JP4986862B2 - 光学膜のための耐傷性空気酸化性保護層 - Google Patents
光学膜のための耐傷性空気酸化性保護層 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4986862B2 JP4986862B2 JP2007546945A JP2007546945A JP4986862B2 JP 4986862 B2 JP4986862 B2 JP 4986862B2 JP 2007546945 A JP2007546945 A JP 2007546945A JP 2007546945 A JP2007546945 A JP 2007546945A JP 4986862 B2 JP4986862 B2 JP 4986862B2
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- layer
- metal
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- low emissivity
- coating
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/06—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects
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- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
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- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/345—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/345—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer
- C23C28/3455—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer with a refractory ceramic layer, e.g. refractory metal oxide, ZrO2, rare earth oxides or a thermal barrier system comprising at least one refractory oxide layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
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- G02B1/105—
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
- G02B1/14—Protective coatings, e.g. hard coatings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/70—Properties of coatings
- C03C2217/78—Coatings specially designed to be durable, e.g. scratch-resistant
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
- Y10T428/263—Coating layer not in excess of 5 mils thick or equivalent
- Y10T428/264—Up to 3 mils
- Y10T428/265—1 mil or less
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Description
《関連する出願への相互参照》
本出願は、2004年12月17日付で出願した米国仮特許出願第60/636,656号の利益を主張するものである。
2.金属膜の酸化後に得られる酸化物層は、多くの場合、反応性スパッタリング中に発生するような酸化物として付着される酸化物層より密度が高い。反応性スパッタリングにおいては、ターゲット面が酸化又は部分酸化される。スパッタリングされた原子の一部又は全ては、金属酸化物分子の形態をとる。これらの分子は基板表面上に到達すると、通常、金属原子よりも低いアドアトム移動度を有する。より低い移動度は、付着したコーティング内のより低い充填密度に寄与する。
3.大多数の低放射率製品は、特定の太陽熱利得係数に対して最大透過率を得るように設計されている。低放射率積層内のいずれの層も最小光学吸収率を有することが望ましい。本発明の金属層は、いったん酸化プロセスが完了すると、吸収率はほとんど又は全く増加しない。
4.通常、この傷防止層の厚みは、酸化後で3nm以下である。層厚が薄いために、傷防止層による光学干渉効果は小さい。従って、この層は、低放射率積層全体の光学特性に大きな影響を与えることはない。
5.この層は、空気中で完全に酸化されるので、その層を加熱しても、化学的又は光学的影響はほとんどない。焼きなまし低放射率コーティングの場合、焼なまし処理の間、色ずれが少ないことが望ましい。この層は検知できる程度に色ずれを抑制する効果はない。
6.一般に、金属層は酸化物層よりスパッタリングがはるかに容易である。ガラスコーティングは、1〜4週間の間連続して、ターゲットをスパッタリングすることを必要とする。スパッタリング処理がこれだけ長い期間行われると、ターゲットのアーク及び基板上に落ちる破片が問題となる。金属スパッタリングは、これらの問題が反応性スパッタリングに比べて非常に少ない。
7.金属スパッタリングは、より安価でより簡単な装置を用いた付着を可能にする。反応性スパッタリングは、AC又はパルスDC電源により駆動される回転対陰極を必要とすることが多いが、本発明の薄層は、低電力DC平面マグネトロンを用いて付着できる。
L*は(CIE 1976)明度単位、
a*は(CIE 1976)赤‐緑単位、
b*は(CIE 1976)黄‐青単位
である。
別途記載がなければ、下記の用語は、本明細書において次の意味を持つものとする。
「Ag」 銀
「TiO2」 二酸化チタン
「NiCrOX」 酸化ニッケルと酸化クロムとを含む合金又は混合物。酸化状態は化学量論の状態(stoichiometric)から半化学量論の状態(substoichiometric)間で変動する。
「NiCr」 ニッケルとクロムとを含む合金又は混合物。
「SiAlNX」 反応性スパッタリングされた、酸窒化ケイ素を含む場合もある、窒化ケイ素アルミニウム。スパッタリング・ターゲットは通常、10重量%のAl残余Siであるが、その比率は変わってもよい。
「SiAlOXNX」 反応性スパッタリングされた酸窒化ケイ素アルミニウム(サイアロン)
「Zr」 ジルコニウム
「上に付着した」 先に施された層の上に直接又は間接的に施すこと。間接的に施した場合、1つ以上の層が間に存在する場合もある。
「光学膜(optical coating)」 基板に施された1つ以上のコーティングで、これらが合わさって該基板の光学特性に影響するコーティング
「低放射率積層」 1つ以上の層から成る低熱放射率光学膜が施された透明基板
「バリア」 プロセス中に他の層を保護するために付着された層で、上の層の接着を改善する場合があり、プロセス後、存在しない場合もある。
「層」 ある機能と化学組成を有する厚みを持った物質。該物質の各面に異なる機能及び/又は化学組成を有する別の厚みを持った物質が結合されている。付着された層は、プロセス中の反応によりそのプロセス後、存在しないかも知れない。
「同時スパッタリング」 2つ以上の異なる物質から成るスパッタリング・ターゲットから基板に同時にスパッタリングすること。結果として付着されたコーティングは、該異なる物質の反応生成物又は該ターゲット物質の未反応混合物又はその両方から成る場合もある。
「金属間の―、金属間化合物(intermetallic)」 特定の化学量論的分量の2つ以上の金属元素から成る合金系の特定相。これら金属元素は、電子又は格子間結合されて、どちらかといえば標準的な合金に典型的な固溶体として存在している。金属間化合物は、しばしば、金属単体での性質とは明らかに異なる性質を有する。特に硬さ又はもろさが増す。増加した硬さにより、ほとんどの標準的な金属又は合金に勝る耐傷性を持つ。
「ほぼ透明な」 可視波長における約2%以下、好ましくは1%以下の光吸収。
次の例は、本発明を説明するためのものであり、限定する意図ではない。
図1の低放射率構造体は、窒化シリコンから成る最外誘電体がスパッタリングされている。真空コーターにおける最後のコーティングステップとして、2nm厚のZr層が窒化ケイ素上に蒸着される。Zr層は、1週間に亘って空気中で酸化する。この低放射率構造体の透過率は、トップコートされていない同じ低放射率構造体のレベルの0.5%以内に達する。
図1の低放射率構造体は、窒化シリコンから成る最外誘電体がスパッタリングされている。真空コーターにおける最後のコーティングステップとして、2.5nm厚のZr層が窒化ケイ素上に蒸着される。真空コーターでは、Zr層がプラズマを含む酸素に曝される、更なる酸化ステップが実行されている。Zr層は、更に1週間に亘って空気中でさらに酸化する。この低放射率構造体の透過率は、トップコートされていない同じ低放射率構造体のレベルの0.5%以内に達する。
[コーティングの準備]
サンプルは、Zrターゲットを有する1メートル幅のTwin-Magターゲットを使用してスパッタコートされた。電力はHuttinger BIG 100により供給される交流であった。サンプルは、3つの異なる雰囲気のもとでスパッタリングされた。即ち、
1.金属層を付着させるためにアルゴンのみ
2.酸素がドープされたZrを生成するための少量(10sccm)のO2の追加。その層はほぼ金属のままであった。物質はデータ中でZrOXとして示される。
3.窒素がドープされたZrを生成するための少量(10sccm)のN2の追加。その層はほぼ金属のままであった。物質はデータ中でZrNXとて示される。
図1の低放射率積層を、該Zrの基板として使用した。この低放射率積層の最外誘電体は酸窒化ケイ素である。また、該Zrは最外層としての窒化ケイ素を有しない低放射率コーティング上に付着された。
厚さ1、2または3nmのZrの層。
2つの酸化方法が使用された:
1.室温で周囲空気に曝す。
2.減圧下で酸素イオンビーム又はプラズマに曝す。この曝露は、Veeco34cm線形アノードレイヤーイオンソースを使用して実行された。このソースは、高電流(拡散)又は高電圧(平行)モードで動作させた。動作条件を、下の表に示す。
引っかき試験はスコッチ・ブライト引っかき試験により行われた。サンプルをコーティング完了後直ちに引っかき、24時間後に再び引っかいた。これは最小量の酸化時と、酸化がほぼ完了したと推測される時とにおける、耐傷性を調べるためであった。
薄膜で被覆された表面の耐傷性を試験すべく、研磨パッドを平らな基板のコーティング面の上で前後に滑らせた。3M スコッチ・ブライト(登録商標)工業用パッド7448をこの試験に使用した。7448パッドは、極微細な炭化ケイ素を研磨剤として使用している。パッドサイズは2インチ×4インチ(5.08cm x 10.16cm)であった。サンプル上で研磨剤を前後に動かす機構としてエリクセン試験機を使用した。パッド保持部はエリクセン部品番号0513.01.32であり、そのパッドに135グラムの荷重を加えた。試験毎に新しい研磨パッドを使用した。試験は200行程分継続した。
ΔE=(ΔL*2+Δa*2+Δb*2)1/2 (式1)
空気酸化サンプルの酸化の進行を光学的に追跡すべく、TY、Tcolor、RfY、Rfcolor、RgY、及びRgcolorが、約1時間間隔で測定された。
反射された可視波長光の強度、即ち「反射率」は、その割合で定義され、RXYまたはRXで表される(即ちRY値は明所視の反射率を、TY値は明所視の透過率を表す)。ここで、「X」はガラス側の場合は「g」、膜側の場合は「f」である。「ガラス側」(即ち「g」)は、ガラス基板のコーティングがある側と反対の側から見た場合を意味し、一方、「膜側」(即ち「f」)は、ガラス基板のコーティングがある側から見た場合を意味する。
[引っかき]
Zrトップコートを有する全てのサンプルが、コーティングからの経過時間にかかわらずかなり改善された耐傷性を示した。しかし、24時間のエージングの後で、耐傷性が最も改善されていた。ジルコニウム金属層の大部分が酸化しないと潜在する全耐傷性が引出されないと考えられる。全サンプルのΔヘーズの結果を図2に示す。
金属トップコートの厚みが異なると、完全な酸化への進行度合いも異なって現れた(図4)。1nm厚の層は、元の非コーティング時の低放射率値と同程度の透過率レベルに容易に達した。この実験において基板のこの値は、約75.6%であった。1nm厚のサンプルは、より厚いZr層と比べて防傷性が低い傾向にあった。
2nm厚のZrサンプルの透過率は、120時間後で、当初の透過率より約0.5%だけ低かった。これらのサンプルは、許容レベルの酸化に達することができ、要求透過率を満たすことが予期される。減圧酸化は、この層に要求透過率を容易に達成することを可能にする。
3nm厚の空気酸化サンプルは、許容時間内に要求透過率を達成することができないように見える。3nm厚のZrの減圧酸化は、約3%だけ透過率を上げたが、この層が要求透過率を達成するのには十分でなかった。
低放射率積層のトップコートありとなしの場合の傷データを、下記の表に示す。この場合のZrSiトップコートは、マグネトロンの一方の側にZrターゲットがセットされ、他方の側にSi・10重量%AlターゲットがセットされるTwin-Magにより同時スパッタリングされた層である。このトップコートのスパッタリングは、アルゴン雰囲気内で行われる。スパッタリング電力は両方のターゲットで等しくした。結果としてのトップコートの厚みは約3nmであった。
引っかき試験は、200行程のスコッチ・ブライト・力学的耐久性試験であった。この場合、全てのサンプルの引っかき損傷は、ヘーズ測定では検出できないほど低かった。定量化は、コーティング面上の傷の直接計数によって行われた。
その計数は、スコッチ・ブライト・工業用パッドの全経路における目視可能な傷を全て数えることで行われた。計数は3箇所で行われた。引っかかれたサンプルの中央を1箇所と中央から両側に1.5インチの箇所であった。引っかかれたサンプルは、4インチ×6インチ(10.16cm x 15.24cm)であった。この試験において、ZrトップコートとZrSiトップコートは、いずれも防傷性を示した。
Claims (1)
- 耐傷性を有する物品であって、
基板と、
前記基板上の1つ以上の層を含む光学膜(optical coating)と、
金属間化合物(intermetallic)を含む最外傷防止層(outermost scratch protection layer)とを備え、
前記最外傷防止層が、厚さ3nmであり、SiAlOxNy層の上に付着されており、
前記最外傷防止層は、マグネトロンの一方の側にZrターゲットがセットされ他方の側にSi・10重量%AlターゲットがセットされるTwin−Magによりアルゴン雰囲気内で同時スパッタリングされたZrSi層である物品。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US63665604P | 2004-12-17 | 2004-12-17 | |
US60/636,656 | 2004-12-17 | ||
PCT/US2005/045668 WO2006066101A2 (en) | 2004-12-17 | 2005-12-19 | Air oxidizable scratch resistant protective layer for optical coatings |
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JP2012001510A Division JP2012076467A (ja) | 2004-12-17 | 2012-01-06 | 光学膜のための耐傷性空気酸化性保護層 |
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JP2008524030A JP2008524030A (ja) | 2008-07-10 |
JP4986862B2 true JP4986862B2 (ja) | 2012-07-25 |
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JP2007546945A Expired - Fee Related JP4986862B2 (ja) | 2004-12-17 | 2005-12-19 | 光学膜のための耐傷性空気酸化性保護層 |
JP2012001510A Pending JP2012076467A (ja) | 2004-12-17 | 2012-01-06 | 光学膜のための耐傷性空気酸化性保護層 |
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US (2) | US20060134436A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1831125A2 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP4986862B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20070087079A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101119941A (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2005316418A1 (ja) |
BR (1) | BRPI0515784A (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2591592A1 (ja) |
RU (1) | RU2424202C2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006066101A2 (ja) |
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-
2005
- 2005-12-19 WO PCT/US2005/045668 patent/WO2006066101A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-12-19 BR BRPI0515784-6A patent/BRPI0515784A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-12-19 CN CNA2005800467696A patent/CN101119941A/zh active Pending
- 2005-12-19 EP EP05854396A patent/EP1831125A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-12-19 AU AU2005316418A patent/AU2005316418A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-12-19 CA CA002591592A patent/CA2591592A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-12-19 KR KR1020077016148A patent/KR20070087079A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-12-19 US US11/303,992 patent/US20060134436A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-12-19 JP JP2007546945A patent/JP4986862B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-12-19 RU RU2007126971/03A patent/RU2424202C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2011
- 2011-08-10 US US13/206,549 patent/US20110293929A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2005316418A1 (en) | 2006-06-22 |
RU2007126971A (ru) | 2009-01-27 |
KR20070087079A (ko) | 2007-08-27 |
CA2591592A1 (en) | 2006-06-22 |
BRPI0515784A (pt) | 2008-08-05 |
US20060134436A1 (en) | 2006-06-22 |
WO2006066101A2 (en) | 2006-06-22 |
RU2424202C2 (ru) | 2011-07-20 |
JP2012076467A (ja) | 2012-04-19 |
JP2008524030A (ja) | 2008-07-10 |
WO2006066101A3 (en) | 2006-10-12 |
EP1831125A2 (en) | 2007-09-12 |
CN101119941A (zh) | 2008-02-06 |
US20110293929A1 (en) | 2011-12-01 |
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