JP5266441B2 - バイオマスの処理のためのクロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides) - Google Patents
バイオマスの処理のためのクロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides) Download PDFInfo
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- JP5266441B2 JP5266441B2 JP2010547044A JP2010547044A JP5266441B2 JP 5266441 B2 JP5266441 B2 JP 5266441B2 JP 2010547044 A JP2010547044 A JP 2010547044A JP 2010547044 A JP2010547044 A JP 2010547044A JP 5266441 B2 JP5266441 B2 JP 5266441B2
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Description
本発明で使用する「バイオ燃料」という用語は、バイオマスから製造される液体もしくは気体燃料またはエネルギー源を意味する。バイオ燃料は、移動性燃焼機関(たとえば自動車)および固定燃焼機関(たとえば地域暖房施設における発電および熱エネルギーの発生)に使用される。バイオ燃料には、バイオディーゼル、バイオエタノール、バイオメタノール、バイオケロシン、バイオ水素またはバイオガスなどがある。
さらに別の実施形態によれば、発酵基質および微生物種クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)は連続的に添加される。微生物群が安定していれば、発酵槽を連続運転してバイオガスを連続的に製造すべきであり、プロセスの不調によって発酵のための基質供給が中断されることは避けなければならない。
細菌クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)SBG3株は、二次発酵槽の発酵基質から単離することに成功した。微生物の単離は、唯一の炭素源としてカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)を含む選択培地を使って行った。カルボキシセルロースは、バイオガスプラントの発酵基質に含まれるセルロースと非常に大きな類似性を有することに加え、ヒドロキシル基とカルボキシメチル基(−CH2−COOH−)との結合によって水性培地に対して良好な溶解性を呈する。クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)SBG3を選抜するために使用した培地(DSMZ培地520プラス1%CMCおよび0.2%酵母抽出物)にはN2を通じた。これによって、嫌気性条件下で選抜を行うことができた。そこに含まれる残留酸素は、0.5g/L Na2Sによって還元された。
単離した増殖コロニーの細胞材料は、標準プログラムによるコロニーPCR法を使った微生物DNAの増幅に使用した。
コロニーの配列分析を行ったのち、プログラムパッケージARB(Ludwigら、Nucleic Acids Research. 2004. 32, 1363-1371)を使って16S rDNAまたはその対応する16S rRNAへの変換を系統分類学的に分析し、クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)種の微生物であると分類できた。データベースwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govからのBLASTプログラム(Basic local alignment search tool)を使ったクローン化16S rDNAまたは対応する16S rRNAの配列分析に基づいて、クロストリジウムsp.クローン1099982248072が最も近い近縁体であると決定した。
加水分解活性を有する発酵微生物クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)SBG3の純粋培養物を使った試験から、非常に粘稠なカルボキシメチルセルロースを含有する選択培地を加えると、培地は、細菌が増殖するにつれて次第に水に近い粘性にまで液状化が誘導できることが証明された。このことは培養フラスコを振盪しながら目で検査すればはっきりと観察できる。
湿式法の場合、高い乾燥物質含有量の発酵基質を液状化すること、あるいは液状−かゆ状の粘性を維持することは、摩擦による損傷を抑えながらコスト的に有利に工業プロセスを進めるために不可欠である。連続運転すると、発酵内容物が「粘性を増す」事態が発生することがあり、そのこともバイオガス生成プロセスにとって、好ましくない影響を及ぼす。そこで、試験を実施し微生物の添加が発酵基質の粘性に及ぼす効果を決定した。試験では、斜めに傾けた平面上で基質試料の流動性を測定した(基質流動試験)。
生細胞の細胞密度を測定するため、それぞれ細菌試料10μL(たとえば前培養物、細菌培養物、発酵試料の上澄み、)とBacLightTM色素(Invitrogen)2μLとを混合し、1000倍の倍率で顕微鏡観察した(AXIO Imager A1, Zeiss, Jena)。UV光の下、2種類のフィルターを使用し、BacLightTMシステムで試料中の生細胞の割合を決定することができる。全細胞数はトーマ血球計算盤で算出した。前培養物中の生細胞の割合は、おおむね90%を超えた。
細菌種クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)SBG3またはパエニバチルス・マセランズ(Paenibacillus macerans)SBG2またはクロストリジウム・サルタゴフォルマム(Clostridium sartagoformum)SBG1aの割合は、Amannらが記載する方法(1995, Microbiol. Rev. 59, 143-169)にしたがい、「全細胞ハイブリダイゼーション法」によって決定した。「フィッシング」のプローブとして、クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)SBG3に対しては、Cy3−ccacagctctcacgcccg(5’→3’の方向に記述)の配列の標識オリゴヌクレオチドを使用し、パエニバチルス・マセランズ(Paenibacillus macerans)SBG2に対しては、Cy3−gcaacccgaacTgagacc(5’→3’の方向に記述)の配列の標識オリゴヌクレオチドを使用し、クロストリジウム・サルタゴフォルマム(Clostridium sartagoformum)SBG1aに対しては、Cy3−CTTCATGCGAAAATGTAA(5’→3’の方向に記述)の配列の標識オリゴヌクレオチドを使用した。これらのオリゴヌクレオチドは標識としてそれぞれ5’末端にインドカルボシアニン(Cy3)色素を結合していた。
試験は、タイプの異なる発酵槽を使用し、パイロットプラント規模で実施した。発酵槽の運転は約40℃の運転温度で行った。基質には主として乾燥有機物質(oTS)の割合が30〜35%のサイロ貯蔵トウモロコシを使った。発酵に関係する代謝活性微生物に必要な微量元素を供給するため、通常は市販の微量元素混合物(たとえばNovodyn(登録商標))を添加した。
発酵槽内の粘稠な基質、そしてそれゆえその他の添加物も、完全に混合するにはかなりの時間がかかり、加えて、その時間は使用する撹拌装置にも依存するため、発酵槽内添加微生物が均一に分布するまでの時間を決定できる試験を確立した。この「トレーサー試験」では、微生物の代わりに、LiClの粉末を10mgリチウム/kg出発基質の濃度で(タイプ2の発酵槽に対しては2倍量)、基質添加場所から添加した。それから異なる時間(添加は1日目に行う)に、発酵槽の異なる場所で基質試料を採取し(基質投入後に発酵槽を始動し、残った基質が排出される前に終了で)、そのLi含有量を、DIN EN ISO 13346(S7a)およびDIN EN ISO 11885(E22)に記載の方法により、誘導結合型プラズマ原子発光分光法で分析した。発酵槽の内容物が完全に混合したら、発酵槽前端部と発酵槽の後端部のLi含有量測定値が同じにならなければならないし、約10mg/kg出発基質の値(タイプ2発酵槽の場合は約20mg/kg出発基質)を示さなければならない。3種類の異なるタイプの発酵槽に対するこのような「トレーサー試験」の結果を表1に示す。
実際の実施経験で知られている平均容積負荷に対して、これをパイロットプラント規模で少なくとも2倍に引き上げることができた。容積負荷が8kg oTS/m3・日の場合、1m3当たり、1週間当たり2×1013個の細胞を添加することによって安定した運転が実現できた。その際、温度(40℃)およびpH値(6〜9)または緩衝能など、実際の運転における通常のプロセスパラメータは変化しなかった。
ここではパイロットプラントとして容積150Lの横型プラグフロー発酵槽が対象となる。この発酵槽は一段式プラントとして運転された。
ここでは、パイロットプラントとして容積150Lの横型長方形プラグフロー発酵槽が対象となる。この発酵槽は、内部に入り込むように作られた壁によって構造的に分割され、基質が流れる通路は面積が小さくしてあるため、二段式プラントとして運転された。この発酵槽は発酵空間が擬似的に2つの反応室に分割されており、その容積比は1:3になっている。小さい方の室は基質投入口のすぐうしろにあり、大きい方の室は開口部のうしろにある。発酵特性パラメータの測定から、両反応室で部分的に異なる値が生じることが判明した。その結果、種々の基質反応が、好ましくは、どちらかの反応室で行なわれると推定することができる。
この試験プラントについては、横型円筒形のプラグフロー発酵槽として製作された、容積が30m3のパイロットプラント規模の大型試験プラントが対象となる。この発酵槽は一段式プラントとして運転された。
Claims (20)
- バイオマスに微生物種クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)を微生物培養物の形で、かつ該微生物種クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)が、該培養物中に存在する微生物の総数の少なくとも1%を占めるよう添加することを特徴とするバイオマスの処理方法。
- バイオマスの液状化方法であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- バイオマスからバイオガスを製造する方法であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記微生物培養物中の前記微生物種クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)が、該培養物中に存在する微生物の総数の少なくとも10%を占めることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物種クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)の純粋培養物を添加することを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物種クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)が、微生物の少なくとも1つの固定化培養物の成分として、バイオマスに添加されることを特徴とする請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物種クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)の添加のすぐ後または同時に、追加バイオマスを発酵槽に添加し、発酵槽の容積負荷をバイオマスを連続的に加えて連続的に高めることを特徴とする請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- バイオマスからのバイオガスの製造が、容積負荷0.5kg oTS(乾燥有機物質)/m3・日以上で行われることを特徴とする請求項3〜7のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物種クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)が、添加後の該微生物種クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)の割合が、発酵基質中に存在する微生物の総数の10-4%と10%との間になる量で添加されることを特徴とする請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物種クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)が、添加後の該微生物種クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)の割合が、発酵基質中に存在する微生物の総数の10-3%と1%との間になる量で添加されることを特徴とする請求項9記載の方法。
- 微生物種クロストリジウム・サルタゴフォルマム(Clostridium sartagoformum)をさらに添加することを特徴とする請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物種クロストリジウム・サルタゴフォルマム(Clostridium sartagoformum)が、微生物クロストリジウム・サルタゴフォルマム(Clostridium sartagoformum)SBG1a株であることを特徴とする請求項11記載の方法。
- 微生物種パエニバチルス・マセランズ(Paenibacillus macerans)をさらに添加することを特徴とする請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物種パエニバチルス・マセランズ(Paenibacillus macerans)が、微生物パエニバチルス・マセランズ(Paenibacillus macerans)SBG2株であることを特徴とする請求項13記載の方法。
- DSMZにNo.22577で寄託されている微生物クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)SBG3株。
- ヌクレオチド配列を有する核酸を含む微生物であって、該ヌクレオチド配列が、配列番号1のヌクレオチド配列との配列同一性が98.5%を超える配列領域を含むことを特徴とする微生物クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)。
- バイオマスの処理方法に使用するのに好適な微生物培養物であって、該微生物培養物中に請求項15または16記載の微生物クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)が存在し、かつ該微生物クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)が、該培養物中に存在する微生物の総数の少なくとも1%を占めることを特徴とする微生物培養物。
- 前記微生物クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)が、前記培養物中に存在する微生物の総数の少なくとも10%を占めることを特徴とする請求項17記載の微生物培養物。
- 微生物クロストリジウム・スポロスフェロイデス(Clostridium sporosphaeroides)の純粋培養物であることを特徴とする請求項18記載の微生物培養物。
- 微生物固定化培養物であることを特徴とする請求項17〜19のいずれか1項に記載の微生物培養物。
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PCT/DE2008/075017 WO2009086812A2 (de) | 2008-01-10 | 2008-12-23 | Clostridium sporosphaeroides zur erzeugung von biogas |
DEPCT/DE2008/075017 | 2008-12-23 | ||
DE102009003587.7 | 2009-03-07 | ||
DE102009003587A DE102009003587A1 (de) | 2009-03-07 | 2009-03-07 | Mikroorganismen zur Verflüssigung von Biomasse |
PCT/DE2009/075035 WO2010072219A1 (de) | 2008-12-23 | 2009-07-07 | Clostridium sporosphaeroides zur behandlung von biomasse |
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