JP5083964B2 - Radiation detector, positron tomography apparatus equipped with the same, single photon radiation computed tomography apparatus - Google Patents
Radiation detector, positron tomography apparatus equipped with the same, single photon radiation computed tomography apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims description 66
- 238000002591 computed tomography Methods 0.000 title claims description 4
- 238000003325 tomography Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 45
- -1 thallium halide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 45
- PGAPATLGJSQQBU-UHFFFAOYSA-M thallium(i) bromide Chemical group [Tl]Br PGAPATLGJSQQBU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002600 positron emission tomography Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 12
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 229910004613 CdTe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 6
- GBECUEIQVRDUKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M thallium monochloride Chemical compound [Tl]Cl GBECUEIQVRDUKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002603 single-photon emission computed tomography Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Description
本発明は、陽電子断層画像診断装置（ＰＥＴ）、単光子放射線コンピュータ断層撮影装置（ＳＰＥＣＴ）等に用いられる臭化タリウム等のタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器及びこれを備えたＰＥＴあるいはＳＰＥＣＴに関する。 The present invention relates to a thallium halide radiation detector such as thallium bromide used in a positron tomography diagnostic apparatus (PET), a single photon radiation computed tomography apparatus (SPECT), and the like, and a PET or SPECT equipped with the same.
ＰＥＴ等における高性能タイプの検出部には、ＣｄＴｅ結晶を用いた放射線検出器が使用されている。ところがＣｄＴｅ結晶は、共有結合結晶であり、融点が高く、また作製費が高いという問題点がある。例えば装置１台当たりの結晶のみの価格が数億円と高価になっている。
このためＣｄＴｅに代わるものとしてＴｌＢｒ等のタリウムハロゲン化物が注目されている。
例えばＴｌＢｒは、その高い原子番号(Tl: 81、Br: 35)及び高密度(7.56g/cm3)、広いギャップ・エネルギー(2.68eV)及び高い光子阻止能により室温放射線検出器の素材として魅力的な半導体である。
A radiation detector using a CdTe crystal is used for a high-performance type detector in PET or the like. However, the CdTe crystal is a covalent crystal, has a high melting point and a high production cost. For example, the price of only crystals per device is as high as several hundred million yen.
For this reason, thallium halides such as TlBr have attracted attention as an alternative to CdTe.
For example, TlBr is attractive as a material for room temperature radiation detectors due to its high atomic number (Tl: 81, Br: 35) and high density (7.56g / cm3), wide gap energy (2.68eV) and high photon stopping power Is a good semiconductor.
ＴｌＢｒ結晶を用いた従来の臭化タリウム放射線検出器の構造模式図を図６に示す。ＴｌＢｒ結晶の対向する面にＡｕ電極が形成されている。そしてＡｕ電極間には、バイアス電圧が印加されており、ＴｌＢｒ結晶にガンマ線が入射するとこれにより電子が生成され、これが前置増幅器の出力信号として検出される。 FIG. 6 shows a structural schematic diagram of a conventional thallium bromide radiation detector using a TlBr crystal. Au electrodes are formed on opposing surfaces of the TlBr crystal. A bias voltage is applied between the Au electrodes. When gamma rays are incident on the TlBr crystal, electrons are generated thereby and detected as an output signal of the preamplifier.
臭化タリウム放射線検出器は、ＣｄＴｅ放射線検出器に比べて次のような点で優れている。
（１）臭化タリウムは、イオン結合結晶であり、融点が低く、安価に作製できる。このためＴｌＢｒ結晶は、ＣｄＴｅ結晶と比較し、１００分の１程度の値段で作製できる。
（２）ＴｌＢｒ結晶はＣｄＴｅ結晶よりもガンマ線を止める能力が高く、ＣｄＴｅの半分程度の大きさで同程度の効果が発揮できる。このため検出器を薄くすることができる。
The thallium bromide radiation detector is superior to the CdTe radiation detector in the following points.
(1) Thallium bromide is an ion-bonded crystal, has a low melting point, and can be produced at low cost. For this reason, the TlBr crystal can be manufactured at a price about 1/100 compared with the CdTe crystal.
(2) The TlBr crystal has a higher ability to stop gamma rays than the CdTe crystal, and can exhibit the same effect at about half the size of CdTe. For this reason, a detector can be made thin.
ところが臭化タリウム等のタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器には、次のような重大な問題がある。
これは、臭化タリウム等のタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器にバイアス電圧を印加した後、しばらく経つとその検出能力が無くなるというものである（非特許文献１参照）。この理由としては、ＴｌＢｒ結晶中の伝導イオンが検出器の中で分極現象を引き起こすためと考えられている（非特許文献２参照）。
However, thallium halide radiation detectors such as thallium bromide have the following serious problems.
This is because the detection capability disappears after a while after a bias voltage is applied to a thallium halide radiation detector such as thallium bromide (see Non-Patent Document 1). The reason is considered to be that conduction ions in the TlBr crystal cause a polarization phenomenon in the detector (see Non-Patent Document 2).
すなわちＴｌＢｒ等のタリウムハロゲン化物結晶の対向する面にＡｕ電極が形成された臭化タリウム等のタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器では、電極間に電圧をかけると、伝導イオンであるＢｒ−イオンが陽極に移動し、陽極にはＢｒ−イオンが、陰極には結果としてＴｌ＋イオンが集積する。これらのイオンを中和する反応速度が集積速度より遅いので、この結果通常の臭化タリウム放射線では分極が生じることになる。 That is, in a thallium halide radiation detector such as thallium bromide in which an Au electrode is formed on the opposite surface of a thallium halide crystal such as TlBr, when a voltage is applied between the electrodes, the Br- ion which is a conductive ion is applied to the anode. As a result, Br− ions accumulate on the anode and Tl + ions accumulate on the cathode as a result. This results in polarization with normal thallium bromide radiation because the reaction rate neutralizing these ions is slower than the rate of accumulation.
ＣｄＴｅ結晶も同様に分極の問題があるが、一度装置をシャットダウンすると分極が解消される。これに対し臭化タリウム等のタリウムハロゲン化物では金属イオンが動いてしまうため、シャットダウンしても分極が解消されない。このためＴｌＢｒ結晶自体の寿命が４時間程度しかなく実用化には至っていなかった。なおこの分極現象を防ぐ唯一の方法として、−２０℃の下で例えばＴｌＢｒ結晶を使用することが知られているが、常時検出器を冷却しておく必要があり実用的ではない。
本発明はＴｌＢｒ等のタリウムハロゲン化物結晶における分極現象を防止し、安価で寿命が長いタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器を提供することを課題とするものである。 It is an object of the present invention to provide a thallium halide radiation detector that prevents a polarization phenomenon in a thallium halide crystal such as TlBr and that is inexpensive and has a long lifetime.
上記の課題を解決するために本発明は、次のような放射線検出器及びこれを備えた装置を提供するものである。
（１）タリウムハロゲン化物結晶の対向する２つの面にＴｌ電極を有するタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器。
（２）対向する２つの面にＴｌ電極を有するタリウムハロゲン化物結晶を、２枚重ね合わせ、外側の２枚のＴｌ電極を導通して一方の電極とし、内側の重ね合わさった２枚のＴｌ電極をもう一方の電極とすることを特徴とするタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器。
（３）上記Ｔｌ電極上にＴｌと反応しにくく導電性の良い金属の電極がさらに設けられた（１）又は（２）に記載のタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器。
（４）上記金属の電極は、Ａｕ電極であることを特徴とする（３）に記載のタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器。
（５）タリウムハロゲン化物結晶に印加する電圧の極性を変えて使用することを特徴とする（１）乃至（４）のいずれかに記載のタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器。
（６）上記タリウムハロゲン化物は、臭化タリウムであることを特徴とする（１）乃至（５）のいずれかに記載のタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器。
（７）（１）乃至（６）のいずれかに記載のタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器を備えた陽電子断層撮影装置。
（８）（１）乃至（６）のいずれかに記載のタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器を備えた単光子放射線コンピュータ断層撮影装置。
なお本発明においてタリウムハロゲン化物は、ＴｌＣｌ、ＴｌＢｒ、ＴｌＩ又はこれらの混晶を指す。
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention provides the following radiation detector and an apparatus including the same.
(1) A thallium halide radiation detector having Tl electrodes on two opposing faces of a thallium halide crystal.
(2) a thallium halide crystal having Tl electrode on opposing two surfaces, superimposed two, as one electrode conducting a two Tl electrode of the outer, inner the superimposed two Tl electrode thallium halide radiation detector, characterized in that the the other electrode.
(3) The thallium halide radiation detector according to (1) or (2), wherein an electrode made of a metal having a good conductivity that hardly reacts with Tl is further provided on the Tl electrode.
(4) The thallium halide radiation detector according to (3), wherein the metal electrode is an Au electrode.
(5) The thallium halide radiation detector according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the voltage applied to the thallium halide crystal is changed in polarity.
(6) The thallium halide radiation detector according to any one of (1) to (5), wherein the thallium halide is thallium bromide.
(7) A positron emission tomography apparatus comprising the thallium halide radiation detector according to any one of (1) to (6).
(8) A single photon radiation computed tomography apparatus comprising the thallium halide radiation detector according to any one of (1) to (6).
In the present invention, thallium halide refers to TlCl, TlBr, TlI or a mixed crystal thereof.
本発明によれば、ＴｌＢｒ等のタリウムハロゲン化物結晶中の伝導イオンが検出器の中で分極現象を引き起こすことがないため、安価で寿命が長いタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器が得られる。 According to the present invention, since a conduction ion in a thallium halide crystal such as TlBr does not cause a polarization phenomenon in the detector, a thallium halide radiation detector having a low cost and a long lifetime can be obtained.
本発明は、ＴｌＢｒ結晶等のタリウムハロゲン化物結晶の対向する面にＴｌ膜を蒸着することにより、タリウムハロゲン化物結晶中のＴｌイオン及びハロゲンイオンがそれぞれＴｌメタルとタリウムハロゲン化物に変化するため、分極が発生しないという知見に基づくものである。 In the present invention, Tl ions and halogen ions in a thallium halide crystal are changed to Tl metal and thallium halide, respectively, by depositing a Tl film on the opposing surface of a thallium halide crystal such as a TlBr crystal. This is based on the knowledge that no occurrence occurs.
タリウムハロゲン化物結晶であるＴｌＢｒ結晶についていうと、ＴｌＢｒ結晶の対向する両面を蒸着等によってＴｌの薄層を形成し、電極とすると、陰極においては、Ｔｌ＋イオンは電子と一緒になり、Ｔｌ金属となる。陽極においては、Ｂｒ−イオンがＴｌと結合してＴｌＢｒとなり、電子が生成される。この反応によって生成されるＴｌ金属、ＴｌＢｒはイオンではなく、電荷を持たない。したがって、Ｔｌ電極付きＴｌＢｒ検出器中では、イオンが集積しても直後に中性化され、分極を起こさないというものである。 As for the TlBr crystal, which is a thallium halide crystal, a thin Tl layer is formed by vapor deposition or the like on both opposing surfaces of the TlBr crystal, and at the cathode, Tl + ions are combined with electrons at the cathode. Become. At the anode, Br− ions combine with Tl to become TlBr, and electrons are generated. The Tl metal produced by this reaction, TlBr, is not an ion and has no charge. Therefore, in the TlBr detector with a Tl electrode, even if ions are accumulated, they are neutralized immediately and do not cause polarization.
以下本発明に係るタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器について、臭化タリウム放射線検出器を例示して、詳細に説明する。
図１は、本発明の原理を説明する構造模式図である。基本的な構成は、図６に示す従来の臭化タリウム放射線検出器と同様であるが、ＴｌＢｒ結晶の対向する面にＴｌ電極が形成されている。
また図２は、本発明の臭化タリウム放射線検出器と図６に示す従来の臭化タリウム放射線検出器との特性比較のため、Ｔｌ電極上にＡｕ電極をさらに設けたものである。
Hereinafter, the thallium halide radiation detector according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to a thallium bromide radiation detector.
FIG. 1 is a structural schematic diagram for explaining the principle of the present invention. The basic configuration is the same as that of the conventional thallium bromide radiation detector shown in FIG. 6, except that Tl electrodes are formed on opposing surfaces of the TlBr crystal.
FIG. 2 is a graph in which an Au electrode is further provided on the Tl electrode for comparison of characteristics between the thallium bromide radiation detector of the present invention and the conventional thallium bromide radiation detector shown in FIG.
放射線検出器に用いるＴｌＢｒ結晶は、99.999%の市販のＴｌＢｒパウダーをゾーン精製法によって作製した。ＴｌＢｒ結晶をワイヤーソーで厚さ約１ｍｍのウエハーに切断した後、ウエハーの表面をエメリー・シート(#800)で磨き、厚さを約０．６ｍｍとした。次に直径３ｍｍのＴｌ、Ａｕ電極を蒸着によって形成した。電極と外部回路との接続はバネ接点によって行った。 The TlBr crystal used for the radiation detector was produced by zone purification of 99.999% of commercially available TlBr powder. After cutting the TlBr crystal into a wafer having a thickness of about 1 mm with a wire saw, the surface of the wafer was polished with an emery sheet (# 800) to a thickness of about 0.6 mm. Next, a Tl, Au electrode having a diameter of 3 mm was formed by vapor deposition. The connection between the electrode and the external circuit was made by a spring contact.
スペクトルの計測は、標準エレクトロニクス・システム（電荷敏感型プリアンプ(クリアーパルス580K)、シェーピングアンプ(Aptec 6300、シェーピングタイム14μ秒及びマルチ・チャンネル波高分析器)を用いて行った。放射線検出器の長期間安定性を評価するために、室温で３０時間、２２Ｎａ線源を測定した。ＴｌＢｒ結晶のバイアス電圧は、−２００Ｖとして行った。 Spectral measurements were made using a standard electronics system (charge sensitive preamplifier (clear pulse 580K), shaping amplifier (Aptec 6300, shaping time 14μs and multi-channel wave height analyzer). In order to evaluate the stability, a 22 Na radiation source was measured at room temperature for 30 hours, and the bias voltage of the TlBr crystal was set to -200V.
図３は、バイアス電圧の印加後の０時間及び３０時間での、図６に示す従来の放射線検出器（Au/TlBr/Au放射線検出器）で得られた２２Ｎａスペクトルを示す。
図３から分かるように、分極現象によるエネルギー分解能の低下が３０時間後のスペクトルに観察された。これは、図６で示した従来の放射線検出器は、３０時間後では検出器として使えないことが分かる。
FIG. 3 shows 22 Na spectra obtained with the conventional radiation detector (Au / TlBr / Au radiation detector) shown in FIG. 6 at 0 and 30 hours after application of the bias voltage.
As can be seen from FIG. 3, a decrease in energy resolution due to the polarization phenomenon was observed in the spectrum after 30 hours. This shows that the conventional radiation detector shown in FIG. 6 cannot be used as a detector after 30 hours.
次に図２に示す放射線検出器（Au/Tl/TlBr/Tl/Au放射線検出器）で得られたスペクトルを図４に示す。図４から分かるように、本発明に係る放射線検出器では、電圧印加後３０時間経っても、スペクトルは変わらず、分極現象が起きていないことが分かる。 Next, the spectrum obtained by the radiation detector (Au / Tl / TlBr / Tl / Au radiation detector) shown in FIG. 2 is shown in FIG. As can be seen from FIG. 4, in the radiation detector according to the present invention, the spectrum does not change and no polarization phenomenon occurs even after 30 hours from the voltage application.
なお本発明ではＴｌ膜を蒸着することにより、Ｔｌイオン及びＢｒイオンがそれぞれＴｌメタルとＴｌＢｒに変化するため、分極が発生しないが、Ｔｌ膜が薄くなる現象が発生する。すなわち検出器に電圧を印加することによって、陰極ではＴｌ金属、陽極ではＴｌＢｒ結晶が生成され、その結果陰極のＴｌ層は厚くなり、陽極のＴｌ層は薄くなる。
しかし、Ｔｌ金属及びＴｌＢｒ結晶の生成反応は、可逆反応であるので、ＴｌＢｒ結晶に印加する電圧の極性を変えて、使用時間を同じにすることによって、元に戻すことができる。これによって、Ｔｌ電極を有する臭化タリウム放射線検出器を恒久的に使用することができる。
In the present invention, when a Tl film is deposited, Tl ions and Br ions are changed to Tl metal and TlBr, respectively, so that polarization does not occur but a phenomenon that the Tl film becomes thin occurs. That is, by applying a voltage to the detector, a Tl metal is produced at the cathode and a TlBr crystal at the anode, resulting in a thicker Tl layer at the cathode and a thinner Tl layer at the anode.
However, since the formation reaction of the Tl metal and the TlBr crystal is a reversible reaction, it can be restored by changing the polarity of the voltage applied to the TlBr crystal to make the usage time the same. This makes it possible to permanently use a thallium bromide radiation detector with a Tl electrode.
以上従来の臭化タリウム放射線検出器との比較のため、Ｔｌ膜上にＡｕ電極を形成した臭化タリウム放射線検出器を例示したが、Ｔｌ膜上にはＴｌと反応しにくく導電性の良い金属を形成することが望ましい。特にＡｌを蒸着することによって、非常に酸素と反応し易いＴｌの酸化を防ぐことができる。またＴｌ膜上に複数の金属を多層に形成してもよい。 For comparison with the conventional thallium bromide radiation detector, the thallium bromide radiation detector in which the Au electrode is formed on the Tl film is exemplified. However, the Tl film does not easily react with Tl and has good conductivity. It is desirable to form. In particular, by depositing Al, it is possible to prevent oxidation of Tl which is very easy to react with oxygen. A plurality of metals may be formed in multiple layers on the Tl film.
次に本発明に係る臭化タリウム放射線検出器のＰＥＴへの適用について説明する。
ＰＥＴ用検出器としては、同時計数の時間分解能が数十ナノ秒でなければならない。このためＴｌＢｒ結晶の電極間を薄くして高時間分解能を得る必要がある。
ところが結晶が薄くなると、ガンマ線を検出できる体積が減る。そこで、図５に示すように、２枚のＴｌＢｒ結晶を重ね合わせ、対向する２表面を導通して一方の電極とし、重ね合わさった中間層をもう一方の電極にすることによって、厚みを２倍にした放射線検出器とする。この薄片２層の構造によってＰＥＴに使用できる時間分解能として数十ナノ秒を確保し、且つ検出感度も確保できた。
Next, application of the thallium bromide radiation detector according to the present invention to PET will be described.
As a detector for PET, the time resolution of coincidence must be several tens of nanoseconds. For this reason, it is necessary to obtain a high time resolution by thinning the gap between the electrodes of the TlBr crystal.
However, as the crystal becomes thinner, the volume in which gamma rays can be detected decreases. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 5, two TlBr crystals are superposed, the two opposing surfaces are conducted to make one electrode, and the overlapped intermediate layer is made the other electrode, so that the thickness is doubled. A radiation detector is used. This two-layer structure of the flakes ensured several tens of nanoseconds as the time resolution that can be used for PET and also secured the detection sensitivity.
さらに検出器のサイズを１ｍｍ角で長さ１〜２ｍｍのものを薄い絶縁板（セラミック樹脂板）に並べ、それをさらに重ね、各放射線検出器からの信号をＡＳＩＣ増幅器に繋げることにより、高空間分解能で高感度の高いＰＥＴ用ガンマ線３次元検出器ブロックを実現することができる。 Furthermore, by arranging detectors with a size of 1 mm square and a length of 1 to 2 mm on a thin insulating plate (ceramic resin plate), and further stacking them, the signals from each radiation detector are connected to an ASIC amplifier, thereby increasing the space. A PET gamma ray three-dimensional detector block with high resolution and high sensitivity can be realized.
以上本発明に係る臭化タリウム放射線検出器について、ＰＥＴ用の放射線検出器への適用について説明したが、本発明はこれに限定されずＳＰＥＣＴその他、放射線検出器を必要とする装置に適用することができる。
なお本発明にかかるタリウムハロゲン化物放射線検出器は、単体でも、放射線検出器として十分機能することはいうまでもないことである。
The application of the thallium bromide radiation detector according to the present invention to a radiation detector for PET has been described above. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and is applied to SPECT and other devices that require a radiation detector. Can do.
In addition, it goes without saying that the thallium halide radiation detector according to the present invention functions sufficiently as a radiation detector alone.
また臭化タリウム放射線検出器を例示して本発明を説明したが、本発明はＴｌＢｒと同様のイオン結合結晶である、ＴｌＣｌ、ＴｌＩを用いた放射線検出器についても適用することができる。さらにＴｌＣｌ、ＴｌＩ及びＴｌＢｒの混晶であってもよい。
本発明では、ＴｌＣｌ、ＴｌＩ、ＴｌＢｒ及びこれらの混晶をタリウムハロゲン化物と総称する。
Although the present invention has been described with reference to a thallium bromide radiation detector, the present invention can also be applied to a radiation detector using TlCl or TlI, which is an ion-bonded crystal similar to TlBr. Further, it may be a mixed crystal of TlCl, TlI and TlBr.
In the present invention, TlCl, TlI, TlBr and mixed crystals thereof are collectively referred to as thallium halide.
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