JP5165686B2 - N−置換モノマーおよびポリマー - Google Patents
N−置換モノマーおよびポリマー Download PDFInfo
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- JP5165686B2 JP5165686B2 JP2009533493A JP2009533493A JP5165686B2 JP 5165686 B2 JP5165686 B2 JP 5165686B2 JP 2009533493 A JP2009533493 A JP 2009533493A JP 2009533493 A JP2009533493 A JP 2009533493A JP 5165686 B2 JP5165686 B2 JP 5165686B2
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- alkyl
- polymer
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- independently
- group
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- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims description 190
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 title claims description 82
- -1 N-substituted amide group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 56
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 35
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 32
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- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
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- XKZQKPRCPNGNFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(C=2C(=CC=CC=2)O)=C1 XKZQKPRCPNGNFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
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- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
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- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000012377 drug delivery Methods 0.000 claims description 10
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- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
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- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
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- A61L31/16—Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
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Description
本発明は、2006年10月17日に出願され、「N−置換モノマーおよびポリマー」なるタイトルの米国仮出願第60/852,471号に対して優先権を主張するものであり、その内容は全体として参照によって引用される。
本発明はN−置換モノマーおよびポリマー、そのようなモノマーおよびポリマーの製造方法、ならびに医療用具のような、種々の用途にそれらを用いる方法に関する。
米国特許第5,099,060号のチロシン由来モノマーは重合して、より高い融液または溶液粘度を有し、その結果加工性が低くなるポリマーを形成する。結果として、ポリマーの製造には、より高い温度、より高い圧力、または双方を必要とするが、そのような温度や圧力はあまり経済的ではなく、ポリマーまたは(生物的または薬剤成分のような)他の添加剤を劣化させる可能性もある。
上記要求は、本発明によって達成される。チロシン由来ポリカーボネートおよび他の生体適合性ポリマー中に存在するアミド結合が鎖間水素結合に関与し、ポリマー鎖間の水素結合が融液または溶液粘度を増加させるので、水素結合はポリマーの温度加工性を阻害することを見出した。同様に、ペプチド結合を有するモノマーおよびポリマー中の水素結合による効果は、アミド窒素上の水素原子をメチルまたは他のアルキル基で置換することによって顕著に減少しうるという発見に到達した。
本発明は、モノマーおよびモノマーから重合されるポリマーの新規なクラスを導入し、ここにおいて、新しいモノマーを形成するためにアミノ酸またはアミノ酸構造誘導体が一緒に結合し、次いで、化学式(I)で示される新規で有用なポリマーを形成するために、重合される。化学式IVのジフェノールモノマーは、J.P.GreensteinおよびM.Winitz、Chemistry of the Amino Acids、(John Wiley&Sons、New York 1961)およびBodanszky、Practice of Peptide Synthesis(Springer−Verlag、New York、1984)中で開示されているように下記のペプチド化学の標準的手順で準備される。
スキーム8経路1
一実施態様において、置換反応を経て、モノマー前駆体AA−1のN−置換基RBを導入する方法(この際、RAおよびRBは上記で定義され、Xは、上述のように定義される、Cl、Br、トシル基、またはメシレートでありうる)が、スキーム8経路1中で示されているように達成されうる。例えば、化合物8−Aにおいて、全体が参照によって本明細書に組み込まれる米国特許第3,598,859号中に記載されているように、モノマー前駆体AA−1を提供するために、可変Xは、良好な脱離基であり、適切なアリールまたはアルキルアミン(8−B)で置換されうる。さらに、8−Aの適切なエステル誘導体は、この方法で用いられうる。
一実施態様において、モノマー前駆体AA−1のN−置換基RBを導入する方法は、スキーム8経路2で示されるように、還元性アミノ化反応を経て達成されうるが、この際、RA、RBおよびXは上記のように定義される。α−ケトエステル 8−Cは、米国特許第3,598,859号で記載されているようにAA−1を提供するために、還元性アミノ化条件下、適切なアリールまたはアルキルアミン(8−B)で処理することができる。
一実施態様において、モノマー前駆体AA−1のN−置換基RBを導入する方法は、スキーム8経路3に示されるように、化学式8−Eの化合物のアルキル化反応および続く転換を経て達成されうる。ある実施態様において、RAおよびXは、上記のように定義され、RBは分岐または非分岐のC1〜C30アルキルあるいは置換されてもよいC6〜C30アリールであり、RFはH、C1〜C6アルキルまたはアリール(CH2)−であり、そして、REはCF3C(O)−、Cbz−(カルボベンジルオキシ)、Boc−(tert−ブトキシカルボニル)、トシル−(トルエンスルホニル)またはノシル−(2−ニトロベンゼンスルホニルまたは2−ニトロベンゼンスルホニル)基、2、4−ジニトロベンゼンスルホニルなどからなる群から選択されうる。下記に示すように、化学式8−EのN−置換化合物を、8−Gを提供するために適切な条件下アルキル化剤(8−B)で処理することができ、続いて8−Gの変換は、モノマー前駆体AA−1を提供することができる。
典型的な実施形態において、Fukuyama et al.の手順に従って、8−GAを提供するために、化学式(8−EA)のアミノ酸エステルのDMF溶液をK2CO3の存在下、臭化エチルで処理することができる。続いて、AA−1Aを提供するために、2,4−ジニトロベンゼンスルホニル基が除去され、エステル基が加水分解されうる。例えば、AA−1Aを提供するために、DMF中、チオフェノ−ルおよびK2CO3で8−GAの処理を行い、次いで、メタノール/THF中NaOHを用いてメチルエステルの加水分解を行うことによって、2,4−ジニトロベンゼンスルホニル基を除去することができる。N−置換β−アミノ酸(AA−IA)は当業者に周知の方法によってN−置換β−アミノエステルに転換されうる。例えば、N−置換β−アミノ酸は、対応するエチルまたはメチルN−アリールβ−アミノエステルを提供するために、エタノールまたはメタノールのような溶媒中HClで処理することができる。
また、典型的な実施形態において、化学式(8−EB)のtert−ブチルアミノ酸エステルのDMF溶液は、8−GBを提供するために、K2CO3存在下、臭化エチルで処理することができる。続いて、tert−ブチルエステルAA−1Bを提供するために、2,4−ジニトロベンゼンスルホニル基を除去することができる。例えば、AA−1Bを提供するために、DMF中、チオフェノ−ルおよびK2CO3で8−GBの処理を行うことによって、2,4−ジニトロベンゼンスルホニル基を除去することができる。
スキーム9
一実施形態において、モノマー前駆体AA−1は合成することができ、この際、スキーム9に示されるように、例えばRBはアリール基であり、Xは塩化物、臭化物、またはヨウ化物である。例えば、化学式AA−1のモノマー前駆体は、Ma et al.の手順のようなウルマン反応(Ullmann reaction)によって合成することができる。
圧力容器中で、化合物8−EBをK2CO3(2当量(equiv))とともにDMF中に室温で溶解させ、次いで、シリンジで臭化エチル(1.1当量)で滴下処理した。圧力容器を次いでシールし、反応物を60℃まで加熱し、30分おいて反応物を室温にまで冷却し、TLC(薄層クロマトグラフィー)またはLC/MSによってチェックした。反応物を水で急冷し、水層を抽出した。有機層を、Na2SO4を用いて乾燥し、ろ過し、減圧下溶媒を除去して、8−GBを得た。中間物8−GBは、過剰量のK2CO3存在下、DMF中に溶解し、次いでチオフェノールを添加し、TLCによって示されるように反応が終了するまで室温で混合物を攪拌した。固体をろ過により除去し、減圧下溶媒を除去した。粗混合物を次いで触媒であるNaOHの存在下、湿潤(wet)メタノール/THF中に溶解し、エステルの加水分解が完了次第、減圧下溶媒を除去した。残余を水に溶解し、pH5にまで酸性にし、酢酸エチルで抽出し、AA−IBを得た。
DMF(5mL)中、ヨウ化フェニル(1mmol)およびβ−アミノエステル(9−C)(1mmol)溶液に対して、窒素下、炭酸カリウム(2.5mmol)、水0.1mL、およびCuI(0.1mmol)を添加する。窒素雰囲気下、100℃で48時間混合物を攪拌した後、冷却した溶液を真空下で濃縮する。残余を水に溶解し、pH5にまで酸性にし、酢酸エチルで抽出する。合わせた有機層をクロマトグラフィーによって濃縮し、精製し、対応するN−アリールβ−アミノ酸(9−D)を得る。
モノマーPP−IA:
KIC12の2M溶液を文献手順1を使って準備した。2Lビーカー中で、DAT166.2g(1.0モル)および2−プロパノール800mLを攪拌した。得られた溶液に対して、ピリジン158g(2.0モル)およびKICl2の2M溶液の1L(2.0モル)を添加した。1時間の攪拌の後、水3Lを反応混合物に添加し、沈殿する生成物をろ過により回収し、水で洗った。さらなる精製のため、粗生成物を水酸化ナトリウムの80g(2.0モル)を含む水4L中に溶解し、ろ過した。ろ過物を室温にまで冷却し、酢酸でpH5.5にまで酸性化した。生成物をろ過により分離し、一部の水で洗い、次いで、真空下乾燥し、3−(3,5−ジヨード−4−ヒドロキシフェニル)プロピオン酸(I2DAT)の375g(90%収率)を得た。同様の手順を使って、4−ヒドロキシフェニル酢酸および4−ヒドロキシ安息香酸を対応するジ−ヨウ素化化合物へとヨウ素化した。
ジフェノール性モノマーは、l−(3−ジメチルアミノプロピル)−3−エチルカルボジイミド塩酸塩(EDC)をカップリング剤として使って実施例1の3−(3,5−ジヨード−4−ヒドロキシフェニル)プロピオン酸(I2DAT)をN−メチルチロシンメチルエステルHCl塩(NMeTM.HCl)(Bache Biosciences、Inc.King of Prussia、ペンシルバニア州)とカップリングさせることによって準備した。詳細には、I2DAT1.6g(3、8mmol)、NMeTM.HCl 0.99g(4.02mmol)、ヒドロキシベンゾトリアゾール54mg(0.40mmol)およびテトラヒドロフラン20mLを50mL丸底フラスコ中、0〜5℃で攪拌した。次いで、フラスコに対して、EDC(0.81g、4.2mmol)を添加した。
米国特許第5,099,060号によって開示される標準的なホスゲン化(phosgenation)手順を用いて、ポリカーボネートを形成するために、実施例2のジフェノール性モノマーNMe−I2DTEを重合した。
N−アルキルチロシンエステル由来のジフェノール性モノマーの製造は、N−エチルI2DTEの合成によって例示される。詳細には、I2DATの1.6g(3.8mmol)、N−エチルチロシンエチルエステルHCl塩(NEtTE.HCl−全体の開示が参照によって組み込まれる、Aureilo、et al.、Chem.Rev.104、5823−46(2004)に開示される方法によって準備される)の1.10g(4.02mmol)、ヒドロキシベンゾトリアゾールの54mg(0.40mmol)およびテトラヒドロフランの20mLを50mL丸底フラスコ中で0〜5℃で攪拌する。次いで、フラスコに、EDC(0.81g、4.2mmol)を添加する。反応混合物を0〜5℃で1時間、次いで、室温で3時間攪拌する。THFの大部分を蒸発させ、反応混合物を50mL酢酸エチルおよび50mL 0.2MHClとともに攪拌する。層は、分液漏斗を用いて分離する。有機層を3×25mL 0.2MHCl、3×25mL 5%重炭酸ナトリウム溶液および25mL20%NaClで洗う。油が得られる場合には、次いで有機層を濃縮する。生成物は、1H NMR、元素分析およびHPLCによって特徴づけられる。
シュレンク管中に、ジアセチル−I2DTE(693mg、1.0mmol)、f6LR(1.13g、1.0mmol)、およびTHF20mLを添加する。オイルバス中55℃で4時間シュレンク管を加熱する。次いで、反応混合物にアルミナ10gを添加し、溶媒を蒸発によって除去した。粗生成物をフルオラス(fluorous)逆相シリカがパックされたショートカラムで精製した。次いで、希釈水酸化ナトリウムを用いて生成物を加水分解し、次いで酸性化し、I2DTE−チオアミドが得られる。次いで、化合物は、実施例7にしたがってN−メチル化される。
Claims (22)
- 下記化学式:
のN−置換されたアミド基を含むモノマー繰り返し単位の複数を含む、生体適合性、生体吸収性ポリマー。 - 下記化学式(Ia);
の構造を有するポリカーボネート、ポリアリレート、ポリイミノカーボネート、ポリホスファゼンまたはポリホスホエステルである、請求項1に記載のポリマー。 - N−置換基がメチル基である、請求項1または2に記載のポリマー。
- R1が18〜36の炭素原子を含む、請求項1または2に記載のポリマー。
- R1が:
- R8が、重量平均分子量が100から10,000のメトキシ末端ポリ(エチレングリコール)(PEG)、重量平均分子量が100から10,000のメトキシ末端ポリ(プロピレングリコール)(PPG)および重量平均分子量が100から10,000のメトキシ末端PEGおよびPPGブロックコポリマーから選択されるアルキル末端ポリ(アルキレンオキシド)である、請求項5に記載のポリマー。
- 化学式(I)の一または双方の芳香族環が、ハロゲン、低級アルキル、カルボキシル、チオエーテル、スルホキシドおよびスルホニルからなる群から独立して選択される、1〜4の官能基で置換される、請求項1または2に記載のポリマー。
- 化学式(I)中のy1およびy2の合計が0を超えるように、化学式(I)の少なくとも一のモノマー芳香族環がヨウ素で置換される、請求項7に記載のポリマー。
- 化学式(I)の双方の芳香族環が双方のオルト位でヨウ素置換される、請求項1に記載のポリマー。
- R8がOHである、請求項5に記載のポリマー。
- Q1が下記構造:
を有する基である、請求項5に記載のポリマー。 - R1が:
- a=1およびb=2である、請求項12に記載のポリマー。
- 下記構造:
を有する繰り返し単位を含む繰り返しポリアルキレンオキシドブロック単位をさらに含む、請求項12に記載のポリマー。 - N−置換されないジフェノールモノマーで共重合されることを特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載のポリマー。
- 下記構造:
前記R 1 が:
- R8が、重量平均分子量が100から10,000のメトキシ末端ポリ(エチレングリコール)(PEG)、重量平均分子量が100から10,000のメトキシ末端ポリ(プロピレングリコール)(PPG)および重量平均分子量が100から10,000のメトキシ末端PEGおよびPPGブロックコポリマーから選択されるアルキル末端ポリ(アルキレンオキシド)である、請求項16に記載のジフェノール化合物。
- R1が:
- a=1およびb=2である、請求項18に記載のジフェノール化合物。
- N、N−ジ置換ジチロシンを規定するためにR1が選択される、請求項16に記載のジフェノール化合物。
- 請求項1〜15のいずれか1項に記載のポリマーから製造される血液接触性または組織埋込型医療装置。
- 請求項1〜15のいずれか1項に記載のポリマーと組み合わせて、生物学的に、または生理学的に活性な化合物の治療学的有効量を含む、埋込型ドラッグデリバリー装置。
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