JP5011590B2 - Radiation position detector - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a radiation position detector, and in particular, to be used in the field of radiation detection such as nuclear medicine imaging and γ-ray, and a light emitting position to be identified in the lateral direction, which is a direction in which a plurality of light receiving elements are arranged. The present invention relates to an improvement in a radiation position detector that has a plurality of light receiving elements smaller than the number of the light receiving elements and obtains the light emitting position in the lateral direction by radiation incident on the light emitting elements by calculating the center of gravity of the light receiving element output.

  Since many detectors such as nuclear medicine imaging devices are provided, the price of the detector alone determines the price of the entire device, or because the measurement range is wide, in physical experiments using many γ-ray detectors, The challenge is to reduce the price of radiation detectors. In order to produce a radiation detector at a low price without degrading the spatial resolution, a scintillation crystal is optically coupled to an array of multiple light receiving elements, and the position where the radiation is detected by calculating the center of gravity of the signal from each light receiving element A method of identifying is often used. At this time, the resolution of the radiation detection position is determined as the shortest distance between two points at which the result of the center of gravity calculation can be distinguished. Caused by differences.

  In a γ-ray detector having a structure in which a scintillation crystal is optically coupled to a light receiving element, the resolution of the radiation detection position can be increased by calculating the position of the light receiving element signal by manipulating the diffusion of the scintillation light. The signal position calculation result is determined by the light distribution ratio to each light receiving element, and by operating the light distribution ratio to be unique to the light emission position of the scintillation light, it is possible to specify the radiation detection position more accurately. Become. This method has been generally used for a long time in gamma cameras and the like, and can reduce the number of light receiving elements and reduce the price without degrading the spatial resolution of the system. Further, the light receiving element does not need to be an expensive and small one, and an inexpensive general-purpose light receiving element can be used.

  The principle of specifying the radiation detection position by the position calculation of the light receiving element signal is shown in FIG. In this example, a single scintillation crystal 12 is optically coupled to two independent light receiving elements 10A and 10B as shown in the upper part of FIG. For simplicity, it is assumed that the scintillation crystal 12 is covered with a reflective material 14 having a reflectance of 100%, and all light emitted when detecting radiation enters the light receiving elements 10A and 10B.

  As shown in FIG. 1A, when two γ-ray detection positions are identified, when the distribution of generated scintillation light to the two light receiving elements 10A and 10B is different, the output of the light receiving element 10A is A and the light receiving element. If the output of 10B is B, the detected position can be identified on the histogram shown in the lower part of FIG. 1 by position calculation (B−A) / (A + B). This histogram for specifying the position is referred to herein as a position histogram. As shown in FIG. 2, the scintillation crystal 12 of FIG. 1A becomes a crystal element array 13, and when the light guide 16 is used as shown in FIG. The principle is the same when the length of the reflector in the vertical direction (18 in FIG. 2) is shortened to promote light diffusion in the crystal array.

  However, as shown in FIG. 1B, in the region where the light is not sufficiently diffused and does not reach the light receiving element 10A, the position calculation results are all +1, and the γ-ray detection position cannot be specified.

  Thus, in radiation detection position determination by position calculation of a plurality of light receiving element signals, the distribution of scintillation light to each light receiving element must be different for each interval corresponding to the resolution.

  In general, a light guide 16 is used as shown in FIG. 1C in order to diffuse the scintillation light from the light emitting point and distribute the light to the remote light receiving elements. A transparent material such as acrylic is used as the light guide. However, when the distance to the adjacent light receiving element is long, it is necessary to increase the thickness of the light guide in order to further diffuse the light, which causes fluctuations in light distribution and light loss, leading to deterioration in resolution. In order to prevent deterioration of resolution and enable finer control, a light guide having a slit having an optimal length has been proposed (see Non-Patent Document 1 and Patent Documents 1-4).

  On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 2, the light guide is not used, the scintillation crystal part is made into a fine crystal element array 13, and the length of the reflector 18 inserted in the depth direction between the crystal elements is changed. A method of diffusing light inside has also been proposed. Optimization of the light distribution ratio by light emission in each crystal element is performed by adjusting the length of the reflector 18 (see Non-Patent Document 2).

  Further, as shown in FIG. 5A, a multilayer radiation detector having a structure in which the crystal element array 13 is stacked in multiple layers (two layers of 13A and 13B in the figure) is optically coupled to the light receiving elements 10A and 10B. The depth information of the detection position can also be obtained by specifying the crystal that has detected the radiation. As one of the crystal identification methods, when the reflector 18 in the depth direction between the crystals is removed, light spreads to the crystal in contact therewith, and the separation of the crystal response as a result of the position calculation of the light receiving element signal is small in both crystals. There is something that takes advantage of. At this time, on the contrary, the response separation between the crystals partitioned by the reflector 18 becomes large. If the position where the reflecting material 18 is pulled out for each layer is shifted, the magnitude of the separation of the crystal response differs from layer to layer, so that the responses of the crystals stacked in the depth direction are separated, and crystal discrimination becomes possible (Non-Patent Document 3, (See Patent Document 5).

  In addition, the amount of light obtained as the sum of the signals of all the light receiving elements may vary greatly depending on the radiation detection position due to differences in the sensitivity of the light receiving element surface or using different scintillators in the crystal arrangement. If the amount of light is different, it becomes difficult to remove scattered radiation, which is noise, and to determine the dynamic range of the circuit system. In order to make the amount of light uniform, an attempt has been made to insert a light-absorbing material such as black paper or a mask of a light blocking material such as aluminum between the light receiving element and the light guide, between the crystal elements, or against the crystal side face. (See Non-Patent Documents 4-7).

JP 2007-78567 A JP 2004-361302 A JP 2004-354343 A JP 2004-233240 A JP 2004-279057 A M. E. Casey and R. Nutt, “A multicrystal two dimensional BGO detector system for positron emission tomography,” IEEE Trans. On Nucl. Sci., Vol. 33, pp. 460 -463, 1986. WH Wong, S. Yokoyama, J. Uribe, H. Baghaei, H. Li, J. Wang, and N. Zhang, “An Elongated Position Sensitive Block Detector Design Using the PMT Quadrant-sharing Configuration and Asymmetric Light Partition,” IEEE Trans. On Nucl. Sci., Vol. 46, pp. 542-545, June 1999. T. Tsuda, H. Murayama, K. Kitamura, T. Yamaya, E. Yoshida, T. Omura, H. Kawai, N. Inadama, and N. Orita, “A Four Layer Depth of Interaction Detector Block for Small Animal PET , ”IEEE Trans. On Nucl. Sci., Vol. 51, pp. 2537-2542, October 2004. JH Jung, Y. Choi, YH Chung, O. Devroede, M. Krieguer, P. Bruyndonckx, and S. Tavernier, “Optimization of LSO / LuYAP phoswich detector for small animal PET,” NIM. A, 571, pp. 669 -675, 2007. D. Christ, A. Hollendung, H. Larue, C. Parl, M. Streun, S. Weber, K. Ziemons, and H. Halling, “Homogenization of the Multi-Channel PM Gain by Inserting Light Attenuating Masks,” in IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec., Portland, OR, pp. 2382-2385, 2003. J.-B. Mosset, O. Devroede, M. Krieguer, M. Rey, J.-M. Vieira, JH Jung, C. Kuntner, M. Streun, K. Ziemons, E. Auffray, P. Sempere-Roldan , P. Lecoq, P. Bruyndonckx, J.-F. Loude, S. Tavernier, and C. Morel, “Development of an Optimized LSO / LuYAP Phoswich Detector Head for the Lausanne ClearPET Demonstrator,” IEEE Trans. On Nucl. Sci ., vol. 53, pp. 25-29, February 2006. C. Moisan, MS Andreaco, JG Rogers, S. Paquet, and D. Vozza, “Segmented LSO Crystals for Depth-of-Interaction Encoding in PET,” IEEE Trans. On Nucl. Sci., Vol. 45, pp. 3030 -3035, December 1998.

  In the case of a crystal element array, the discriminating ability of the detection element that detects the radiation determines the detection position resolution of the detector. Even if the reflective material 18 is removed, the light may not be sufficiently diffused due to the difference in the refractive index between the crystal and the intercrystalline substance, the surface state of the crystal element, or the like. For example, when the surface of the crystal element is sufficiently mechanically polished, the diffusion of light within the crystal array is small, and most of the light comes out in the depth direction of the crystal. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 3A, most of the light is incident on the light receiving element (10B in the figure) directly optically coupled at the bottom surface of each crystal element, and the signal of the other light receiving element (10A) becomes weak. Position calculation results are similar between the crystal elements on the same light receiving element (10B), the discrimination ability deteriorates, and the γ-ray detection positions 1 and 2 cannot be identified (crystal identification).

  Further, as shown in FIG. 4A, at the γ-ray detection position 1 near the boundary between the light-receiving elements 10A and 10B, the response is similar to that at the γ-ray detection position 2 because the signal of the light-receiving element 10A is weak. Identification (crystal identification) becomes difficult. On the other hand, it is unnecessarily separated from the response at the γ-ray detection position 3 of the adjacent ridges of crystals.

  Further, in the multilayer detector having a three-dimensional crystal arrangement as shown on the left side of FIG. 5A, a part of the reflection material 18 in the depth direction between the crystals is removed, and the position where the reflection material is removed is shifted for each layer. This makes it possible to identify the crystals stacked in the depth direction. However, when the diffusion of light due to the removal of the reflector 18 is small, as shown on the right side of FIG. Identification becomes difficult.

  In addition, when a single scintillation crystal 12 as shown in FIG. 1A is used, the resolution of the radiation detection position deteriorates at a portion other than the boundary between the two light receiving elements 10A and 10B. This is because it is difficult to make a difference in light distribution because there is a distance to the adjacent light receiving element near the center.

  As described in Non-Patent Documents 4-7, the amount of light is reduced when a mask of a light blocking substance is inserted between the light receiving element and the light guide or between the crystal elements, or applied to the crystal side face.

  The present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned conventional problems, and in a radiation detector having a plurality of light receiving elements having a number smaller than the number of light emitting positions to be identified in the horizontal direction, the distribution of light in the horizontal direction is performed. The problem is to improve and improve the position resolution.

The present invention has a plurality of light receiving elements having a number smaller than the number of light emitting positions to be identified in the lateral direction, which is the direction in which the plurality of light receiving elements are arranged, and the light emitting positions in the horizontal direction due to the radiation incident on the light emitting elements. in the radiation position detector so as to obtain a center of gravity calculation of the light-receiving element output, a portion between the light emitting element and the light receiving element, by inserting a reflective material covering a portion of the light receiving area of the light receiving element, the light emitting the Rukoto to promote diffusion in the lateral direction is obtained by solving the above problems.

Here, the anti Ysaye, for example by Sumitomo 3M Co., Ltd. ESR film (reflectivity 98% higher reflection) and Toray Industries Ltd. Lumirror 38X20 (absorption of translucent light not much) can be used.

The present invention also includes a plurality of light receiving elements whose number is smaller than the number of light emitting positions to be identified in the lateral direction, which is the direction in which the plurality of light receiving elements are arranged, and is incident on a light emitting element having a stacked crystal element array. In a radiation position detector that obtains at least the lateral light emission position by the emitted radiation by calculating the center of gravity of the light receiving element output, a part between the crystal elements of the light emitting elements composed of the stacked crystal element array , and in at least one portion of between the light emitting element and the light receiving element, a part of the crystal element, or, by inserting a reflective material covering a portion of the light receiving area of the light receiving element, the lateral direction of the light emitting It spreads by Rukoto to promote the is obtained by solving the above problems.

  Furthermore, the light emission position in the depth direction can also be obtained by calculating the center of gravity.

The light-emitting element can be formed of a crystal of lump.

  In addition, a reflective material can be inserted in the depth direction so as to straddle at least the crystal elements in the crystal element array.

  A light guide can be provided between the light emitting element and the light receiving element.

  According to the present invention, a plurality of light receiving elements having a smaller number than the light emitting positions to be identified in the horizontal direction are provided, and the light emitting position in the horizontal direction is obtained by calculating the center of gravity of the light receiving element output by the radiation incident on the light emitting elements. In the radiation position detector, the light diffusion in the crystal can be promoted, and the position resolution can be improved.

  The detector structure is simple and easy to make, and can withstand the mass production essential for nuclear medicine devices. Further, the possibility of achieving the desired detector performance by using as few general-purpose light-receiving elements as possible, which is originally inexpensive, is increased. This not only increases the cost-effectiveness ratio, but also simplifies the signal processing circuit and contributes to stable operation of the measuring device.

  In particular, when a crystal element array is used, light diffusion within the crystal array can be promoted, and the crystal discrimination ability can be improved. In addition, when a single crystal is used, it is possible to improve the position resolution by preventing deterioration of the resolution of the radiation detection position that occurs outside the boundary between the two light receiving elements.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

  In order to solve the problem of the radiation detector as shown in FIG. 3A, the first embodiment of the present invention reflects under one crystal element (right side in the figure) as shown in FIG. 3B. By inserting the material 20, a part of the light entering the light receiving element 10B is reflected and spread to the light receiving element 10A side.

  Thereby, the light distribution of the scintillation light generated from each crystal element can be made different, and the crystal can be identified.

  As described above, the present invention can be applied to a case where light is not sufficiently diffused even when the reflector between the crystal elements is removed due to a difference in refractive index between the crystal and the intercrystal substance or a surface state of the crystal element, or a group of scintillation crystals. This is particularly effective when fine adjustment of the light diffusion is desired, and as shown in FIG. 3B, a reflector 20 is inserted in the lateral direction at an appropriate location between the crystal and the light receiving element to directly optically By reflecting a part of the light that should be incident on the light receiving element to be coupled, light diffusion in the crystal array can be promoted, and the crystal discrimination ability can be improved.

  In the second embodiment of the present invention, in order to solve the problem of the radiation detector as shown in FIG. 4A, as shown in FIG. By inserting 20, the light distribution to the light receiving element 10A increases at the γ-ray detection position 1, and the γ-ray detection position 2 can be identified. Further, the response of the γ-ray detection position 3 also approaches.

  When the diffusion of light between crystal elements is small, most of the light is incident on the light receiving element that is in direct contact with the crystal near the boundary. Although it is unnecessarily separated from the response of the crystal directly in contact with the element, as shown in FIG. 4B, by inserting the reflector 20 laterally under the central crystal element, Light diffusion is promoted, the crystal response on the position histogram is uniformly distributed, and the discrimination ability is improved.

  In the third embodiment of the present invention, in order to solve the problem of the multilayer radiation detector as shown in FIG. 5A, as shown in FIG. By inserting 20, light diffusion is improved, identification is possible, and a difference in light distribution from the end crystal is generated.

  In this way, by inserting the reflector 20 in the lateral direction at an appropriate position between the layers, the identification becomes possible, and a difference in light distribution from the crystal at the end also occurs.

  A fourth embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. In the present embodiment, the reflector according to the present invention is used in combination with the light guide 16. Normally, the thickness t of the light guide 16 is proportional to the target degree of light diffusion as shown in FIG. 6A. However, according to the present invention, as shown in FIG. By inserting the reflector 20 in the lateral direction between the arrays 13, the required thickness t of the light guide 16 is reduced by promoting the diffusion of light within the crystal array 13 as shown in FIG. 6C. be able to.

  FIGS. 7 to 10 show fifth to eighth embodiments of the present invention applied to the case of a two-layer three-dimensional crystal arrangement. In the fifth embodiment shown in FIG. 7, a reflector 20 is inserted in the lateral direction between the crystal arrays 13A and 13B. In the sixth embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the crystal array 13B and the light receiving elements 10A and 10B are interposed. In the seventh embodiment shown in FIG. 9, the reflector 20 is inserted between the crystal arrays 13A and 13B and between the crystal array 13B and the light receiving elements 10A and 10B. In the eighth embodiment shown in FIG. 10, the reflective material 20 between the crystal arrangements 13A and 13B is used in combination with the light guide 16 optimized by inserting the cuts 16A.

  FIG. 11 shows a ninth embodiment of the present invention applied to the case of a three-layer three-dimensional crystal arrangement.

  The crystal arrangements 13A, 13B, and 13C of each layer of the present embodiment are made of different scintillators. Since each layer is identified by the waveform of the signal, it may overlap on the histogram. Therefore, although it is a laminated type, the reflector insertion is the same as in the case of one layer.

  Examples of insertion of the reflecting material in the two-dimensional crystal array are shown in FIGS. In the figure, reference numeral 22 denotes a photomultiplier tube (PMT) as a light receiving element, and a portion where no reflecting material is inserted is coated with optical grease or air. Further, x and y can be taken in the horizontal direction.

  The effect of the present invention was verified by experiments. The crystal arrangement was two-dimensional, and the x-direction crystal discrimination ability shown in FIG. 15 was optimized. As the light receiving element, two (22A, 22B) two-channel position discrimination type photomultiplier tubes (PS-PMT) having the size shown in FIG. 15A were used. A 9 × 4 array of 2.45 mm × 5.10 mm × 15.00 mm LYSO crystals (crystal array 13) whose surface condition is mechanical polishing is bonded to the light receiving elements 22A and 22B with optical grease 24. did. The reflector 18 was a film having a reflectance of 98% and a thickness of 0.067 mm, and was inserted only between the crystal elements at the end in the x direction in the crystal array 13 as shown in FIG. In addition to the crystal element at the end, the light needs to be distributed to a light receiving element that is not in direct contact for crystal identification. Instead of using a light guide, the crystal element is optically coupled with the optical grease 24 so that the light is transmitted. Diffused. The entire crystal array 13 was covered with the reflective material 14 except for the coupling surface with the light receiving elements 22A and 22B.

  FIG. 16 shows a two-dimensional (2D) position histogram obtained by uniformly irradiating 662 keV γ rays from a Cs radiation source. Count values are shown in shades.

  FIG. 16A shows the result when the light guide 16 that is generally used is used. The reflective material 18 is sandwiched between the crystal elements, and the crystal array 13 is coupled to the optimized light guide 16 and the light receiving elements 22A and 22B. In this case, the surface state of the crystal does not significantly affect the crystal discrimination ability.

  FIG. 16B shows an example in which light is diffused in the crystal array 13 instead of using a light guide. As shown in FIG. 15B, reflection is performed to diffuse light for crystals other than the ends. It is a 2D position histogram obtained by the crystal arrangement 13 from which the material 18 is removed. As the crystal alignment is affected by mechanical polishing, light diffusion is insufficient, and as in FIG. 3A, the crystal element responses for two rows in the x direction overlap and become indistinguishable. Yes.

  As shown in FIG. 16C, it was confirmed that the overlap of the response was improved by inserting the reflecting material 20 in the lateral direction according to the present invention.

  In each of the above embodiments, the number of light receiving elements is two. However, the number of light receiving elements is not limited to this, and may be three or more.

The figure which shows the principle of radiation detection position specification by position calculation of a light receiving element signal Sectional drawing which shows the example of the detector by which the reflecting material was inserted between crystal elements (A) One problem in the case where most of the light is emitted in the depth direction of the crystal, and (B) A diagram showing a first embodiment of the present invention that solves this problem. (A) Another problem, and (B) A diagram showing a second embodiment of the present invention that solves this problem. (A) Problems in the multilayer radiation detector, and (B) A diagram showing a third embodiment of the present invention in which this is solved. (A) Problems when a light guide is used, and (B) A cross-sectional view showing a fourth embodiment of the present invention that solves this problem Sectional drawing which shows the principal part structure of 5th Embodiment of this invention. Sectional drawing which similarly shows the principal part structure of 6th Embodiment Sectional drawing which similarly shows the principal part structure of 7th Embodiment Sectional drawing which similarly shows the principal part structure of 8th Embodiment Sectional drawing which similarly shows the principal part structure of 9th Embodiment Top view showing an example of insertion of a reflector according to the present invention in a two-dimensional crystal array Plan view showing another example A plan view showing still another example The figure which shows the structure of the detector used in the Example Figure showing the measurement results

Explanation of symbols

10A, 10B, 22A, 22B ... Light receiving element 12 ... Scintillation crystal 13, 13A, 13B, 13C ... Crystal arrangement 14, 18, 20 ... Reflector 16 ... Light guide

Claims (6)

It has a plurality of light receiving elements whose number is smaller than the number of light emitting positions to be identified in the horizontal direction, which is the direction in which the plurality of light receiving elements are arranged. In the radiation position detector that is calculated by the center of gravity calculation,
Some between the light emitting element and the light receiving element, by inserting a reflective material covering a portion of the light receiving area of the light receiving element, light emission of diffused radiation position detection, characterized in that to facilitate the lateral direction vessel. A plurality of light receiving elements whose number is smaller than the number of light emitting positions to be identified in the horizontal direction, which is the direction in which the plurality of light receiving elements are arranged, and at least the lateral direction due to radiation incident on the light emitting elements formed of the stacked crystal element array In the radiation position detector that calculates the light emission position by the center of gravity of the light receiving element output,
Some between crystal elements of the light emitting element formed by the stacked crystal device array, and, in at least one portion of between the light emitting element and the light receiving element, a part of the crystal element, or, insert the reflective material covering a portion of the light receiving area of the light receiving element, the radiation position detector, characterized in that to promote diffusion in the lateral direction of the light emitting. The radiation position detector according to claim 2 , wherein the emission position in the depth direction is also obtained by calculating the center of gravity. The radiation position detector according to claim 1, wherein the light emitting element is made of a lump of crystals. The radiation position detector according to claim 2 , wherein a reflective material is inserted in a depth direction so as to straddle at least between crystal elements in the crystal element array. Between the light emitting element and the light receiving element, the radiation position detector according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the light guide is provided.

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