JP5255262B2 - 発酵果汁 - Google Patents
発酵果汁 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5255262B2 JP5255262B2 JP2007300271A JP2007300271A JP5255262B2 JP 5255262 B2 JP5255262 B2 JP 5255262B2 JP 2007300271 A JP2007300271 A JP 2007300271A JP 2007300271 A JP2007300271 A JP 2007300271A JP 5255262 B2 JP5255262 B2 JP 5255262B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- fruit juice
- lactic acid
- acid bacteria
- fermented fruit
- examples
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
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- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 59
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- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims description 23
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Description
また近年、植物由来の乳酸菌、つまり「植物性乳酸菌」の高い生理活性作用が見出され、それを利用した商品の開発が望まれている。この植物性乳酸菌は、漬物などの植物由来のものから分離されるので、その発酵基質としても、果汁などの植物由来のものを用いることが適している。また一般的に植物性乳酸菌は、「耐酸性」「耐塩性」に優れ、食事に含まれる塩分や胃酸に対する耐性が高く、生菌の状態で腸まで到達する確率が高いと言われている。
しかしながら、一般的に植物性乳酸菌は、動物性乳酸菌と比較して、至適温度範囲が広く、室温以下の温度でも発酵が進行しやすい傾向にある。例えば、商品を購入し、店頭から持ち帰るわずかな時間、常温にさらされる、あるいは家庭の冷蔵庫で保存するなど、当然予想される消費者行動の過程で発酵が進行する。また発酵が進行すれば、pHが低下して酸味が強くなる等、品質が安定せず、設計通りの商品が提供できなくなるという問題がある。
特許文献2には、セロオリゴ糖を含有する食品組成物の例として、「ジュース」の記載はあるが、発酵食品についての記載は無く、内容を異にするものである。
特許文献4には、β−グルコオリゴ糖を添加した、乳類を含む飲食物の記載があるが、このβ−グルコオリゴ糖の実態はゲンチオオリゴ糖であり、またその効果は味質改善であることから、本願発明と内容を異にするものである。
特許文献5および6には、植物性乳酸菌を使用した発酵飲食品に関する記載があるが、本発明の必須成分である難消化性オリゴ糖に関する記載はない。またpH調整剤を添加する煩雑な方法であり、難消化性オリゴ糖を添加するだけの本発明とは内容を異にするものである。
(1) 0.1〜2質量%のセロオリゴ糖、ラフィノースから選択される1種以上の難消化性オリゴ糖を含有し、果汁をLactobacillus pentosus、Lactobacillus brevis、又はLactobacillus caseiのいずれかである植物性乳酸菌で発酵させることにより得られる発酵果汁。
(2) 難消化性オリゴ糖がセロオリゴ糖である、(1)に記載の発酵果汁。
(3) 植物性乳酸菌が、Lactobacillus brevisである、(1)又は(2)に記載の発酵果汁。
(4) さらに1ppm〜10質量%の高甘味度甘味料を含有する、(1)から(3)のいずれかに記載の発酵果汁。
(5) (1)から(4)のいずれかに記載の発酵果汁を使用して製造される、食品組成物。
以下、本発明について具体的に説明する。
本発明の難消化性オリゴ糖とは、健康増進法に基づく、健康表示基準対応のエネルギー換算係数が、0〜3kcal/gのオリゴ糖であり、その種類は特に限定されるものではない。ただし安全性が保証されているもの、例えば、ラフィノース、セロオリゴ糖が好ましく、その中でも特にセロオリゴ糖が好ましい。またセロオリゴ糖の主成分である、セロビオースのエネルギー換算係数は、2kcal/gである。
本発明のセロオリゴ糖とは、グルコピラノース単位が2〜6個程度、β−1,4結合した構造を持つオリゴ糖であり、セロビオース、セロトリオース、セロテトラオース、セロペンタオースおよびセロヘキサオースからなる群より選択される主成分を、50質量%以上含有する。この主成分とその含有量としては、セロビオースを70質量%以上含有することが好ましく、90質量%以上であれば、さらに好ましい。これは上述のセロオリゴ糖主成分の中で、水に対する溶解度はセロビオースが最も高いことから、本発明の発酵乳や乳酸菌飲料に最も適しているからである。
また上述のセロオリゴ糖は、副成分としてグルコースを含有しても構わないが、吸湿性やカロリーの問題から、含有量は10質量%以下であることが好ましい。
ここで言うセルラーゼとは、セルラーゼを分解する酵素の総称であり、セルロースの分解活性を有する酵素が全て含まれる。セルラーゼ酵素源は、特に限定されるものではないが、例えばセルラーゼ産生菌体、菌体の産生する酵素を精製したもの、精製酵素を添加剤等とともに製剤化したものなどがあげられる。またその剤形も、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば液体、粉末、顆粒などがある。
果実類としては、例えば、リンゴ、オレンジ、グレープフルーツ、夏ミカン、八朔、温州ミカン、ザボン、ユズ、カボス、ボンタン、ライム、キウイフルーツ、パイナップル、マンゴー、グアバ、パパイヤ、メロン、アセロラ、レモン、ナシ、モモ、スモモ、アンズ、ウメ、イチゴ、ラスベリー、ブルーベリー、イチジク、スイカ、バナナ、ブドウなどがあげられる。
豆類としては、例えば、大豆、青豆、そら豆、えんどう豆などがあげられる。
穀類としては、例えば、イモ類(サツマイモ、ジャガイモ、サトイモ、ヤマイモ等)、米類(白米、玄米、胚芽等)、麦類(大麦、小麦、カラス麦、ライ麦等)、ヒエ、アワなどがあげられる。
本発明の植物性乳酸菌の形態は、特に限定されるものではなく、例えば、寄託株などの菌体、菌体を添加剤とともに製剤化したもの、菌体を含む食品や医薬品組成物などを利用することが可能である。また剤形も、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、液体、粉末、顆粒などがある。
pH変化率(%)=(α−β)/α×100
ここで、α:発酵果汁を10℃で1日保存したときのpH、β:発酵果汁を10℃で20日保存したときのpH
ここで言う食品素材とは、一般に食品として供される素材のことであり、薬事法で規定される医薬品および医薬部外品と、食品衛生法で規定される食品添加物を除き、飲食に供されるものが全て含まれる。
食品添加物の例としては、厚生労働省の「指定添加物リスト」、「既存添加物名簿収載品目リスト」、「天然香料基原物質リスト」、「一般に食品として飲食に供させている物であって添加物として使用される品目リスト」などに収載される食品添加物や、JECFAなどの国際機関で安全性が確認されたもの、米国・欧州などの諸外国で使用が認可されている食品添加物などがあげられ、保存料・日持向上剤、酸化防止剤、甘味料、着色料・色素、乳化剤、増粘ゲル化剤、品質改良剤、調味料、酸味料、強化剤、香料、酵素などに分類される。
食品素材としては、例えば、果実・野菜およびそのエキス類、果実・野菜加工品(フルーツプレパレーション、フルーツソース、ジャム等)、果汁、野菜汁、嗜好飲料(コーヒー、茶類、ジュース等)、ショ糖などの糖や糖アルコール類、菓子類(チョコレート、飴、グミキャンディー、ガム、餡、和菓子等)、畜肉および魚肉製品、肉や魚のエキス類、タンパク質、ペプチド、アミノ酸類、食物繊維、天然由来高分子(コラーゲン、ヒアルロン酸、天然繊維等)、生理活性物質(コエンザイムQ10、α−リポ酸、β−グルカン、セラミドなど)、澱粉類、デキストリン、油脂類、アルコール類、塩類(食塩、Caなどのミネラル類等)、調味料(醤油、味噌、酢、みりん等)、香辛料などがあげられる。
酸化防止剤としては、例えば、ブチルヒドロキシアニソール、ブチルヒドロキシトルエン、L−アスコルビン酸およびアスコルビン酸Na、エリソルビン酸およびエリソルビン酸Na、ミックストコフェノールなどがあげられる。
色素としては、例えば、赤色2号、赤色3号、赤色40号、赤色102号、赤色105号、赤色106号、黄色4号、黄色5号、青色1号、青色2号、赤色3号レーキ、赤色40号レーキ、黄色4号レーキ、黄色5号レーキ、青色1号レーキ、青色2号レーキなどがあげられる。
増粘ゲル化剤としては、例えば、ゼラチン、アルギン酸ナトリウム、アルギン酸プロピレングリコールエステル、カルボキシメチルセルロースカルシウム、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム、デンプングリコール酸ナトリウム、デンプンリン酸エステルナトリウム、メチルセルロース、ポリアクリル酸ナトリウム、アーモンドガム、アラビアガム、アラビノガラクタン、エレミ樹脂、カラヤガム、キサンタンガム、ガッディガム、ダンマル樹脂、トラガントガム、モモ樹脂、アマシードガム、カシアガム、ローカストビーンガム、グアーガム、グアーガム分解物、サイリウムシードガム、サバクヨモギシードガム、セスバニアガム、タマリンドシードガム、タラガム、ジェランガム、トリアカンソスガム、アルギン酸、カラギーナン、フクロノリ抽出物、ファーセルラン、アロエベラ抽出物、オクラ抽出物、キダチアロエ抽出物、トロロアオイ、ペクチン、アエロモナスガム、アウレオバシジウム培養液、アゾトバクター・ビネランジーガム、ウェランガム、エルウィニア・ミツエンシスガム、エンテロバクター・シマナスガム、エンテロバクターガム、カードラン、キサンタンガム、ジェランガム、スクレロガム、デキストラン、納豆菌ガム、プルラン、大豆多糖類、カラギーナン、マクロホモプシスガム、ラムザンガム、レバン、酵母細胞壁、微小繊維状セルロースおよびその製剤、バクテリアセルロースおよびその製剤、結晶セルロースおよびその製剤、粉末セルロースおよびその製剤、キチン、キトサン、グルコサミン、オリゴグルコサミン、グルコマンナン、こんにゃく粉、寒天、デキストリン、分岐デキストリン、難消化性デキストリン、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース、ポリアクリル酸、カルボキシビニルポリマー、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルピロリドン、メチルセルロース、エチルセルロース、デンプン糊などがあげられる。
調味料としては、例えば、グルタミン酸Na、核酸系調味料、アミノ酸系調味料、エキス系調味料、酵母エキス、グリシン、アラニンなどがあげられる。
強化剤としては、例えば、ビタミンA、ビタミンB1、ビタミンB2、ビタミンB6、ビタミンB12、ビタミンC、ビタミンD、ビタミンE、ニコチン酸およびニコチン酸アミド、葉酸、パトテン酸Ca、グルコン酸Ca、乳酸Ca、天然Ca、ミルクCaなどがあげられる。
酵素としては、例えば、αアミラーゼ、βアミラーゼ、グルコアミラーゼ、プルラナーゼ、グルコースイソメラーゼ、プロテアーゼ、レンネット、パンクレアチン、パパインなどがあげられる。
(1)日本薬局方に収められている物
(2)人又は動物の疾病の診断、治療又は予防に使用されることが目的とされている物であって、機械器具、歯科材料、医療用品及び衛生用品(以下「機械器具等」という。)でないもの(医薬部外品を除く。)
(3)人又は動物の身体の構造又は機能に影響を及ぼすことが目的とされている物であって、機械器具等でないもの(医薬部外品及び化粧品を除く。)
(a)吐きけその他の不快感又は口臭若しくは体臭の防止
(b)あせも、ただれ等の防止
(c)脱毛の防止、育毛又は除毛
(d)人又は動物の保健のためにするねずみ、はえ、蚊、のみ等の駆除又は防止
医薬品薬効成分としては、例えば、解熱鎮痛消炎薬、催眠鎮静薬、眠気防止薬、鎮暈薬、小児鎮痛薬、健胃薬、制酸薬、消化薬、強心薬、不整脈用薬、降圧薬、血管拡張薬、利尿薬、抗潰瘍薬、整腸薬、骨粗鬆症治療薬、鎮咳去痰薬、抗喘息薬、抗菌剤、頻尿改善剤、滋養強壮剤、ビタミン剤など、経皮または経口で投与されるものが対象となる。
滑沢剤としては、例えば、ステアリン酸Mg、ステアリン酸Ca、ステアリン酸、ショ糖脂肪酸エステル、タルクなどがあげられる。
矯味剤としては、例えば、グルタミン酸、フマル酸、コハク酸、クエン酸、クエン酸ナトリウム、酒石酸、リンゴ酸、アスコルビン酸、塩化ナトリウム、1−メントールなどがあげられる。
着色剤としては、例えば、食用赤色3号、食用黄色5号、食用青色1号等の食用色素、銅クロロフィンナトリウム、酸化チタン、リボフラビンなどがあげられる。
甘味剤とは、例えば、上述の甘味料に該当するものである。
油脂としては、例えば、ステアリン酸モノグリセリド、ステアリン酸トリグリセリド、ステアリン酸ショ糖エステル、流動パラフィン等のパラフィン類、カルナウバロウ、硬化ヒマシ油等の硬化油類、ヒマシ油、ステアリン酸、ステアリルアルコール、ポリエチレングリコールなどがあげられる。
増粘剤やゲル化剤としては、例えば、上述の増粘ゲル化剤にあげられるようなものが使用される。
<pH>
pH計(東亜ディーケーケー株式会社製、「HM−50G形」)で測定した。
<pH変化率>
pH変化率は、次式により算出される。
pH変化率(%)=(α−β)/α×100
ここで、α:発酵果汁を10℃で1日保存したときのpH、β:発酵果汁を10℃で20日保存したときのpH
10℃で20日保存したサンプルを、乳等省令(昭和26年厚生省令第52号)の別表の二の(七)乳等の成分規格の試験法に準じて測定した。ただし菌数が多い、あるいは少ないために、測定に支障が出る場合は、サンプルの希釈倍率を変えて、測定した。
なお必要に応じ、発酵前サンプルについても同様の方法で測定を行った。
実施例で使用する原材料について、次の(1)〜(8)に示す。
次に、市販針葉樹由来の溶解パルプを使用し、加水分解条件を塩酸濃度0.4%塩酸水溶液、120℃、1時間として、加水分解し、酸不溶性残渣を洗浄、ろ過し、ウェットケークを得た。このウェットケークをセルロース10%濃度の水分散体とし、超高性能分散機・湿式微粉砕機(アシザワ株式会社製、「パールミルRL」、φ1mmジルコニアビーズ使用 充填率80%)を使用し、圧密・磨砕処理を施し、セルロース微粒子分散体を得た。
このガラス製フラスコを、55℃の水槽に仕込み、内部を攪拌しながら4時間反応させた。反応終了後、反応液を懸濁状態で300μL分注し、限外ろ過モジュール(分画分子量10000)を使用し、酵素、未分解セルロースを取り除いた後、高速液体クロマトグラフィーで糖濃度を分析した。該反応液の糖濃度は、グルコース0.3質量%、セロビオース1.5質量%であった。
上記で得られたセロオリゴ糖水溶液100mLを、200mLのガラス製フラスコに導入し、攪拌しながら、毎時10℃の速度で、70℃から5℃まで冷却した後、エタノールを水に加え晶析した。水溶液中に晶出したセロオリゴ糖を、減圧ろ過、乾燥、粉砕、篩下し、セロオリゴ糖粉末を得た。得たれたセロオリゴ糖粉末の糖組成は、グルコース0.9質量%、セロビオース98.2質量%、セロトリオース0.4質量%、セロテトラオース0.2質量%であった。
(3)グラニュー糖(第一糖業株式会社製)
(4)ステビア(日研化成株式会社製、「ステビオサイド日研90」)
(5)ペクチン(ユニテックフーズ株式会社製)
(6)野菜果汁
60質量%のニンジンと20質量%のキャベツを、ミキサーにかけて粉砕し、さらに20質量%のリンゴ果汁を加えて合計100質量%として、さらに80℃で20分間殺菌処理したもの
(7)オレンジジュース(グリコ乳業株式会社製、100%果汁)
(8)スターター(カゴメラビオ株式会社製、「植物性乳酸菌ラブレ」、Lactobacillus brevis)
以下の手順に従って、乳酸菌飲料Aを調製し、評価した。
表1の配合に従って、クリーンベンチ内で、プロペラ攪拌翼を使用して、水と野菜果汁を30℃、400rpmで攪拌しながら、ラフィノースを添加し、さらに10分間攪拌する。攪拌を続けながら、10℃まで冷却し、スターターを加え、200rpmで1分間混合する。この溶液に重曹を添加してpH6.3に調整し、サンプル瓶に充填する。
さらに42℃で20時間発酵させたものを乳酸菌飲料Aとして、10℃の冷蔵庫で保存した。
上記、α1、β1を次式に代入し、pH変化率Aを求めたところ0%であり、発酵の進行抑制効果があることがわかった。
pH変化率A(%)=(α1−β1)/α1×100
ここで、α1:発酵果汁を10℃で1日保存したときのpH、β1:発酵果汁を10℃で20日保存したときのpH
また「乳酸菌数または酵母数」は4.0×107/mL、大腸菌群は陰性であり、乳酸菌飲料の規格を満たすものであった。
実施例1のラフィノースの代わりに、セロオリゴ糖を添加して、表1の配合に従って、実施例1と同様の方法で乳酸菌飲料Bを調製し、評価した。
乳酸菌飲料Bの、10℃で1日保存したときのpH(α2)は6.3であった。さらに10℃で20日保存したときの(β2)は6.3であった。
上記、α2、β2を次式に代入し、pH変化率Bを求めたところ0%であり、発酵の進行抑制効果があることがわかった。
pH変化率B(%)=(α2−β2)/α2×100
ここで、α2:発酵果汁を10℃で1日保存したときのpH、β2:発酵果汁を10℃で20日保存したときのpH
また「乳酸菌数または酵母数」は3.8×107/mL、大腸菌群は陰性であり、乳酸菌飲料の規格を満たすものであった。
実施例1のラフィノースの代わりに、セロオリゴ糖とステビアを添加して、表1の配合に従って、実施例1と同様の方法で乳酸菌飲料Bを調製し、評価した。
乳酸菌飲料Cの、10℃で1日保存したときのpH(α3)は6.3であった。さらに10℃で20日保存したときの(β3)は6.3であった。
上記、α3、β3を次式に代入し、pH変化率Cを求めたところ0%であり、発酵の進行抑制効果があることがわかった。
pH変化率C(%)=(α3−β3)/α3×100
ここで、α3:発酵果汁を10℃で1日保存したときのpH、β3:発酵果汁を10℃で20日保存したときのpH
また「乳酸菌数または酵母数」は3.8×107/mL、大腸菌群は陰性であり、乳酸菌飲料の規格を満たすものであった。
0.12質量%のペクチンを予め溶解させ、殺菌処理を施したオレンジジュースを90質量%に、実施例2の乳酸菌飲料Bを加えて混合し、100質量%としたものを、発酵果汁飲料Dとする。混合はクリーンベンチ内で行い、プロペラ攪拌翼を使用して、10℃に保ちながら、400rpmで5分間攪拌した。
上記、α4、β4を次式に代入し、pH変化率Dを求めたところ0%であり、発酵の進行抑制効果があることがわかった。
pH変化率D(%)=(α4−β4)/α4×100
ここで、α4:発酵果汁を10℃で1日保存したときのpH、β4:発酵果汁を10℃で20日保存したときのpH
実施例1のラフィノースを添加せずに、表1の配合に従って、実施例1と同様の方法で乳酸菌飲料Xを調製し、評価した。
乳酸菌飲料Xの、10℃で1日保存したときのpH(α5)は6.3であった。さらに10℃で20日保存したときの(β5)は5.9であった。
上記、α5、β5を次式に代入し、pH変化率Xを求めたところ6.3%であった。
pH変化率X(%)=(α5−β5)/α5×100
ここで、α5:発酵果汁を10℃で1日保存したときのpH、β5:発酵果汁を10℃で20日保存したときのpH
また「乳酸菌数または酵母数」は5.0×107/mL、大腸菌群は陰性であり、乳酸菌飲料の規格を満たすものであったが、発酵の進行が示唆されるものであった。(参考として、乳酸菌飲料Xを発酵させる前の値を示す。「乳酸菌数または酵母数」は6.3×104/mL、大腸菌群は陰性であった。)
実施例1のラフィノースの代わりに、グラニュー糖を添加し、表1の配合に従って、実施例1と同様の方法で乳酸菌飲料Yを調製し、評価した。
乳酸菌飲料Xの、10℃で1日保存したときのpH(α6)は6.3であった。さらに10℃で20日保存したときの(β6)は5.9であった。
上記、α6、β6を次式に代入し、pH変化率Xを求めたところ6.3%であった。
pH変化率Y(%)=(α6−β6)/α6×100
ここで、α6:発酵果汁を10℃で1日保存したときのpH、β6:発酵果汁を10℃で20日保存したときのpH
また「乳酸菌数または酵母数」は4.9×107/mL、大腸菌群は陰性であり、乳酸菌飲料の規格を満たすものであったが、発酵の進行が示唆されるものであった。
Claims (5)
- 0.1〜2質量%のセロオリゴ糖、ラフィノースから選択される1種以上の難消化性オリゴ糖を含有し、果汁をLactobacillus pentosus、Lactobacillus brevis、又はLactobacillus caseiのいずれかであり至適温度範囲が広く10℃でも発酵が進行する植物性乳酸菌で発酵させることにより得られる発酵果汁。
- 難消化性オリゴ糖がセロオリゴ糖である、請求項1に記載の発酵果汁。
- 植物性乳酸菌が、Lactobacillus brevisである、請求項1又は2に記載の発酵果汁。
- さらに1ppm〜10質量%の高甘味度甘味料を含有する、請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の発酵果汁。
- 請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の発酵果汁を使用して製造される、食品組成物。
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