前記装置がマッピングすべき前記脈管構造の血液酸素測定を可能にする撮像装置。 - 器官または組織の毛細血管を撮像するための、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記緑色、赤色、および赤外線の画像、または前記緑色、赤色、および青色の画像が同時に測定される、請求項1または2に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記光源が少なくとも緑色、赤色、および青色の光を放射する、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記光源が赤外光を放射しない、請求項4に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記装置を較正して、前記画像を各画像の対応する点と位置合わせされるように重ねて、酸素濃度を計算し、その酸素濃度値を前記脈管構造の特定の点に割り当てることができるようにする、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 第3の光学フィルタをさらに備える、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記フィルタがダイクロイックフィルタである、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画像捕捉デバイスがCCDカメラである、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画像捕捉デバイスがコンピュータに接続され、前記赤色および赤外線の画像を使用して前記脈管構造の酸素濃度を計算する、請求項1〜4,6〜9のいずれか1項に記載の撮像装置。
- ハウジング内に取り付けられる前記レンズが内視鏡である、請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記光源が前記内視鏡を介して前記組織または器官を照明する、請求項11に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記光源が前記レンズおよび前記器官または組織から距離を置いて配置され、光が光ガイドによって前記器官または組織に伝送される、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記光ガイドが前記内視鏡内に配置される、請求項11に依存する場合の請求項13に記載の撮像装置。
- 器官または組織の脈管構造を撮像し、前記脈管構造中の血液酸素測定値をマッピングするための撮像装置の作動方法であって、
光源が光を放射する工程、
レンズが、前記器官または組織からの光を収集する工程、
光学フィルタが、前記光の緑色、赤色、および赤外線の波長を分離し、または前記光の緑色、赤色、および青色の波長を分離する工程、
画像捕捉デバイスが、それぞれ前記光の緑色、赤色、および赤外線の波長を撮像し、またはそれぞれ前記光の緑色、赤色、および青色の波長を撮像する工程、および
コンピュータが、前記赤色および赤外線の画像、または赤色および青色の画像を使用して、前記脈管構造の酸素濃度を計算する工程を含む、方法。 - 前記画像捕捉デバイスが、前記緑色、赤色、および赤外線の画像、または前記緑色、赤色、および青色の画像を同時に測定する、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記光源が少なくとも緑色、赤色、および青色の光を放射する、請求項15または16に記載の方法。
- 前記光源が赤外光を放射しない、請求項15から17のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記コンピュータが、前記赤色と赤外線の画像の比率、または前記赤色と青色の画像の比率を計算して、前記脈管構造の酸素濃度を決定する、請求項15から18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記コンピュータが、前記撮像プロセスを較正して、前記画像を各画像の対応する点に位置合わせされるように重ねて、前記酸素濃度を計算し、その酸素濃度値を前記脈管構造の特定の点に割り当てることができるようにするステップをさらに含む、請求項15から19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- CCDカメラが、前記光の前記緑色、赤色、および赤外線の波長、または前記光の前記緑色、赤色、および青色の波長を撮像する、請求項15から20のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 内視鏡が前記光を収集する、請求項15から21のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記内視鏡が前記光源を有する、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 脈管構造の研究に使用される、請求項1から14のいずれか1項に記載の撮像装置。
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US5830137A (en) * | 1996-11-18 | 1998-11-03 | University Of South Florida | Green light pulse oximeter |
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NL1012943C2 (nl) * | 1999-08-31 | 2001-03-01 | Tno | Detector en beeldvormende inrichting voor het bepalen van concentratieverhoudingen. |
US7460248B2 (en) * | 2006-05-15 | 2008-12-02 | Carestream Health, Inc. | Tissue imaging system |
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