JP5292094B2 - コーヒー中のカロテノイド及びアポカロテノイド生合成経路の酵素をコードするポリヌクレオチド - Google Patents
コーヒー中のカロテノイド及びアポカロテノイド生合成経路の酵素をコードするポリヌクレオチド Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、農業バイオテクノロジーの分野に関する。具体的には、本発明は、カロテノイド及びアポカロテノイド合成に関与する酵素をコードするコーヒー植物由来のポリヌクレオチド、コーヒーカロテノイド遺伝子由来のプロモーター配列、並びにこれらのポリヌクレオチド、ポリペプチド、及びプロモーターを、コーヒー豆の風味、芳香、及び他の特徴の遺伝子制御及び操作に使用する方法を特徴とする。
特許、公開された出願及び学術論文を含めた様々な刊行物が本明細書全体にわたって引用されている。これらの各刊行物は、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれている。本明細書内で完全には示されていない引用文献は、本明細書の末尾に認めることができる。
本明細書に記載の発明は、コーヒー植物中でのカロテノイド及びアポカロテノイド生合成に関与する酵素をコードする遺伝子、そのコードされたポリペプチド、コーヒーカロテノイド及びアポカロテノイドの生合成経路酵素遺伝子由来のプロモーター配列、並びにこれらのポリヌクレオチド、ポリペプチド及びプロモーターを、コーヒー豆の風味、芳香、及び他の特徴の遺伝子制御及び操作に使用する方法を特徴とする。
定義:
本発明の生体分子及び他の態様に関係する様々な用語を、本明細書及び特許請求の範囲全体にわたって使用する。
その態様の1つでは、本発明は、カロテノイド及びアポカロテノイド生合成経路に関与する様々なタンパク質をコードするコーヒー由来の核酸分子を特徴とする。カロテノイド及びアポカロテノイド生合成経路を構成するタンパク質をコードする核酸分子の代表的な例は、幼葉並びに発生の様々な段階で採取した実の粒及び果皮組織から単離されたRNAを用いて作製されたいくつかのコフィアカネフォラ(Coffea canephora)(ロブスタ)cDNAライブラリの47,000を超える発現配列タグ(EST)のデータベースから同定された。重複するESTを同定し、それを完全なコード配列を含むユニジーン(unigene)(コンティグ)へと「クラスター化」した。NCBI(米国国立バイオテクノロジー情報センター(National Center for Biotechnology Information))の重複のないタンパク質データベースに対する個々の各配列のBLAST検索を行うことによってユニジーン配列に注釈を付けた。
2つの一般的な方法によって本発明の核酸分子を調製することができる:(1)その分子は適当なヌクレオチド三リン酸から合成することができ、又は(2)その分子は生物学的供給源から単離することができる。どちらの方法も、当技術分野で周知のプロトコルを利用する。
Tm=81.5℃+16.6Log[Na+]+0.41(%G+C)−0.63(%ホルムアミド)−600/二重鎖中の塩基対数
本発明によれば、カロテノイド及びアポカロテノイド生合成経路を構成するポリペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチド、或いはオリゴヌクレオチド、又はセンス若しくはアンチセンス方向のその相同体、類似体若しくは変異体、或いは細胞又は組織特異的プロモーター、特に本明細書に記載のカロテノイド又はアポカロテノイドをコードする遺伝子のプロモーターの制御下にあるレポーター遺伝子及び他の構築物、並びに他の制御性配列を含有する、トランスジェニック宿主細胞を産生するベクター及びキットも特徴とする。適切な宿主細胞には、それだけに限らないが、植物細胞、細菌細胞、酵母及び他の真菌細胞、昆虫細胞並びに哺乳動物細胞がある。多様なこれらの宿主細胞を形質転換するベクターは当業者に周知である。そのベクターには、それだけに限らないが、プラスミド、ファージミド、コスミド、バキュロウイルス、バクミド、細菌人工染色体(BAC)、酵母人工染色体(YAC)、並びに他の細菌、酵母及びウイルスベクターがある。典型的には、トランスジェニック宿主細胞を産生するキットは、1つ又は複数の適当なベクター及びベクターを使用してトランスジェニック細胞を産生するための使用説明書を含有する。キットは、いくつか例を挙げると、細胞を培養する培地、細胞の形質転換を行う試薬、及び遺伝子発現についてトランスジェニック細胞を試験する試薬などの1つ又は複数のさらなる構成要素をさらに含んでよい。
コーヒー植物中でタンパク質産物が発現することができ、その結果、そのタンパク質が光合成、並びにタンパク質が発現しているコーヒー植物の豆から最終的に生産されるコーヒー飲料又はコーヒー製品の風味及び/又は芳香の増強において役割を果たすことができるいくつかの方法のいずれか1つで本発明の核酸及びポリペプチドを使用することができる。同様に、ポリペプチドから合成されたカロテノイド、アポカロテノイド、及び他のそのような植物化学産物が光合成、並びにカロテノイド及びアポカロテノイドを含有するコーヒー植物の豆から最終的に生産されるコーヒー飲料又はコーヒー製品の風味及び/又は芳香の増強において役割を果たすことができるいくつかの方法のいずれか1つで本発明のポリペプチドを使用することができる。
以下の実施例のための材料及び方法
植物材料。生育の種々の段階にある新しく収穫した根、若葉、茎、花及び果実を、温室条件下(25℃、70RH)で生育したコフィアアラビカ(Coffea arabica) L.cv.Caturra T−2308及びコフィアカネフォラ var.BP409、並びにインドネシア、東ジャワの畑で成長したコフィアカネフォラ BP−409から収穫した。生育段階は、次のように定義する:小緑色果実(SG)、大緑色果実(LG)、黄色果実(Y)及び赤色果実(R)。新鮮な組織を、液体窒素中で迅速に凍結させ、RNA抽出に用いるまで−80℃にて保存した。
PDSについてESTデータベースを検索すると、対応する配列は見つからなかった。しかし、897bpの部分長cDNAを、黄色ロブスタ粒から、縮重プライマーDegPDS2 FWR(5’−GGTGGAAAGRTAGCTGCATGGA−3’)(配列番号46)及びDegPDS4 REV(5’−TGTTACRGACATGTCAGCATACAC−3’)(配列番号47)を用いるRT−PCRにより回収し、これは、LePDS(CAA55078)、CaPDS(CAA48195)及びAtPDS(AAA20109)の相同分子種に見出される保存ペプチド配列GGKVAAW(配列番号48)及びVYADMSVT(配列番号49)に対応した。cDNAを作製するために、PCRを次のようにして行った:94℃にて3分間、続いて94℃にて1分間;60〜50℃にて30秒間(温度はサイクルあたり1℃低下させる);72℃にて2分間を10サイクル、続いて94℃にて1分間;50℃にて30秒間;72℃にて2分間をさらに25サイクル。
−80℃にて貯蔵した植物組織試料を、粉末にすりつぶし、この粉末から、Lepelley et al.により記載された方法(これはHQT/HCT参照である)を用いて全RNAを抽出した。DNAを除去するために、試料を、「Qiagen RNase−Free DNase」キットを製造者の指示書に従って用いてDNアーゼで処理した。すべてのRNA試料を、ホルムアルデヒドアガロースゲル電気泳動により分析した。リボソームRNAのバンドを、エチジウムブロミド染色により視覚化した。
全ての配列は、5’から3’で示す。
(1)MGBプローブは、5’末端にて蛍光レポーター色素である6−カルボキシフルオレセイン(FAM)で、及び3’末端にて消光色素である6−カルボキシ−テトラメチル−ローダミン(TAMRA)で標識した。
(2)RPL39プローブは、5’末端にて蛍光レポーター色素であるVICで、及び3’末端にて消光剤であるTAMRAで標識した。
いくつかのコードされたタンパク質の機能性を、E.coliのカロテノイド蓄積株で、完全ORF配列を含む対応するcDNAの同時発現により試験した。全長Coffea CCD1を、プライマーCCD1FWR(5’−CACCATGGGTAGGCAAGAAGGAGAAG−3’)(配列番号38)及びCCD1REV(5’−ACTCTCCAGGACATGGTCCAGC−3’)(配列番号39)を用いるRT−PCRにより粒から回収し、ゲートウェイベクターpENTR/D(Invitrogen)にクローニングしてpENTR−CcCCD1を作製した。クローンpENTR−CcCCD1の配列は、以前のin−silico配列のものと同一であった。CCD1のORFを、製造者(Invitrogen)により記載されるようにして組換えにより、ゲートウェイ細菌発現ベクターpDEST17(Invitrogen)に移して、pDEST17−CcCCD1を作製した。
カロテノイドを分析し定量するために用いた方法は、Fraser et al.(2000)に記載されている。典型的には、粒組織を粉末にすりつぶし、凍結乾燥させ、10〜50mgの分割量を、メタノール:クロロホルム(容量で1:3)を用いて抽出し、50mM Tris−HCl pH7.0(2容量)に対して分配した。水相を、2回再抽出した。HPLCによる分離を、ノースカロライナ、ウィルミントンのYMCから購入したC30逆相カラム(250×4.6mm)で行った。用いた移動相は、メタノール(A)、0.2%酢酸アンモニウムを含有した、水/メタノール(容量で20/80)(B)及びtert−メチルブチルエーテル(C)であった。用いた勾配は、均一濃度で12分間の95%A/5%B、12分での80%A/5%B/及び15%Cへのステップ、続いて30分間の30%A/5%B/65%Cへの直線勾配であった(Fraser et al.,2002)。
コフィアカネフォラからのカロテノイド生合成経路遺伝子の単離及び同定
カロテノイド生合成経路の遺伝子及びカロテノイド由来のアポカロテノイドの形成に関わる遺伝子についての最長の入手可能なcDNAを表すESTを適切なライブラリから単離して、配列決定した。完全に配列決定したcDNAを、次いで、既知の配列との相同性について分析し、以下のように命名した:フィトエンシンターゼ(PSY)(cccs30w7e6)、β−カロテンヒドロキシラーゼ(BCH)(cccs46w21b8)、リコペンε−シクラーゼ(LεCY)(cccp8f16)、ゼアキサンチンエポキシダーゼ(ZEP)(cccp129g15)、ビオラキサンチンデエポキシダーゼ(VDE)(cccp13a9)、及びカロテノイド開裂ジオキシゲナーゼ1(CCD1)(cccwc22w2a6)。カロテノイドの貯蔵に関わるフィブリリン(FIB)構造タンパク質(cccs16w15e14)、及び色素体ターミナルオキシダーゼの相同分子種、カロテノイド不飽和化の補因子(PTOX;cccl24o10)及び推定上のリコペンε−シクラーゼ(LεCY)(cccp8f16)をコードするさらなるESTも同定した。関連するESTの数及び分布を、表2に示す。
PSY:フィトエンシンターゼ;PTOX:色素体ターミナルオキシダーゼ;βCHY:β−カロテンヒドロキシラーゼ;LεCY:リコペンε−シクラーゼ;ZEP:ゼアキサンチンエポキシダーゼ;VDE:ビオラキサンチンデエポキシダーゼ;NCED3:9−シス−エポキシカロテノイドジオキシゲナーゼ;CCD1:カロテノイド開裂ジオキシゲナーゼ1;FIB:フィブリリン;PDH:フィトエンデヒドロゲナーゼ様。
最初の真のカロテノイドは、ゲラニルゲラニルジホスフェート2分子のフィトエンへの縮合により形成され、酵素フィトエンシンターゼ(PSY;EC2.5.1.32)により触媒される。PSYをコードする部分長cDNAクローン(cccs30w7e6)を、コーネル コフィアカネフォラ ESTデータベースで同定した。このクローンはORFの5’末端を欠損しているので、ゲノム歩行を用いて欠損している258bpの5’配列を回収した。ネステッドプライマーGWPSY1(5’−ACTTCACCGCAGCGATCATAAGCTTCAC−3’)(配列番号26)及びGWPSY2(5’−TTCACGTCCCAATCTTCTCGAGATCTC−3’)(配列番号27)を用いて、約1800bp長の断片を回収し、pCR4−TOPOにクローニングしてpCR4−GWPSY1を作製し、配列決定した。配列のin“silico”での組立により、PSYの全長ORFが明らかになった。表3に示すように、CcPSYの導き出されたアミノ酸配列は、Capsicum annuum PSY1(X68017;Romer et al,1993)に対して76%の同一性、Lycopersion esculentum PSY1(X60441;Ray et al.,1992)に対して74%の同一性、及びシロイヌナズナ PSY(NM_121729)に対して70%の同一性を有すると決定された。
1.同一性は、デフォルトパラメータを用いるclustal Wで、全長ORFを用いて個別に算出した。
2.NP=未公表
フィトエンは、酵素フィトエンデサチュラーゼ(PDS;EC 1.3.99)及びζ−カロテンデサチュラーゼ(ZDS;EC 1.14.99.30)により触媒される4つの連続する不飽和化ステップを受け得る(Bartley et al.,1992, Hugueney et at.,1992;Albrecht et al.,1995)。これらの不飽和化ステップは、補因子として色素体ターミナルオキシダーゼ(PTOX)の存在を必要とする。
PDS又はZDSについて、対応する配列はESTデータベースで検出されなかった。しかし、フィトエンデヒドロゲナーゼ様(PDH)タンパク質をコードする2つの部分長クローン(PDH、cccl31g22;PDH2、cccs46w13n19)が検出された。コーヒーのPDH1は、シロイヌナズナ PDH様と72%の相同性、及びPhycomyces blakesleeanus PDHタンパク質と23%の相同性を有することが見出された。Phycomyces blakesleeanus PDHタンパク質は、フィトエンに4つの二重結合を導入してリコペンを形成でき、よって、PhycomycesにおいてPDS及びZDSを置換できる(Arrach et al.,2001;図1を参照されたい)。このタンパク質は、1又は複数のコーヒー組織で同様の機能を行うと考えられている。
PDSについてのクローンがコーヒーのESTライブラリで見つかったので、PDSのcDNAクローンを新たに作製する実験を行った。これらの実験により、黄色ロブスタ粒から作製したcDNAを用いるRT−PCRを用いて、897bpのPDSの部分cDNAを作製した。RT−PCRは、LePDS(CAA55078)、CaPDS(CAA48195)及びAtPDS(AAA20109)で見出される保存ペプチド配列GGKVAAW(配列番号48)及びVYADMSVT(配列番号49)から設計した縮重プライマーDegPDS2 FWR(5’−GGTGGAAAGRTAGCTGCATGGA−3’)(配列番号46)及びDegPDS4 REV(5’−TGTTACRGACATGTCAGCATACAC−3’)(配列番号47)を用いて行った。897bpのPCR産物をpCR4−TOPOにクローニングして、pCR4−PDSを作製した。Genewalkerキットを用いて、PDSの部分コード配列を、ネステッドプライマーGWPDS1(5’−ATCATTGAATGCTCCTTCCACTGCAAC−3’)(配列番号50)及びGWPDS2(5’−TCATTAATTCCTAGTTCTCCAAACAGG−3’)(配列番号51)を用いて伸長して、2066bpの断片を作製した。この断片をpCR4−TOPOにクローニングして、pCR4−GWPDS#5を作製した。得られたクローンを配列決定して、追加の225bpのコード配列と、部分オープンリーディングフレームの122bp位、215bp位及び272bp位にそれぞれ616bp、373bp及び609bpの3つのイントロンを含む1077bpの部分ORFとが得られた。図4Bは、プラスミドpCR4−CcPDS及びpCR4−GWPDS#5から導き出されるコフィアカネフォラ(CcPDS)の部分PDSアミノ酸配列を示す。部分ORFを、GenBank非重複タンパク質データベース中の最も相同性が高い配列と整列させた。
1.同一性は、デフォルトパラメータを用いるclustal Wで、コフィアカネフォラからの部分PDS配列及び相同分子種からの対応する領域を用いて個別に算出した。
2.NP=未公表
ZDSについてのクローンがコーヒーのESTライブラリで見つからなかったので、ZDSのcDNAクローンを新たに作製する実験を行った。これらの実験により、黄色ロブスタ粒から作製したcDNAを用いるRT−PCRを用いて、472bpのZDSの部分cDNAを作製した。RT−PCRは、LeZDS(AF195507)、CaZDS(X89897)及びAtZDS(U38550)相同分子種の保存ペプチド配列LAGMSTAV(配列番号54)及びMWDPVAYAL(配列番号55)から設計した非縮重プライマーDegZDS1 FWR(5’−TTGCAGGCATGTCGACTGCTG−3’)(配列番号52)及びDegZDS3 REV(5’−GTGGGATCCTGTTGCATATGCTCT−3’)(配列番号53)を用いて行った。
1.同一性は、デフォルトパラメータを用いるclustal Wで、コフィアカネフォラからの部分ZDS配列及び相同分子種からの対応する領域を用いて個別に算出した。
2.NP=未公表
フィトエン不飽和化の補因子であるPTOX(cccl24o10)をコードする全長cDNAクローン(Carol et al.,1999;Josse et al.,2000;概説としてKuntz,2004を参照されたい)を、C.カネフォラのESTデータベースで検出した。最も相同性が高いGenBank配列とのPTOXのアラインメントにより、トマト(AF177980)に対して60%の相同性、コショウ(AF177981)に対して61%の相同性、及びシロイヌナズナ(AJ004881)PTOXタンパク質に対して46%の相同性が明らかになった(表6を参照されたい)。C末端アミノ酸配列を、NCBIデータベース中の3つの最も近縁の配列と整列させた。アラインメントは、図4Dに示す。
1.同一性は、デフォルトパラメータを用いるclustal Wで、全長ORFを用いて個別に算出した。
2.NP=未公表
酸化されたカロテノイドは、2つの連続するヒドロキシル化ステップにより形成される。β−カロテンは、酵素β−カロテンヒドロキシラーゼ(βCHY;EC 1.14.13−;Sandmann,1994)の作用によりゼアキサンチンに変換され、α−カロテンは、βCHYとε−カロテンヒドロキシラーゼ(εCHY)との作用によりルテインに変換される。εCHYは、最近クローニングされたばかりであり(Tian et al.,2004;Tian and DellaPenna,2004;概説としてInoue,2004を参照されたい)、ルテイン欠損変異体(lut1)が特徴決定されている(Pogson et al.,1996;Tian and DellaPenna,2001)。
1.同一性は、デフォルトパラメータを用いるclustal Wで、全長ORFを用いて個別に算出した。
2.NP=未公表
リコペンは、2つの酵素リコペンε−シクラーゼ(LεCY;Ronen et al.,1999)とリコペンβ−シクラーゼ(LβCY)との活性により、α−カロテン(β,ε−カロテン、図1E)及びβ−カロテンに変換される。LεCYは、1つのε環を導入し、LβCYは、1つのβ環を導入して、α−カロテンを形成する。LεCYの活性も、1つのε環と1つの閉環されていないプサイ末端とを有する中間体であるδ−カロテン(ε,Ψ−カロテン)の形成をもたらす。Lactuca sativa(レタス)のような植物においては、LεCYは、炭素鎖の末端に2つのε環構造を導入して、ε−カロテン(ε,ε−カロテン;Cunningham and Gantt 2001)の形成をもたらす(図1F)。
1.同一性は、デフォルトパラメータを用いるclustal Wで、コフィアカネフォラからの部分LεCY配列及び相同分子種からの対応する領域を用いて個別に算出した。
2.NP=未公表
ゼアキサンチンのヒドロキシル化されたβ環は、環境光条件の変化への色素体の適合に関わる可逆的サイクルにおいて、酵素ゼアキサンチンエポキシダーゼ(ZEP;Marin et al.,1996;Bouvier et al.,1996)によりエポキシ化され、ビオラキサンチンデエポキシダーゼ(VDE)の活性により脱エポキシ化される。VDE(cccp13a9)及びZEP(cccl29g15)の両方についての部分cDNAクローンは、C.カネフォラ ESTデータベースで同定された。
1.同一性は、デフォルトパラメータを用いるclustal Wで、コフィアカネフォラからの部分ZEP配列及び相同分子種からの対応する領域を用いて個別に算出した。
2.NP=未公表
1.同一性は、デフォルトパラメータを用いるclustal Wで、全長ORFを用いて個別に算出した。
2.NP=未公表
ネオキサンチンからの植物ホルモンであるアブシジン酸の合成に関わる9−シス−エポキシカロテノイドジオキシゲナーゼ(NCED3;cccwc22w23o20)の部分クローン(Tan et al.1997)が、C.カネフォラ ESTデータベースで検出された。シロイヌナズナでは、5つのcDNA、NCED2(NM117945)、NCED3(NM112304)、NCED5(NM102749)、NCED6(NM113327)及びNCED9(NM106486)がこの9−シス開裂反応を担う。ここで同定されるC.カネフォラのcDNAは、AtNCED3(NM112304)に対して最も高いオルソロジーを示し、よってCcNCED3と命名した。ABAは、NCED3の作用により形成されるカロテノイド由来アポカロテノイドである(Tan et al.,1997)。NCEDは、11,12−カロテノイド開裂ジオキシゲナーゼであり、これは、種々の植物食品の風味及び芳香に関わる種々のカロテノイド由来アポカロテノイドの形成と類似の反応で、ネオキサンチンを開裂して、ABAの前駆体であるザントキシンを形成する。
1.同一性は、デフォルトパラメータを用いるclustal Wで、全長ORFを用いて個別に算出した。
2.NP=未公表
カロテノイド開裂ジオキシゲナーゼ1(CCD1)は、β−イオノン、α−イオノンゲラニルアセトン及びプソイドイオノンのin vivoでの形成に関わることが示されている(Simkin et al.,2004b;図2を参照されたい)。この遺伝子は、ネオキサンチンからのC13グラスホッパーケトンの形成におけるその役割のために、特に興味がある(図3)。いずれの特定の理論又は作用の機構にも結び付けられないが、グラスホッパーケトンは、グリーンコーヒー及び焙煎コーヒーの重要な風味揮発性物質であるβ−ダマセノン及び3−ヒドロキシ−β−ダマセノンの形成のための前駆体と仮定されている(Suzuki et al.,2002)(図2)。
1.同一性は、デフォルトパラメータを用いるclustal Wで、全長ORFを用いて個別に算出した。
2.NP=未公表
植物フィブリリン又は色素体脂質関連タンパク質とよばれるタンパク質は、ラン藻類から高等植物まで(Laizet et al.,2004)、そして後者の場合は多様な組織に多様な種々の脂質構造と関連して広まっている。いずれの特定の理論又は作用の機構にも結び付けられないが、フィブリリンタンパク質は、水性環境での脂質構造の安定化に関わると考えられている(Vishnevetsky et al.,1999)。さらに、その中でフィブリリンが見出されたリポタンパク質構造は、カロテノイドを(多少は)含有し得る。タバコ葉緑体でのフィブリリンの過剰発現は、カロテノイドの隔離に関わるリポタンパク質構造であるプラスト顆粒の数の増加を導くことが報告された(Rey et al.,2000)。よって、フィブリリンは、カロテノイドの「沈降」の改変を導き得るだろう。このことは、Li et al.(2001)の結果により支持され、彼らは、カロテノイドの過剰蓄積が、Brassica oleraceaのOr変異体において、カロテン生成遺伝子の発現又は酵素の豊富さの変化よりもむしろ、沈着構造の増殖に関連するだろうと報告した。同様に、コーヒー粒でのフィブリリンタンパク質の過剰発現は、粒の生育の間のカロテノイド貯蔵を導くだろう。
1.同一性は、デフォルトパラメータを用いるclustal Wで、全長ORFを用いて個別に算出した。
2.NP=未公表
コーヒー粒中での転写産物の発現
TaqManアッセイを用いて、PSY、PDS、ZDS、PTOX、LεCY、βCHY、ZEP、VDE、CCD1、NCED3及びFIB1についての転写産物の相対量を、コフィアカネフォラ及びC.アラビカからのコーヒー粒中で定量した。
E.coliでのCCD1及びβCHYの活性
組換えCcCCD1タンパク質(pDEST17−CcCCD1)を発現するプラスミドを、異なるカロテノイド化合物を蓄積するように予め工学的に改変したE.coli株に導入した(Cunningham et al.1994; Cunningham et al.1996; Sun et al.1996)。これらの株で蓄積するカロテノイドは、細胞に色を与え、色の変化又は消失は、導入された新しい遺伝子産物によりカロテノイドが改変されたことを示す。2つの組換えタンパク質のそれぞれがリコペン、β−カロテン又はゼアキサンチンを産生する細胞で発現したときに、色の消失が観察された(図6B)。これらの知見は、Simkin et al.(2004b)により以前に報告された結果と矛盾しない。これらの結果により、コーヒーのCCD1酵素が、一連の直鎖状及び環状のカロテノイド基質を異化でき、与えられるカロテノイド基質に応じて一連のアポカロテノイドの形成をもたらすことが確認される。
コーヒーの未熟及び成熟緑色粒のカロテノイドの分析
成熟アラビカ及びロブスタコーヒー粒が、カロテノイドであるルテイン及びゼアキサンチンを低レベルで含有することが最近示されている(Degenhardt et al.,2004)。いくつかの種子では、カロテノイドのレベルが成熟の進行とともに減じられることが知られているので(Bonham−Smith et al.,2006)、我々は、未熟なアラビカ及びロブスタの粒で見出されるカロテノイドのレベルを調べ、これらを同じ品種からの成熟粒で見出されるレベルと比較した。得られたHPLCプロファイルを図8に示し、定量されたレベルを表14に示す。
数字は、図8でのピークを表す。値は、3〜4回の決定の平均である。標準偏差を括弧内に示す。60mgの試料を、材料及び方法に記載するようにして抽出した。ND=検出せず
プロモーターの単離及びベクターの構築
コフィアカネフォラからのNCED3の5’上流領域を、Genomewalkerキット(BD Biosciences)を用いて回収した。簡単に、2.5μgのコフィアカネフォラ BP409のDNAを、DraI、EcoRV、PvuI及びStuIで別々に切断して、Genome WalkバンクDL1、DL2、DL3及びDL4をそれぞれ作製した。精製後、0.5μgのDNAを、製造者のプロトコルに従ってGenome Walkerアダプタ(25μM)に連結した。その後のPCR反応物は、1×緩衝液及び5mM MgCl2、それぞれ200μMのdATP、dCTP、dGTP及びdTTP、並びに1単位のLA Taqポリメラーゼ(Takara、Combrex Bio、ベルギー)、並びに200nMのプライマーGWNCED3F(5’−AAGCAGAAGCAGTCAGGGACTTCTACC−3’)(配列番号40)及び200nMのGenomeWalkerアダプタプライマーAP1(5’−GTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGC−3’;Genomewalkerキット)(配列番号28)を含んでいた。反応混合物を94℃にて10分間、続いて94℃にて25秒間/72℃にて4分間の7増幅サイクル、次いで94℃にて25秒間/67℃にて4分間の32増幅サイクルでインキュベートした。PCR反応物を1/200に希釈し、200nMのネステッドプライマーGWNCED3R(5’−TATCCAGTACACCGAATCTTGACACC−3’)(配列番号41)及び200nMのネステッドGenome WalkerアダプタプライマーAP2(5’−ACTATAGGGCACGCGTGGT−3’;Genomewalkerキット)(配列番号29)を用いる2回目のPCR反応に用いた。ネステッドPCRは、94℃にて10分間、続いて94℃にて25秒間/72℃にて4分間の5増幅サイクル、次いで94℃にて25秒間/67℃にて4分間の22増幅サイクルでインキュベートした。DL2から1075bpのゲノム断片を回収し、pCR4−TOPOベクター(Invitrogen)にクローニングして、pCR4−GWNCED#4を作製した。このクローンの挿入断片を配列決定して、NCED3のATG開始コドンの上流の1104bpの配列が得られた(配列番号25)。
コーヒーの葉のカロテノイド含量
HPLCによるコーヒーの葉の抽出物の分析は、C.カネフォラがC.アラビカよりも高い量のカロテノイドを含有することを示した。各カロテノイドの定量(表15)は、カロテノイドであるネオキサンチン、ビオラキサンチン及びβ−カロテン(約12〜13%β−カロテン、14〜16%ビオラキサンチン及び13〜14%ネオキサンチン)の2つの種での相対分布が類似することを明らかにした。表15からの最も著しい知見の1つは、ルテイン生合成の中間体であり、シロイヌナズナを含むほとんどの種からの葉では通常蓄積しない(図9C)著しい量のα−カロテン(ピーク4:図9)の存在である。ピークのα−カロテンとしての同一性を確かめるために、ニンジンの根から抽出されたα−カロテン標準物質のものとスペクトル及び保持時間を比較し、同一であることを見出した。C.アラビカ及びC.カネフォラでのα−カロテンレベルの比較は、C.アラビカの葉がより高い相対α−カロテンレベル(カロテノイドの合計のそれぞれ12%及び3.5%)を含有することを示した。対照的に、C.カネフォラは、より高い相対ルテインレベルを有した(C.アラビカでの48%に比較して54%)。より高いα−カロテンレベルは、C.アラビカにおいてC.カネフォラよりも著しく高いことが示された、より高いレベルのLεCY転写産物に関連し得る。さらに、C.カネフォラの葉は、C.アラビカからのものよりも高い相対ルテインレベルを有したので、そしてα−カロテンはルテインの直接の前駆体であるので、C.カネフォラの葉でのより高いルテイン含量は、より低いレベルのα−カロテンに直接関連し得、逆に、C.アラビカでのより低いルテイン含量は、より高いα−カロテン含量に関連する。
値は、3〜4回の決定の平均である。標準偏差を括弧内に示す。60mgの試料を、材料及び方法に記載するようにして抽出した。数字は、図7でのピークを表す。
カロテノイド生合成及び干ばつストレス条件下での貯蔵に関わるコーヒー遺伝子の定量発現解析
我々は、長期の干ばつストレスに起因する3年齢のC.アラビカ(カティモール)植物の葉でのカロテノイド遺伝子発現の変化を評価した。この実験のために、葉の試料を、十分に水を与えた2つの対照植物と、並行して水を与えなかった2つの植物とから種々の時期(T=0、3、4、5及び6週)で採取した。試料のそれぞれからRNAを調製した。水不足試料について、葉の組織からの全RNAを、RNeasy Plant Mini Kit(Qiagen、カリフォルニア州、バレンシア)を用いて単離した。RNA試料を、RNアーゼフリーのDNアーゼ(Qiagen)で処理し、キアゲンミニカラムを用いて精製した。全植物RNAの濃度及び純度は、分光分析により決定した。定量は、各実験のすべてのRNA試料について、ホルムアルデヒドアガロースゲル電気泳動及びエチジウムブロミド染色によるrRNAバンドの目視検査により確認した。cDNAは、約2μgの全RNAから、Superscript II Reverse Transcriptase Kit(Invitrogen、カリフォルニア州Carlsbad)のプロトコルに従ってポリdTプライマーを用いて調製した。
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Claims (8)
- フィトエンシンターゼをコードするコード配列を有する、コーヒー(コーヒー種(Coffea spp.))から単離された核酸分子のコード配列を含むベクターであって、
フィトエンシンターゼが配列番号13と90%より大きい同一性があるアミノ酸配列を有し、
核酸分子のコード配列が組織特異的プロモーターと作動的に連結しており、
組織特異的プロモーターが種子特異的プロモーターであり、
種子特異的プロモーターがコーヒー種子特異的プロモーターであり、
コーヒー種子特異的プロモーターがカロテノイド又はアポカロテノイド遺伝子プロモーターである、ベクター。 - プラスミド、ファージミド、コスミド、バキュロウイルス、バクミド、細菌、酵素及びウイルスベクターからなるベクターの群から選択される発現ベクターである、請求項1に記載のベクター。
- カロテノイド又はアポカロテノイド遺伝子プロモーターが配列番号25を含む、請求項1に記載のベクター。
- 請求項1に記載のベクターで形質転換された宿主細胞。
- 植物細胞、細菌細胞、真菌細胞、昆虫細胞及び哺乳動物細胞からなる群から選択される、請求項4に記載の宿主細胞。
- コーヒー、タバコ、シロイヌナズナ、トウモロコシ、コムギ、イネ、ダイズ、オオムギ、ライムギ、カラスムギ、モロコシ、アルファルファ、クローバー、アブラナ、ベニバナ、ヒマワリ、ラッカセイ、カカオ、トマティロ、ジャガイモ、コショウ、ナス、サトウダイコン、ニンジン、キュウリ、レタス、エンドウマメ、アスター、ベゴニア、キク、ヒエンソウ、ヒャクニチソウ、及び芝草からなる植物の群から選択される植物細胞である、請求項5に記載の宿主細胞。
- 請求項6に記載の宿主細胞から作製された稔性植物。
- フィトエンシンターゼをコードする遺伝子の転写産物を増加させる方法であって、コーヒー(コーヒー種(Coffea spp.))を干ばつストレス下にさらすことを含み、
フィトエンシンターゼが配列番号13と90%より大きい同一性があるアミノ酸配列を有する、方法。
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