JP4920134B2 - Use of protein tyrosine kinase pathway inhibitors in the treatment of eye disorders - Google Patents
Use of protein tyrosine kinase pathway inhibitors in the treatment of eye disorders Download PDFInfo
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- JP4920134B2 JP4920134B2 JP2000616765A JP2000616765A JP4920134B2 JP 4920134 B2 JP4920134 B2 JP 4920134B2 JP 2000616765 A JP2000616765 A JP 2000616765A JP 2000616765 A JP2000616765 A JP 2000616765A JP 4920134 B2 JP4920134 B2 JP 4920134B2
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- genistein
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
- A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Pyrane Compounds (AREA)
Description
【0001】
(発明の技術分野)
本発明は加齢黄斑変性(age-related macular degeneration)を予防的におよび治療的に処置する方法、ならびに網膜の変性、脈絡膜の変性およびブルッフ膜の肥厚を予防的におよび治療的に処置する方法に関する。
【0002】
(発明の背景)
ヒトの平均寿命が医療技術の発展により絶えず延長されるにつれて、老化に関連する医療問題に取り組む必要性が増大している。老化過程は眼において物理的変化および化学的変化をもたらし、それは視力の喪失、対比感度の減退、ついには完全な視力喪失に至る。失明はおそらく老年人口を苦しめている一番の衰弱疾患である。加齢黄斑変性は65歳以上の患者の失明の一番の原因である。事実、加齢黄斑変性による視力喪失はアメリカ合衆国65歳以上の人口のおよそ10%で見られる(Gerster et al. Age Ageing 20: 60-69 (1991))。世界の老年人口が増加するにつれて、加齢黄斑変性の罹病率は劇的に増加すると予測され、2030年までにはアメリカ合衆国だけで750万例に到達すると予測されている(Hyman et al. Am J Epidemiol 118: 213-227 (1983))。
【0003】
加齢黄斑変性は視力の喪失をもたらす眼の進行性、変性性疾患である。加齢黄斑変性の症状としては、視力障害、特に薄明かりでの、読む能力の減退、暗順応に伴う障害そして比較的まれなケースでは急性視力喪失が挙げられる。進行した加齢黄斑変性に関連する合併症は2つのカテゴリー、萎縮性および滲出性に分けられる。萎縮性合併症は網膜色素上皮(RPE)の萎縮症をもたらす網膜色素上皮細胞喪失に関連する。加齢黄斑変性症例のおよそ10%で見られる滲出性合併症としては円板状瘢痕(disciform scars) (すなわち、繊維状要素(fibrous elements)を含有する瘢痕)および血管新生が挙げられる。最終的には、加齢黄斑変性による失明はRPEの変性およびそれに続く光受容体の死から生じる。
【0004】
加齢黄斑変性に関連する危険因子としては、加齢、遺伝、全身性疾患、環境因子(例えば、喫煙および光曝露(例えば、Chesapeake Bay Waterman Study, Taylor et al., Arch. Ophthalmol. 110: 99-104 (1992)参照))ならびに栄養失調が挙げられる。遠視および虹彩の色もまたこの疾患に関連している。加齢黄斑変性は、明るい色の虹彩と相関性が見られ、これはおそらく暗い色の虹彩では正常に吸収される損傷を与える光に慢性的に曝露されることによる。この疾患はまた、男性より女性でより多く見られる。
【0005】
加齢黄斑変性の進行の最もよく証明されたメカニズムとしては、RPEにおける分子の分解が挙げられる。異常分子(おそらく合成後に変化したもの)の不完全な消化がRPE細胞中に廃棄物のポケットを形成し、最終的にこの細胞の正常な代謝を妨害する。その結果、RPE細胞からの異常排泄物はブルッフ膜内で基底板沈着物、ドルーゼンおよび組織片(debris)として凝集する。そのような沈着物は血管新生および/またはRPE細胞の死を引き起こすと考えられている(Young, Survey of Ophthalmology 31(5): 291-306 (1987))。
【0006】
現在、加齢黄斑変性(AMD)の公知の予防的処置または治療的処置はない。AMDの治療ではないが、レーザー光凝固術は加齢黄斑変性に関連する脈絡膜の血管新生を処置するために使用される。そのような処置は重度の視力喪失の危険を減らすことが証明されてきた。レーザー光凝固術はまた、ドルーゼンを処置するためにも使用されてきた。しかし、レーザー処置は、処置された領域に対応する永久的な盲斑を引き起こし、視力の減退に至る可能性がある。レーザー処置はまた、持続的出血または再発性出血を引き起こし、知覚性網膜剥離の危険性を増加させる可能性がある。多くの患者は、結局は処置したにも関わらず重度の視力喪失を経験する。同様に、一般に老化過程に関連する眼の物理的変化および化学的変化の予防的処置または治療的処置に利用できる方法は現在ない。
【0007】
加齢黄斑変性の罹患率を考えると、加齢黄斑変性の有効な予防的処置および治療的処置が依然として必要とされている。従って、加齢黄斑変性に関連する萎縮性合併症および滲出性合併症の処置を含む、加齢黄斑変性を予防的におよび治療的に処置する方法を提供することが本発明の主要な目的である。眼の悪化(例えば、網膜の変性、脈絡膜の変性およびブルッフ膜の肥厚)の有効な予防的処置および治療的処置もまた当分野において必要とされている。本発明はそのような処置方法を提供する。本発明のこれらのおよび他の目的ならびに本発明のさらなる特徴は、本明細書に記載する詳細な説明から明らかとなるだろう。
【0008】
(発明の要旨)
本発明は、加齢黄斑変性に関連する萎縮性合併症および滲出性合併症の処置を含む、加齢黄斑変性を予防的におよび治療的に処置する方法に関する。本発明はまた、動物の網膜の変性を予防的におよび治療的に処置する方法に関する。動物の脈絡膜の変性を予防的にまたは治療的に処置する方法も提供され、動物のブルッフ膜の肥厚を予防的にまたは治療的に処置する方法も同様に提供される。これらの方法はプロテインチロシンキナーゼ経路インヒビターを投与することを含む。好ましくは、当該プロテインチロシンキナーゼ経路インヒビターが式:
【0009】
【化9】
【0010】
(式中、V、WおよびXは水素、ヒドロキシル、アルコキシ、ハロ、エステル、エーテル、カルボン酸基、カルボン酸基の医薬的に許容し得る塩および-SR(式中、Rは水素またはアルキル基である)からなる群から選択され、Yは酸素、硫黄、C(OH)およびC=Oからなる群から選択され、Zは水素およびC(O)OR1(式中、R1はアルキルである)からなる群から選択される)の化合物である。好ましくは、当該アルコキシはC1-C6アルコキシである。好ましくは、当該ハロはフッ素、塩素または臭素である。好ましくは、当該エステルはC1-C6エステルである。好ましくは、当該エーテルはC1-C6エーテルである。好ましいカルボン酸基の医薬的に許容し得る塩としては、ナトリウム塩およびカリウム塩が挙げられる。好ましくは、当該アルキル基はC1-C6アルキル基である。望ましくは、プロテインチロシンキナーゼ経路インヒビターはゲニステインである。
【0011】
(発明の詳細な説明)
本発明は、プロテインチロシンキナーゼ経路インヒビター、特にゲニステインが、加齢黄斑変性に関連する滲出性合併症および萎縮性合併症を含む加齢黄斑変性ならびに眼障害(例えば、網膜の変性、脈絡膜の変性およびブルッフ膜の肥厚)の予防的処置および治療的処置に有効であるという知見を基礎とする。従って、本発明は加齢黄斑変性を予防的におよび治療的に処置する方法を提供する。「予防的」とは、加齢黄斑変性、特に脈絡膜の血管新生および網膜色素上皮萎縮症に対する全体的または部分的な防護を意味する。「治療的」とは、加齢黄斑変性それ自体の改善、およびさらなる加齢黄斑変性、特に脈絡膜の血管新生および網膜色素上皮萎縮症に対する全体的または部分的な防護を意味する。好ましくは、加齢黄斑変性は加齢、遠視、全身性疾患(例えば、心臓血管性疾患または高血圧)、喫煙、光曝露または栄養失調に起因するものである。
【0012】
本方法は、加齢黄斑変性の黄斑を予防的にまたは治療的に処置するのに十分な量のプロテインチロシンキナーゼ経路インヒビターを投与することを含む。プロテインチロシンキナーゼ(PTK)経路の任意のインヒビターは、それが安全でかつ有効である限り、本発明の方法で使用し得る。
【0013】
本発明はさらに加齢黄斑変性に関連する萎縮性合併症と滲出性合併症の両方を予防的におよび治療的に処置する方法を提供する。萎縮性合併症としては、網膜色素上皮の色素障害(pigmentary disturbance)、硬性、軟性および/または融合性ドルーゼン、基底板沈着物、ブルッフ膜の肥厚ならびにRPE萎縮症が挙げられる。ドルーゼンは、しばしば血管新生の前駆体である、RPEの基底膜とブルッフ膜との間の黄色または白色の異常生成物である。滲出性合併症としては脈絡膜の血管新生、RPE剥離、RPE断裂、円板状瘢痕、硝子体出血および網膜下出血が挙げられる。滲出性合併症の予防的処置および治療的処置は基底膜の完全な状態の破壊の防止または阻害により達成される。
【0014】
本方法は、加齢黄斑変性の滲出性合併症または萎縮性合併症を予防的にまたは治療的に処置するのに十分な量のPTK経路インヒビターを投与することを含む。任意の安全かつ有効なPTKインヒビターを使用することができる。
【0015】
本発明はさらに、動物の網膜の変性、特に加齢による網膜の変性を予防的におよび治療的に処置する方法を提供する。本明細書中で使用されるように、網膜の変性、特に加齢による網膜の変性は、例えば、色素上皮異常およびガングリオン細胞喪失を含む。網膜の変性はまた、対比感度の減退および視力喪失をもたらす光受容体細胞の喪失を含む。「予防的」とはさらなる網膜の変性に対する全体的または部分的な防護を意味する。「治療的」とは網膜の変性それ自体の改善、およびさらなる網膜の変性に対する全体的または部分的な防護を意味する。
【0016】
本方法は、網膜の変性、特に加齢による網膜の変性を予防的にまたは治療的に処置するのに十分な量のPTK経路インヒビターの投与を含む。前記したように、安全かつ有効である限り、任意のPTK経路インヒビターを本方法において使用することができる。
【0017】
さらに、本発明は動物の脈絡膜の変性、特に加齢による脈絡膜の変性を予防的におよび治療的に処置する方法を提供する。脈絡膜の変性、特に加齢による脈絡膜の変性としては、例えば、脈絡膜の平坦化が挙げられる。加齢による脈絡膜の変性としては脈絡毛細管板の萎縮症も挙げられる。「予防的」とは脈絡膜の変性に対する全体的または部分的な防護を意味する。「治療的」とは脈絡膜の変性それ自体の改善、およびさらなる脈絡膜の変性に対する全体的または部分的な防護を意味する。
【0018】
本方法は、脈絡膜の変性、特に加齢による脈絡膜の変性を予防的にまたは治療的に処置するのに十分な量のPTK経路インヒビターを投与することを含む。任意の安全かつ有効なPTK経路インヒビターを使用することができる。
【0019】
眼障害としては、さらに、網膜と脈絡膜の間に位置するブルッフ膜の肥厚、特に加齢の結果としてのブルッフ膜の肥厚が挙げられる。ブルッフ膜の肥厚は、血管の多い脈絡膜から光受容体細胞を分離し、網膜において異常を引き起こすことによって視覚を妨害し得る。従って、本発明は、動物のブルッフ膜の肥厚を予防的におよび治療的に処置する方法を提供する。「予防的」とはブルッフ膜の肥厚に対する全体的または部分的な防護を意味する。「治療的」とはブルッフ膜の肥厚それ自体の改善、およびさらなるブルッフ膜の肥厚に対する全体的または部分的な防護を意味する。
【0020】
本方法は、ブルッフ膜の肥厚を予防的にまたは治療的に処置するのに十分な量のPTK経路インヒビターを投与することを含む。任意の安全かつ有効なPTK経路インヒビターを使用することができる。
【0021】
本明細書において、「PTKインヒビター」はそのような化合物を言及するために使用されるだろうし、化合物が阻害効果を発揮するのが経路のどの点であるかに関わらず、PTK経路を阻害する任意のおよび全ての化合物を包含することを意図している。PTKインヒビターは当分野で知られており、他のものは当分野で知られているアッセイに従って識別することができる。当業者は、PTKインヒビターによるPTK経路の完全な阻害が好ましいが、PTK経路の部分的な阻害は本発明における予防的効果または治療的効果を達成するのに十分であり得ることをよく理解するだろう。
【0022】
好ましくは、PTKインヒビターはゲニステイン(5,7-ジヒドロキシ-3-(4-ヒドロキシフェニル)-4H-1-ベンゾピラン-4-オン)もしくはその医薬的に許容し得る、PTK経路阻害類似体またはそのプロドラッグあるいは前記の任意のものの医薬的に許容し得る塩である。従って、PTKインヒビターは下記式:
【0023】
【化10】
【0024】
(式中、V、WおよびXは水素、ヒドロキシル、アルコキシ、ハロ、エステル、エーテル、カルボン酸基、カルボン酸基の医薬的に許容し得る塩および-SR(式中、Rは水素またはアルキル基である)からなる群から選択され、Yは酸素、硫黄、C(OH)およびC=Oからなる群から選択され、Zは水素およびC(O)OR1(式中、R1はアルキルである)からなる群から選択される)の化合物であり得る。好ましくは、当該アルコキシはC1-C6アルコキシである。好ましくは、当該ハロはフッ素、塩素または臭素である。好ましくは、当該エステルはC1-C6エステルである。好ましくは、当該エーテルはC1-C6エーテルである。好ましいカルボン酸基の医薬的に許容し得る塩としては、ナトリウム塩およびカリウム塩が挙げられる。好ましくは、当該アルキル基はC1-C6アルキル基である。望ましくは、PTK経路インヒビターはゲニステインである。
【0025】
該プロドラッグはゲニステイン、ゲニステインのPTK経路阻害類似体、前記のもののいずれかの医薬的に許容し得る塩の医薬的に許容し得る任意のプロドラッグであり得る。しかしながら、当業者は、使用されるプロドラッグは黄斑、網膜、脈絡膜またはブルッフ膜の周辺で活性なPTKインヒビターに変換しうるものでなければならないことを理解するだろう。好ましいプロドラッグはゲニステイン、ゲニステインのPTK経路阻害類似体、前記のもののいずれかの医薬的に許容し得る塩の脂溶性を増大させるプロドラッグである。好ましいプロドラッグはV、WおよびXのうちの1以上が独立してエステル(例えば、ピバル酸)に誘導されたものである。
【0026】
上記式の化合物は商業的に広く入手可能である。例えば、ゲニステインはLC Laboratories (Woburn, MA)から入手可能である。商業的に入手できない化合物は当分野で公知の有機合成法を使用して容易に調製することができる。
【0027】
本発明に従う化合物の特定の類似体、プロドラッグまたは医薬的に許容し得る塩が、黄斑変性、網膜の変性、脈絡膜の変性またはブルッフ膜の肥厚、それらのうち加齢による任意のものを予防的にまたは治療的に処置することができるか否かは実施例2および4〜6で使用されるマウスモデルにおけるその効果により決定することができる。あるいは、PTK経路インヒビターの類似体、プロドラッグおよび医薬的に許容し得る塩は、例えば実施例1に記載した方法のようなインビトロのアッセイで試験することができる。
【0028】
さらに、カラードップラーイメージング(color Doppler imaging)は眼の病理における薬物の作用を評価するために使用することができる(Valli et al., Ophthalmologica 209(13): 115-121 (1995))。カラードップラーイメージングは超音波検査において近年、発展した技術であり、血流の構造の同時二次元イメージング(simultaneous two-dimensional imaging) および評価を可能にする。従って、萎縮性合併症(例えば、網膜色素上皮萎縮症)および滲出性合併症(例えば、脈絡膜の血管新生)をそのような技術を使用して分析することができる。同様に、網膜の変性に関連する合併症(例えば、光受容体喪失およびガングリオン細胞喪失)ならびに脈絡膜の変性に関連する合併症(例えば、脈絡毛細管板萎縮症および脈絡膜の平坦化)はカラードップラーイメージングを用いて分析することができる。
【0029】
PTKインヒビターは、所望により、本発明の方法での使用のために適当なマトリックス(例えば、ポリマー性マトリックス)に結合することができる。ポリマー結合化合物がインビボで使用される場合に、該ポリマーが生物学的に許容し得るものであれば(例えば、米国特許5,384,333号および5,164,188号参照)、広範囲のポリマーのうちで任意のものを本発明において使用することができる。
【0030】
ゲニステインの利点は、ゲニステインが非常に安全かつ有効であることである。例えば、ゲニステインをZucker diabetic fattyラットに経口投与した場合、ゲニステインは、網膜電図記録によって測定すると、6カ月間の期間にわたる75mg/kg/日〜300mg/kg/日の範囲の投薬において、網膜に対して非毒性であることが分かった。さらに、ゲニステインの経口投与は、雄および雌のラットの食物摂取および体重に影響しないことが分かった。また、経口投与したゲニステインは雌ラットの卵巣および子宮の重量に対して影響がないことが分かった。
【0031】
PTKインヒビター(これは、好ましくはゲニステイン、ゲニステインのPTK経路阻害類似体、ゲニステインのPTK経路阻害プロドラッグ、または前記の任意のものの医薬的に許容し得る塩である)は任意の適切な経路で本発明の方法に従って投与され得る。投与の適切な経路としては、全身的(例えば、経口的または注入によって)、局所的、眼内、眼周囲(例えば、テノン鞘下(subTenon's))、結膜下、網膜下、脈絡膜上および眼球後方が挙げられる。PTKインヒビターを投与する様式は、加齢黄斑変性、網膜の変性、脈絡膜の変性またはブルッフ膜の肥厚の処置が予防的であるか治療的であるのかどうかにある程度依存する。例えば、加齢黄斑変性の治療的処置のためにPTKインヒビターを投与する様式は、疾患の原因にある程度依存する。
【0032】
例えば、ドルーゼンおよびRPE過色素沈着症の出現がよくある加齢黄斑変性の最初の兆候であると仮定すれば、ドルーゼンおよびRPE過色素沈着症を検出後すぐにPTKインヒビターを予防として投与することができる。加齢黄斑変性の予防的処置のために、PTKインヒビターを好ましくは全身に(例えば、経口でまたは注入によって)投与する。加齢黄斑変性の治療的処置(すなわち、萎縮性および/または滲出性の合併症の処置)のために、例えば、全身に(例えば、経口でまたは注入によって)、眼内に、局所的に、結膜下に、または眼周囲(例えば、テノン鞘下)にPTKインヒビターを投与することができる。
【0033】
PTKインヒビターは好ましくは、動物(例えば、哺乳動物、具体的にはヒト)が加齢黄斑変性の危険性にあるか(予防的処置)、または加齢黄斑変性を発症し始めた(治療的処置)ことを決定後すぐに投与する。処置は、使用する特定のPTKインヒビター、投与するPTKインヒビターの量、投与経路、ならびに、もしわかるならば黄斑変性の原因および程度にある程度依存するだろう。同様に、PTKインヒビターは好ましくは、動物(具体的にはヒト)が網膜もしくは脈絡膜の変性またはブルッフ膜の肥厚の危険にあるか(予防的処置)、あるいは、網膜もしくは脈絡膜の変性またはブルッフ膜の肥厚を発症し始めている(治療的処置)ことを決定後すぐに投与する。
【0034】
当業者は、本発明の方法において有用なPTKインヒビターを投与する適切な方法が利用可能であることを理解するだろう。特定のPTKインヒビターを投与するために1つ以上の経路を使用できるが、特定の経路は他の経路よりも迅速かつ有効な反応を提供できる。従って、記載の投与経路は単なる例示であり、限定するものではない。
【0035】
本発明に従って、動物(特に、ヒト)に投与する用量は、適切な時間枠にわたって動物における所望の応答を引き起こすのに十分な量にすべきである。当業者は投薬が様々な因子(この因子としては、利用する特定のPTKインヒビターの強さ、動物の年齢、種、状態もしくは疾患状況および体重、ならびに、変性によって影響を受ける、もしくは実際に影響を受けた黄斑、網膜もしくは脈絡膜の量、または肥厚によって影響を受ける、もしくは実際に影響を受けたブルッフ膜の量が挙げられる)に依存することを認識している。また、用量のサイズは、投与の経路、タイミングおよび頻度、ならびに、特定のPTKインヒビターの投与に伴うであろう任意の有害な副作用と所望の生理学的効果の存在、種類および程度によって決定されるだろう。当業者は、様々な状態もしくは疾患状況(特に、慢性の状態もしくは疾患状況)が多重投与を含む持続的な処置を必要とし得ることを理解するだろう。
【0036】
適切な用量および投薬計画は当業者に公知の従来の範囲決定技術によって決定され得る。概して、化合物の最適用量より少ない、より少量の投薬で処置を開始する。その後、この状況下での最適効果が達成されるまで、投薬を小さな増分で増加する。本発明の方法は、代表的には、全身投与の場合、約1 mg/kg/日〜約100 mg/kg/日、好ましくは約 15 mg/kg/日〜約 50 mg/kg/日の投与を含む。眼内投与は、代表的には、全量で約 0.1 mgから全量で約 5 mgまで、好ましくは全量で約 0.5 mgから全量で約 1 mgまでの投与を含む。好ましい局所投与の濃度は100μMである。
【0037】
本発明の方法で使用する組成物は、好ましくは、医薬的に許容し得る担体と、加齢黄斑変性および/またはその萎縮性もしくは滲出性の合併症を予防的にまたは治療的に処置するのに十分な量のPTKインヒビターとを含有する。あるいは、網膜の変性(例えば、加齢に起因するもの)、脈絡膜の変性(例えば、加齢に起因するもの)またはブルッフ膜の肥厚(例えば、加齢に起因するもの)を処置する本発明の方法で使用するための組成物は、好ましくは、医薬的に許容し得る担体と、網膜の変性、脈絡膜の変性またはブルッフ膜の肥厚をそれぞれ予防的にまたは治療的に処置するに十分な量のPTKインヒビターとを含有する。担体は、任意の従来から使用されているものであればよく、化学−物理学的な考察(例えば、溶解度、および化合物との反応性のないこと)によって、および投与の経路によってのみ限定される。当業者は、以下に記載の医薬組成物に加えて、PTKインヒビターがポリマー組成物、包接複合体(例えば、シクロデキストリン包接複合体)、リポソーム、ミクロスフェア、マイクロカプセルなどとして処方され得ることを理解するだろう(例えば、米国特許第4,997,652号、同第5,185,152号および同第5,718,922号参照)。
【0038】
PTKインヒビターは医薬的に許容し得る酸付加塩として処方され得る。当該医薬組成物に使用する医薬的に許容し得る酸付加塩の例としては、無機酸(例えば、塩酸、臭化水素酸、リン酸、メタリン酸、硝酸および硫酸)および有機酸(例えば、酒石酸、酢酸、クエン酸、リンゴ酸、乳酸、フマル酸、安息好酸、グリコール酸、グルコン酸、コハク酸およびアリールスルホン酸(例えば、p-トルエンスルホン酸)から誘導したものが挙げられる。
【0039】
本明細書中に記載の医薬的に許容し得る賦形剤(例えば、ビヒクル、アジュバント、担体または希釈剤)は、当業者に周知のものであり、一般に容易に入手可能である。医薬的に許容し得る担体が、PTKインヒビターに対して化学的に不活性なもの、および使用状態での有害な副作用または毒性を有さないものであることが好ましい。
【0040】
賦形剤の選択は、特定のPTKインヒビターによって、および組成物を投与するために使用する特定の方法によって、ある程度決定されるだろう。従って、本発明の医薬組成物の広範な適切な製剤が存在する。以下の製剤は単なる例示であり、限定するものではない。
【0041】
注入可能な製剤が本発明の方法に従う好ましいものうちの一つである。注入可能な組成物用の医薬的に有効な担体の要件は当業者に周知である(Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, PA, BankerおよびChalmers編、238-250頁 (1982年)、ならびに ASHP Handbook on Injectable Drugs, Toissel、第4版、622-630頁 (1986年)参照)。このような注入可能な組成物を筋肉内、静脈内または腹腔内に投与することが好ましい。
【0042】
局所製剤は当業者に周知である。このような製剤は、本発明に関して、皮膚への適用に適している。パッチ、角膜シールド(例えば、米国特許第5,185,152号参照)、ならびに眼科用液剤(例えば、米国特許第5,710,182号参照)および軟膏(例えば、点眼剤)の使用もまた当該分野の技術内である。
【0043】
経口投与に適した製剤は以下の(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)および(e)からなり得る:(a)液体溶液、例えば、希釈剤(例えば、水、生理食塩水またはオレンジジュース)中に溶解した有効量の化合物;(b)カプセル、サシェ剤(sachet)、錠剤、ロゼンジおよびトローチであって、各々は、予め決定した量の活性成分を固体もしくは顆粒として含む;(c)粉剤;(d)適切な液体中での懸濁液;ならびに(e)適切な乳剤。液体製剤は、医薬的に許容し得る界面活性剤、懸濁化剤または乳化剤の添加あり、または添加なしのいずれかで、希釈剤(例えば、水およびアルコール類(例えば、エタノール、ベンジルアルコール、およびポリエチレンアルコール類)を含み得る。カプセル形態は、例えば、界面活性剤、滑沢剤および不活性充填剤(例えば、ラクトース、スクロース、リン酸カルシウムおよびトウモロコシデンプン)を含む、通常のハードシェルもしくはソフトシェルのゼラチン型の形態であってもよい。錠剤形態は、1つ以上のラクトース、スクロース、マンニトール、トウモロコシデンプン、バレイショデンプン、アルギン酸、微結晶性セルロース、アカシア、ゼラチン、グアルゴム、コロイド状二酸化ケイ素、クロスカルメロースナトリウム、タルク、ステアリン酸マグネシウム、ステアリン酸カルシウム、ステアリン酸亜鉛、ステアリン酸、ならびに他の賦形剤、着色剤、希釈剤、緩衝剤、崩壊剤、湿潤剤、保存剤、着香剤および薬理学的に併用可能な賦形剤を含み得る。ロゼンジ形態は、矯味矯臭薬中の活性成分、(通常は、スクロースおよびアカシアまたはトラガカント)、ならびに不活性基剤(例えば、ゼラチンおよびグリセリン、またはスクロースおよびアカシア)中に活性成分を含む香錠、乳剤、ゲル、活性成分に加えて、当該分野で公知の賦形剤などを含有するものなどを含み得る。
【0044】
非経口投与に適した製剤は、水性および非水性の等張性滅菌注入溶液と、水性および非水性の滅菌懸濁液とを含み、この等張性滅菌注入溶液は、抗酸化剤、緩衝剤、静菌薬、および投与対象者の血液と等張性の製剤を与える溶質を含むことができ、該水性および非水性の滅菌懸濁液は、懸濁剤、可溶化剤、増粘剤、安定剤および保存剤を含むことができる。インヒビターは、医薬的に許容し得る界面活性剤(例えば、セッケンまたはデタージェント)、懸濁化剤(例えば、ペクチン、カルボマー、メチルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースまたはカルボキシメチルセルロース)もしくは乳化剤および他の医薬的なアジュバントを添加して、または添加しないで、医薬的な担体中の生理学的に許容し得る希釈剤(例えば、以下に挙げる滅菌液体または液体の混合物)中で投与され得る:水、生理食塩水、デキストロースおよび関連の糖の水溶液、アルコール(例えば、エタノール、イソプロパノールまたはヘキサデシルアルコール)、グリコール(例えば、プロピレングリコールまたはポリエチレングリコール)、ジメチルスルホキシド、グリセロールケタール(例えば、2,2-ジメチル-1,3-ジオキソラン-4-メタノール)、エーテル(例えば、ポリ(エチレングリコール) 400)、オイル、脂肪酸、脂肪酸エステルもしくはグリセリド、またはアセチル化した脂肪酸グリセリド。
【0045】
非経口製剤で使用できるオイルとしては、石油、動物性、植物性もしくは合成オイルが挙げられる。オイルの具体的な例としては、落花生油、大豆油、ゴマ油、綿実油、トウモロコシ油、オリーブ油、ワセリンおよび鉱油が挙げられる。
【0046】
非経口製剤での使用に適した脂肪酸としては、オレイン酸、ステアリン酸およびイソステアリン酸が挙げられる。オレイン酸エチルおよびミリスチン酸イソプロピルが適切な脂肪酸エステルの例である。
【0047】
非経口製剤での使用に適したセッケンとしては脂肪族のアルカリ金属、アンモニウムおよびトリエタノールアミンの塩が挙げられ、適切なデタージェントとしては以下の(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)および(e)が挙げられる:(a)カチオン性デタージェント(例えば、ジメチルジアルキルアンモニウムハライドおよびアルキルピリジニウムハライドなど)、(b)アニオン性デタージェント(例えば、アルキル、アリールおよびオレフィンのスルホネート、アルキル、オレフィン、エーテルおよびモノグリセリドのサルフェート、ならびにスルホスクシネートなど)、(c)非イオン性デタージェント(例えば、脂肪族アミンオキシド、脂肪酸アルカノールアミドおよびポリオキシエチレンポリプロピレンコポリマーなど)、(d)両性のデタージェント(例えば、アルキル-p-アミノプロピオネートおよび2-アルキル-イミダゾリン四級アンモニウム塩など)、および(e)その混合物。
【0048】
非経口製剤は、代表的には、約 0.5〜約 25重量%の活性成分を溶液中に含む。保存剤および緩衝剤を使用してもよい。注入の部位における刺激を最小限にするかまたは除去するために、このような組成物は、約 12〜約 17の親水性−親油性バランス(HLB)を有する1つ以上の非イオン性界面活性剤を含んでもよい。
【0049】
このような製剤中の界面活性剤の量は、代表的には、約 5〜約 15重量%の範囲である。適切な界面活性剤としては、ポリエチレンソルビタン脂肪酸エステル(例えば、ソルビタンモノオレイン酸エステル)、およびプロピレングリコールとプロピレンオキシドとの縮合によって形成される疎水性ベースにエチレンオキシドが付加した高分子量の付加体が挙げられる。非経口製剤は、単位用量もしくは多回用量の密封容器(例えば、アンプルおよびバイアル)中に存在してもよく、そして、使用する直前に、注入用の滅菌液体賦形剤(例えば、水)の添加のみを必要とする、フリーズドライ(凍結乾燥)条件下で保存することができる。即時注入溶液および懸濁液は、上述した種類の滅菌粉剤、顆粒および錠剤から調製され得る。
【0050】
このような組成物は、眼内製剤、持続放出性製剤または装置として処方され得る(例えば、米国特許第5,378,475号参照)。例えば、ゼラチン、コンドロイチン硫酸、ポリホスホエステル(例えば、ビス-2-ヒドロキシエチル-テレフタレート(BHET)、または(様々な割合の)ポリ乳酸-グリコール酸が持続放出性製剤を処方するために使用され得る。インプラント(例えば、米国特許第5,443,505号、同第4,853,224号および同第4,997,652号参照)、装置(例えば、米国特許第5,554,187号、同第4,863,457号、同第5,098,443号および同第5,725,493号参照)、例えば、インプラント可能な装置(例えば、メカニカルレザバ)、眼内導管(例えば、100μ〜1 mm(直径))を備えた眼内装置または眼球外装置など、あるいは上述のポリマー組成物を包含したインプラントまたは装置が使用され得る。
【0051】
本発明の方法はまた、他の医薬的に活性な化合物の併用投与を含み得る。「併用投与」とは、上述のようなPTKインヒビターの投与の前、それと同時(例えば、同一の製剤もしくは別個の製剤中でPTKインヒビターと組み合わせて)、またはその後に投与することを意味する。例えば、コルチコステロイド類(例えば、プレドニゾン、メチルプレドニゾロン、デキサメタゾンまたはトリアムシノロンアセトニド(triamcinalone acetinide))または非コルチコステロイド抗炎症化合物(例えば、イブプロフェンまたはフルビプロベン(flubiproben))が併用投与され得る。同様に、ビタミンおよびミネラル(例えば、亜鉛)、抗酸化剤(例えば、カロチノイド類(例えば、ゼアキサチンまたはルテインなどのキサントフィルカロチノイド)および微量養分が併用投与され得る。さらに、プロテインチロシンキナーゼ経路の他のタイプのインヒビター(これには、天然のプロテインチロシンキナーゼインヒビター〔ケルセチン、ラベンダスチン(lavendustin) A、エルブスタチン(erbstatin)およびへルビマイシン(herbimycin) Aなど〕、ならびに合成のプロテインチロシンキナーゼインヒビター〔チルホスチン(tyrphostin) (例えば、AG490、AG17、AG213 (RG50864)、AG18、AG82、AG494、AG825、AG879、AG1112、AG1296、AG1478、AG126、RG13022、RG14620およびAG555)、ジヒドロキシおよびジメトキシベンジリデンマロノニトリル、ラベンダスチン Aの類似体(例えば、AG814およびAG957)、キナゾリン(例えば、AG1478)、4,5-ジアニリノフタリミドおよびチアゾリジンジオンなど〕が挙げられる)は、ゲニステインまたはその類似体、プロドラッグもしくは医薬的に許容し得る塩と併用投与され得る(Levitzki et al., Science 267: 1782-1788 (1995);ならびにCunningham et al., Anti-Cancer Drug Design 7: 365-384 (1992)参照)。この点について、ゲニステインの潜在的に有用な誘導体として、Mazurekら、米国特許第5,637,703号に記載のものが挙げられる。増殖因子に対する中和タンパク質(例えば、VEGFなどの所定の増殖因子に特異的なモノクローナル抗体)(例えば、Aiello et al., PNAS USA 92: 10457-10461 (1995)参照)、あるいはホスホチロシン(Dhar et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 37: 519-525 (1990))が共に投与され得る。併用投与され得る他の様々な化合物としては以下のものが挙げられる:プロテインキナーゼCのインヒビター(例えば、米国特許第5,719,175号および同第5,710,145号参照)、サイトカイン調節剤、内皮細胞に特異的な増殖のインヒビター(例えば、トロンボスポンジン(thrombospondin))、内皮細胞に特異的な阻害増殖因子(例えば、TNFα)、抗増殖ぺプチド(例えば、SPARCおよびポルフィリン様ペプチド)、グルタミン酸レセプターアンタゴニスト、アミノグアニジン、アンジオテンシン変換酵素インヒビター(例えば、アンジオテンシン II)、カルシウムチャンネルブロッカー、Ψ-テクトリゲニン(tectorigenin)、ST638、ソマトスタチン類似体(例えば、SMS 201-995)、モノシアロガングリオシド GM1、チクロピジン、神経向性増殖因子、メチル-2,5-ジヒドロキシシンナメート、脈管形成インヒビター(例えば、組換え EPO)、スルホニルウレア経口低血糖剤(例えば、グリクラジド(非インスリン依存性糖尿病)、ST638)(Asahi et al., FEBS Letter 309: 10-14 (1992))、サリドマイド、ニカルジピン塩酸塩、アスピリン、ピセアタノール(piceatannol)、スタウロスポリン(staurosporine)、アドリアマイシン、エピデルスタチン(epiderstatin)、(+)-エアロプリシニン(aeroplysinin)-1、フェナゾシン、ハロメチルケトン、抗脂肪血症剤(例えば、エトフィブレート(etofibrate)、クロルプロマジンおよびスフィンゴシン(spinghosine))、アルドースリダクターゼインヒビター(例えば、トルレスタット(tolrestat)、SPR-210、ソルビニル(sorbinil)または酸素、ならびにレチノイン酸およびその類似体)(Burke et al., Drugs of the Future 17(2): 119-131 (1992);およびTomlinson et al., Pharmac. Ther. 54: 151-194 (1992))。セレノインドール(2-チオインドール)および関連ジスルフィドセレニド(例えば、Dobrusin et al., 米国特許第5,464,961号に記載のもの)は有用なPTKインヒビターである。全身体液貯留(例えば、心臓血管または腎臓の疾患に起因するもの)および重症の全身性高血圧を示す患者は、利尿薬、透析、強心薬および抗高血圧剤でさらに処置され得る。
【0052】
(実施例)
以下の実施例は、本発明をさらに例示するが、当然、本発明の範囲を限定するものとして考慮すべきではない。
【0053】
(実施例1)
この実施例は、基底膜の完全な状態の破壊、およびそれに続く網膜内皮細胞の基底膜への浸潤を阻害する際にゲニステインが有効であることを実証する。
【0054】
bFGF (1-10 ng/ml)の存在下およびゲニステイン (0.2 mg/100 ml)の存在下または非存在下で網膜の毛細血管の内皮細胞をMatrigel (Collaborative Research, Bedford, MA)上で培養した。Matrigelは、基底膜産生腫瘍組織に由来し、網膜の基底膜と同様にIV型コラーゲンおよびラミニンからなり、成分の相対的な割合のみが異なる。
【0055】
bFGF単独の存在下で培養した網膜毛細血管内皮細胞はMatrigelを浸潤した。ゲニステインの存在はMatrigelへの網膜毛細血管内皮細胞の浸潤を.8 mm減少させた。すなわち、ゲニステインは浸潤を約32%阻害した。
【0056】
この実施例は、基底膜の完全な状態の破壊、およびそれに続く基底膜への網膜毛細血管内皮細胞の浸潤を阻害するゲニステインの能力を実証する。
【0057】
(実施例2)
この実施例は、加齢黄斑変性に関連した光受容体の損失および加齢に関連した網膜の変性を阻害するゲニステインの能力を実証する。
【0058】
黄斑の光誘導損傷へのゲニステインの効果を決定するために、2系統のマウス、老化促進マウス系 9 (senile accelerated mice strain 9) (SAM9)および耐性マウス系 4 (R4) (両系は京都大学、日本からの寄贈品であり、現在、Johns Hopkins Universityで維持されている)を光源に曝露した。SAM9 マウスは、皮膚と眼における加速性の加齢変化の傾向を有する。R4 マウスは、R4 マウスが加速性の老化に関連した身体的な変化に耐性であることを除いて、SAM9と同一である。
【0059】
全体で約 20-25 匹の各系のマウスを対照群および処置群に分けた。処置群は、約 4 週間までに1日に1回の経口洗浄によってゲニステイン(150 mg/kg 食物)を受容した。光に曝露した後、1、2および3週間でマウスを屠殺した。組織学的研究のために眼を摘出し、連続的に切断した。詳細には、光受容体の核を計数して、後部および末梢の網膜の特定領域にわたる光受容体の損失の程度を決定した。
【0060】
1週間では、6つの層の光受容体の核の平均を両系のマウスの処置群および対照群の両方で観察した。対照群と処置群との間で、光誘導損傷の量における有意差は存在しなかった。2週間では、ゲニステインは両系の処置群の光誘導損傷の量を有意に減少させた。2〜3層の光受容体の核の平均をゲニステインで処置したSAM9 マウスおよびR4 マウスで観察した。約0〜1層の光受容体の核を対照群で観察した。3週間では、0-1層の光受容体の核の平均を両系の処置および未処置の動物の両方で観察した。
【0061】
光誘導光受容体細胞の損失へのゲニステインの効果を決定するために、老化促進マウスの追加の系(系 8 (SAM8))を耐性系 1 (R1)と共に光源に曝露した。24時間、暗順応の後に全ての被検体を一定の800ルクスの白色蛍光に曝露した。マウスのそれぞれのSAM8およびR1 系を次の2つの群に分けた:洗浄法によって経口的にゲニステイン (50 mg/kg 体重/日)を受容した処置群、および処置を受けなかった対照群。光曝露の一週間後、外側の核の層(outer nuclear layer)(ONL)の厚さおよび細胞数は、SAM8およびR1の両方のゲニステイン処置群において対照群よりも大きかった。光曝露の二週間後、ONLの厚さは、ゲニステイン処置したR1において、対応する対照群のものよりも大きかった。光曝露の三週間後、ONLの厚さはゲニステイン処置したR1において、対応する対照群のものよりも大きかった。光曝露の二週間および三週間後、SAM8 群において処置による差異はなかった。
【0062】
この実施例は、光受容体損失(網膜の変性に関連するものなど、加齢および加齢黄斑変性に起因するものなど)を阻害するゲニステインの能力を実証する。
【0063】
(実施例3)
この実施例は、ブルッフ膜の破壊後に加齢黄斑変性の進行を阻害するゲニステインの能力を例証する。
【0064】
レーザービームを使用して3匹のカニクイザルのブルッフ膜を破壊し、続いて、脈絡膜の新生血管形成を評価した。レーザーで誘発するブルッフ膜の破壊の前に、100 mgの単回眼内注入によってゲニステインを二匹のサルに投与した。17の損傷のうち13が新生血管形成を生じた。1匹のサルには、単回眼内注入(100 mg)に加えて、レーザー処置の2日前から始めて隔日に全体で3回、ゲニステインを経口で投与した(300 mg/kg 体重)。レーザー処置で生じた18の損傷のうち、わずか2つの損傷のみが脈絡膜の新生血管形成を生じた。
【0065】
これらの結果は、ゲニステインが、ブルッフ膜の破壊の前に与えられると、第二の新生血管形成の発生を阻害または予防することができ、それによって加齢黄斑変性の進行を阻害することを示す。
【0066】
(実施例4)
この実施例は、網膜の変性(例えば、加齢に起因するもの)を阻害または改善するための、本明細書中に記載するようなPTK経路インヒビターの有用性を決定する方法を記載する。
【0067】
2系統のマウス(老化促進傾向系 (SAMP)および耐性系 (SAMR))は、武田薬品工業株式会社、大阪、日本から得られる。上述のように、SAMPマウスは、眼に加速性加齢変化の傾向を有し、他方、SAMRマウスは、加速性の老化に関連した身体的な変化に対して耐性である。
【0068】
各系の被検体を対照群と処置群とに分ける。温度および光が制御され(68-72 oF および 7:00 a.m.〜9:00 p.m.で照射する明/暗 サイクル)、随意に食物(PMI Nutrition International, Inc, 1401, St. Louis, MO) および自動ろ過システムからの水を自由摂取できる、高効率の飼育装置を用いて、SPF(specific pathogen-free)条件下で全てのマウスを飼育する。処置群はゲニステイン(50 mg/kg/日)を経口洗浄で一日一回受容するか、あるいはゲニステインは食物(150 mg/kg 食物)中に含められる。
【0069】
分析に関しては、眼を摘出し、必要に応じて、組織学的研究のために連続的に切断する。光学顕微鏡または電子顕微鏡の場合、アイカップ(eye cup)をリン酸緩衝液中の2%四酸化オスミウムで2時間固定し、アルコール脱水し、エポキシ樹脂中に包埋する。2ミクロン厚の切片をトルイジンブルーで染色し、光学顕微鏡用に使用する。電子顕微鏡の場合、薄切片をクエン酸鉛および酢酸ウラニルで染色し、JOEL JEM-100 CX2 電子顕微鏡(日立、東京、日本)で試験する。次いで、対照および処置した被検体におけるガングリオン細胞の損失および網膜の色素上皮の変化を試験する。詳細には、所望により、ガングリオン細胞の核を計数してガングリオン細胞の損失の程度を決定する。
【0070】
(実施例5)
この実施例は、脈絡膜の変性(例えば、加齢に起因するもの)を阻害または改善するために、本明細書中に記載するようなPTK経路インヒビターの有用性を決定する方法を記載する。
【0071】
2系統のマウス(老化促進傾向系 (SAMP)および耐性系(SAMR))(武田薬品工業株式会社、大阪、日本から入手)を利用して脈絡膜の変性へのゲニステインの効果を分析する。動物を実施例4に記載のように維持する。脈絡毛細管板の萎縮を含む、脈絡毛細管板における変化を実施例4に記載のように光学顕微鏡および電子顕微鏡によって試験する。
【0072】
また、脈絡膜血管キャスト(choroidal vascular cast)は脈絡毛細管板の萎縮の程度を分析する際に有用である。被検体をケタミンおよびキシラジンの筋内注入(50 mg/kg 体重)によって麻酔する。左心室を50mlのヘパリン化乳酸加リンガー液で灌流する。次いで、左心室を通してメルコックス(mercox)溶液(Ladd Research Industries, Burlington, VT)を注入する前にマウスを屠殺する。眼を摘出し、前区を微切開(micro-dissection)によって分離する。後区の腐食キャスト(corrosion cast)を0.1 mol KOH中で作製する。組織の完全な漂白の後、水中での慎重な微切開によって、網膜の血管を脈絡膜血管から分離する。走査電子顕微鏡検査(JOEL JSM-84OA 走査電子顕微鏡、日立、東京、日本)の前に、脈絡膜血管のキャストをアルミニウムタブ上に置き、金パラジウムでスパッタコートする。400Xの倍率で各眼球の後極のランダムな領域を記録することによって、脈絡膜血管床の定量分析を行う。脈絡毛細管板の領域をトレースすることによって各400xの写真で脈絡膜血管床の領域を測定するために、Microplan II 画像解析プログラム(Laboratory Computer Systems Inc., MA)使用する。得られる値をまとめ、対のスチューデントt検定によって分析する。典型的には、0.05未満のP値を有意なものとみなす。
【0073】
(実施例6)
この実施例は、加齢にしばしば関連するブルッフ膜の肥厚を阻害または改善するために、本明細書中に記載するようなPTK経路インヒビターの有用性を決定する方法を記載する。
【0074】
2系統のマウス(老化促進傾向系 (SAMP)および耐性系(SAMR))は、武田薬品工業株式会社、大阪、日本から得られ、これを利用して、ブルッフ膜の肥厚に対するゲニステインの効果を分析する。動物を実施例4に記載するように維持する。ブルッフ膜の肥厚を含む、ブルッフ膜における変化を実施例4に記載するように光学顕微鏡および電子顕微鏡によって試験する。
【0075】
本明細書中に記載の全ての文献(特許、特許出願、文献の刊行物などを含む)は、その全体が言及により本明細書に組み込まれるものである。
【0076】
本発明を好ましい実施態様で強調して記載しているが、好ましい化合物および方法のバリエーションが使用されてもよいこと、本発明が本明細書中に詳細に記載した以外の方法で実施してもよいことを意図していることが当業者に明らかであろう。従って、本発明は、上記の特許請求の範囲に規定する本発明の趣旨および範囲内に包含される全ての改変を含む。[0001]
(Technical field of the invention)
The present invention relates to a method for prophylactically and therapeutically treating age-related macular degeneration, and a method for prophylactically and therapeutically treating retinal degeneration, choroidal degeneration and Bruch's thickening. About.
[0002]
(Background of the Invention)
As human life expectancy is constantly extended by the development of medical technology, there is an increasing need to address medical issues related to aging. The aging process results in physical and chemical changes in the eye that lead to loss of vision, reduced contrast sensitivity, and ultimately complete vision loss. Blindness is probably the most debilitating disease that plagues the aging population. Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in patients over 65 years of age. In fact, vision loss due to age-related macular degeneration is seen in approximately 10% of the population over the age of 65 in the United States (Gerster et al.Age Ageing 20: 60-69 (1991)). As the world's aging population grows, the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration is expected to increase dramatically, and by 2030 it is projected to reach 7.5 million cases in the United States alone (Hyman et al.Am J Epidemiol 118: 213-227 (1983)).
[0003]
Age-related macular degeneration is a progressive, degenerative disease of the eye that results in loss of vision. Symptoms of age-related macular degeneration include visual impairment, particularly diminished reading ability at low light, disturbances associated with dark adaptation and, in relatively rare cases, acute visual loss. Complications associated with advanced age-related macular degeneration are divided into two categories: atrophic and exudative. Atrophic complications are associated with retinal pigment epithelial cell loss leading to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy. Exudative complications seen in approximately 10% of age-related macular degeneration cases include disciform scars (ie, scars containing fibrous elements) and angiogenesis. Ultimately, blindness due to age-related macular degeneration results from degeneration of RPE followed by photoreceptor death.
[0004]
Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration include aging, heredity, systemic disease, environmental factors (e.g., smoking and light exposure (e.g., Chesapeake Bay Waterman Study, Taylor et al.,Arch. Ophthalmol. 110: 99-104 (1992))) as well as malnutrition. Hyperopia and iris color are also associated with this disease. Age-related macular degeneration is correlated with light-colored irises, probably due to chronic exposure to damaging light that is normally absorbed by dark-colored irises. The disease is also more common in women than in men.
[0005]
The most proven mechanism of progression of age-related macular degeneration includes molecular degradation in RPE. Incomplete digestion of aberrant molecules (perhaps altered after synthesis) creates a pocket of waste in the RPE cells and ultimately interferes with the normal metabolism of the cells. As a result, abnormal excretion from RPE cells aggregates within the Bruch's membrane as basement plate deposits, drusen and debris. Such deposits are thought to cause angiogenesis and / or death of RPE cells (Young,Survey of Ophthalmology 31 (5): 291-306 (1987)).
[0006]
There are currently no known prophylactic or therapeutic treatments for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although not a cure for AMD, laser photocoagulation is used to treat choroidal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration. Such treatment has been proven to reduce the risk of severe vision loss. Laser photocoagulation has also been used to treat drusen. However, laser treatment can cause permanent blindness corresponding to the treated area, leading to vision loss. Laser treatment can also cause persistent or recurrent bleeding and increase the risk of sensory retinal detachment. Many patients eventually experience severe vision loss despite treatment. Similarly, there are currently no methods available for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of ocular physical and chemical changes generally associated with the aging process.
[0007]
Given the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration, there remains a need for effective prophylactic and therapeutic treatments for age-related macular degeneration. Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of age-related macular degeneration, including the treatment of atrophic and exudative complications associated with age-related macular degeneration. is there. There is also a need in the art for effective prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of eye deterioration (eg, retinal degeneration, choroidal degeneration and Bruch's thickening). The present invention provides such a method of treatment. These and other objects of the present invention, as well as additional features of the present invention, will be apparent from the detailed description provided herein.
[0008]
(Summary of the Invention)
The present invention relates to a method for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of age-related macular degeneration, including the treatment of atrophic and exudative complications associated with age-related macular degeneration. The invention also relates to a method for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of retinal degeneration in animals. Also provided are methods for prophylactically or therapeutically treating animal choroidal degeneration, as well as methods for prophylactically or therapeutically treating animal Bruch's membrane thickening. These methods include administering a protein tyrosine kinase pathway inhibitor. Preferably, the protein tyrosine kinase pathway inhibitor has the formula:
[0009]
[Chemical 9]
[0010]
Wherein V, W and X are hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, halo, ester, ether, carboxylic acid group, pharmaceutically acceptable salt of carboxylic acid group and -SR (wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl group Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, C (OH) and C = O, and Z is hydrogen and C (O) OR1(Where R1Are selected from the group consisting of: Preferably, the alkoxy is C1-C6Alkoxy. Preferably the halo is fluorine, chlorine or bromine. Preferably, the ester is C1-C6Ester. Preferably, the ether is C1-C6Ether. Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts of carboxylic acid groups include sodium and potassium salts. Preferably, the alkyl group is C1-C6It is an alkyl group. Desirably, the protein tyrosine kinase pathway inhibitor is genistein.
[0011]
(Detailed description of the invention)
The present invention relates to protein tyrosine kinase pathway inhibitors, particularly genistein, that are age-related macular degeneration, including exudative and atrophic complications associated with age-related macular degeneration, and eye disorders (eg, retinal degeneration, choroidal degeneration and Based on the finding that it is effective for preventive and therapeutic treatment of Bruch's membrane thickening). Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for prophylactically and therapeutically treating age-related macular degeneration. By “prophylactic” is meant total or partial protection against age-related macular degeneration, particularly choroidal neovascularization and retinal pigment epithelial atrophy. By “therapeutic” is meant improvement of age-related macular degeneration itself, as well as complete or partial protection against further age-related macular degeneration, particularly choroidal neovascularization and retinal pigment epithelial atrophy. Preferably, age-related macular degeneration is due to aging, hyperopia, systemic disease (eg, cardiovascular disease or hypertension), smoking, light exposure or malnutrition.
[0012]
The method includes administering an amount of a protein tyrosine kinase pathway inhibitor sufficient to prophylactically or therapeutically treat age-related macular degeneration. Any inhibitor of the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) pathway may be used in the methods of the invention as long as it is safe and effective.
[0013]
The present invention further provides methods for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of both atrophic and exudative complications associated with age-related macular degeneration. Atrophic complications include pigmentary disturbance of the retinal pigment epithelium, rigid, soft and / or confluent drusen, basement plate deposits, Bruch's thickening and RPE atrophy. Drusen is a yellow or white abnormal product between the RPE basement membrane and Bruch's membrane, often a precursor of angiogenesis. Exudative complications include choroidal neovascularization, RPE detachment, RPE rupture, discoid scars, vitreous hemorrhage and subretinal hemorrhage. Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of exudative complications is achieved by preventing or inhibiting the complete destruction of the basement membrane.
[0014]
The method includes administering an amount of a PTK pathway inhibitor sufficient to prevent prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of exudative or atrophic complications of age-related macular degeneration. Any safe and effective PTK inhibitor can be used.
[0015]
The present invention further provides methods for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of retinal degeneration in animals, particularly aging-related retinal degeneration. As used herein, retinal degeneration, particularly aging-related retinal degeneration, includes, for example, pigment epithelial abnormalities and ganglion cell loss. Retinal degeneration also includes loss of photoreceptor cells resulting in reduced contrast sensitivity and loss of vision. “Prophylactic” means total or partial protection against further retinal degeneration. “Therapeutic” means an improvement of the retinal degeneration itself and a total or partial protection against further retinal degeneration.
[0016]
The method includes administration of an amount of a PTK pathway inhibitor sufficient to prophylactically or therapeutically treat retinal degeneration, particularly aging-related retinal degeneration. As noted above, any PTK pathway inhibitor can be used in the present method as long as it is safe and effective.
[0017]
Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for prophylactically and therapeutically treating choroidal degeneration in animals, particularly choroidal degeneration due to aging. Examples of choroidal degeneration, particularly choroidal degeneration due to aging, include flattening of the choroid. Examples of choroidal degeneration due to aging include atrophy of choriocapillaris. “Prophylactic” means total or partial protection against choroidal degeneration. “Therapeutic” means an improvement of the choroidal degeneration itself and a total or partial protection against further choroidal degeneration.
[0018]
The method includes administering a sufficient amount of a PTK pathway inhibitor to prophylactically or therapeutically treat choroidal degeneration, particularly choroidal degeneration with age. Any safe and effective PTK pathway inhibitor can be used.
[0019]
Eye disorders further include thickening of the Bruch's membrane located between the retina and the choroid, particularly thickening of the Bruch's membrane as a result of aging. Bruch's membrane thickening can interfere with vision by separating photoreceptor cells from the highly vascular choroid and causing abnormalities in the retina. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of Bruch's membrane thickening in animals. “Preventive” means total or partial protection against Bruch's thickening. “Therapeutic” means an improvement of the Bruch's membrane thickening itself and a total or partial protection against further Bruch's thickening.
[0020]
The method includes administering an amount of a PTK pathway inhibitor sufficient to prophylactically or therapeutically treat Bruch's membrane thickening. Any safe and effective PTK pathway inhibitor can be used.
[0021]
As used herein, a “PTK inhibitor” will be used to refer to such a compound and inhibits the PTK pathway regardless of where in the pathway it is exerting an inhibitory effect. It is intended to encompass any and all compounds. PTK inhibitors are known in the art and others can be identified according to assays known in the art. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that complete inhibition of the PTK pathway by a PTK inhibitor is preferred, but partial inhibition of the PTK pathway may be sufficient to achieve a prophylactic or therapeutic effect in the present invention. Let's go.
[0022]
Preferably, the PTK inhibitor is genistein (5,7-dihydroxy-3- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) or a pharmaceutically acceptable analog of PTK pathway inhibitor or pro A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a drug or any of the foregoing. Thus, the PTK inhibitor has the formula:
[0023]
[Chemical Formula 10]
[0024]
Wherein V, W and X are hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, halo, ester, ether, carboxylic acid group, pharmaceutically acceptable salt of carboxylic acid group and -SR (wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl group Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, C (OH) and C = O, and Z is hydrogen and C (O) OR1(Where R1Can be an alkyl group) selected from the group consisting of: Preferably, the alkoxy is C1-C6Alkoxy. Preferably the halo is fluorine, chlorine or bromine. Preferably, the ester is C1-C6Ester. Preferably, the ether is C1-C6Ether. Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts of carboxylic acid groups include sodium and potassium salts. Preferably, the alkyl group is C1-C6It is an alkyl group. Desirably, the PTK pathway inhibitor is genistein.
[0025]
The prodrug can be genistein, a PTK pathway inhibitory analog of genistein, any pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug of any of the foregoing pharmaceutically acceptable salts. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the prodrug used must be capable of being converted to a PTK inhibitor active around the macula, retina, choroid or Bruch's membrane. Preferred prodrugs are genistein, a PTK pathway inhibitory analog of genistein, a prodrug that increases the fat solubility of any of the foregoing pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Preferred prodrugs are those in which one or more of V, W and X are independently derivatized to an ester (eg, pivalic acid).
[0026]
Compounds of the above formula are widely available commercially. For example, genistein is available from LC Laboratories (Woburn, MA). Compounds that are not commercially available can be readily prepared using organic synthesis methods known in the art.
[0027]
Certain analogues, prodrugs or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds according to the invention prevent macular degeneration, retinal degeneration, choroidal degeneration or Bruch's thickening, any of them due to aging Whether or not it can be treated therapeutically can be determined by its effect in the mouse model used in Examples 2 and 4-6. Alternatively, analogs, prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of PTK pathway inhibitors can be tested in in vitro assays, such as the method described in Example 1.
[0028]
In addition, color Doppler imaging can be used to assess the effects of drugs on ocular pathology (Valli et al.,Ophthalmologica 209 (13): 115-121 (1995)). Color Doppler imaging is a recently developed technique in ultrasonography, allowing simultaneous two-dimensional imaging and evaluation of blood flow structures. Thus, atrophic complications (eg, retinal pigment epithelial atrophy) and exudative complications (eg, choroidal neovascularization) can be analyzed using such techniques. Similarly, complications associated with retinal degeneration (eg, photoreceptor loss and ganglion cell loss) and choroidal degeneration (eg, choriocapillary atrophy and choroidal flattening) are color Doppler imaging. Can be used for analysis.
[0029]
The PTK inhibitor can optionally be bound to a suitable matrix (eg, a polymeric matrix) for use in the methods of the invention. If the polymer-binding compound is used in vivo, it can be any of a wide range of polymers provided that the polymer is biologically acceptable (see, e.g., U.S. Patents 5,384,333 and 5,164,188). Can be used in the invention.
[0030]
The advantage of genistein is that genistein is very safe and effective. For example, when genistein is orally administered to Zucker diabetic fatty rats, genistein is administered to the retina in dosages ranging from 75 mg / kg / day to 300 mg / kg / day over a period of 6 months as measured by electroretinographic recording. It was found to be non-toxic. Furthermore, oral administration of genistein was found not to affect food intake and body weight in male and female rats. It was also found that orally administered genistein had no effect on the weight of ovaries and uterus of female rats.
[0031]
The PTK inhibitor (which is preferably genistein, a PTK pathway inhibitory analog of genistein, a PTK pathway inhibitor prodrug of genistein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing) may be administered by any suitable route. It can be administered according to the method of the invention. Suitable routes of administration include systemic (eg, orally or by infusion), topical, intraocular, periocular (eg, sub-Tenon's), subconjunctival, subretinal, suprachoroidal and retrobulbar Is mentioned. The mode of administration of PTK inhibitors depends to some extent on whether the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, retinal degeneration, choroidal degeneration or Bruch's thickening is prophylactic or therapeutic. For example, the manner in which PTK inhibitors are administered for therapeutic treatment of age-related macular degeneration depends to some extent on the cause of the disease.
[0032]
For example, assuming that the emergence of drusen and RPE hyperpigmentation is a common first sign of age-related macular degeneration, administering PTK inhibitors as prophylaxis soon after detection of drusen and RPE hyperpigmentation it can. For prophylactic treatment of age-related macular degeneration, the PTK inhibitor is preferably administered systemically (eg, orally or by infusion). For therapeutic treatment of age-related macular degeneration (i.e. treatment of atrophic and / or exudative complications), e.g. systemically (e.g. orally or by injection), intraocularly, locally, The PTK inhibitor can be administered subconjunctivally or periocularly (eg, under the Tenon sheath).
[0033]
A PTK inhibitor is preferably an animal (eg, a mammal, specifically a human) that is at risk for age-related macular degeneration (prophylactic treatment) or has begun to develop age-related macular degeneration (therapeutic treatment). ) Administer immediately after deciding. Treatment will depend to some extent on the particular PTK inhibitor used, the amount of PTK inhibitor administered, the route of administration, and, if known, the cause and extent of macular degeneration. Similarly, a PTK inhibitor is preferably an animal (particularly a human) at risk of retinal or choroidal degeneration or Bruch's thickening (preventive treatment), or retinal or choroidal degeneration or Bruch's membrane Administer immediately after deciding that thickening is beginning to develop (therapeutic treatment).
[0034]
One skilled in the art will appreciate that suitable methods of administering PTK inhibitors useful in the methods of the present invention are available. Although more than one route can be used to administer a particular PTK inhibitor, certain routes can provide a more rapid and effective response than other routes. Accordingly, the described routes of administration are merely exemplary and not limiting.
[0035]
In accordance with the present invention, the dose administered to an animal (particularly a human) should be sufficient to cause the desired response in the animal over an appropriate time frame. Persons skilled in the art will be aware of the various factors that may affect or influence the strength of the particular PTK inhibitor used, the age, species, condition or disease status and weight of the animal, and degeneration. As well as the amount of Bruch's membrane affected or actually affected by thickening). Also, the size of the dose will be determined by the route, timing and frequency of administration, as well as the presence, type and extent of any adverse side effects and desired physiological effects that will be associated with the administration of a particular PTK inhibitor. Let's go. One skilled in the art will appreciate that various conditions or disease states, particularly chronic conditions or disease states, may require sustained treatment including multiple doses.
[0036]
Appropriate doses and dosing schedules can be determined by conventional sizing techniques known to those skilled in the art. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages that are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased in small increments until the optimum effect under this circumstance is achieved. The method of the invention typically comprises from about 1 mg / kg / day to about 100 mg / kg / day, preferably from about 15 mg / kg / day to about 50 mg / kg / day when administered systemically. Including administration. Intraocular administration typically includes administration of about 0.1 mg total to about 5 mg total, preferably about 0.5 mg total to about 1 mg total. A preferred topical concentration is 100 μM.
[0037]
The composition used in the methods of the present invention preferably treats age-related macular degeneration and / or its atrophic or exudative complications prophylactically or therapeutically with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. And a sufficient amount of PTK inhibitor. Alternatively, according to the invention to treat retinal degeneration (eg, due to aging), choroidal degeneration (eg, due to aging) or Bruch's thickening (eg, due to aging) The composition for use in the method preferably comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an amount sufficient to treat prophylactically or therapeutically, respectively, retinal degeneration, choroidal degeneration or Bruch's thickening. Contains a PTK inhibitor. The carrier can be any conventionally used and is limited only by chemical-physical considerations (eg, solubility and lack of reactivity with the compound) and only by the route of administration. . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, in addition to the pharmaceutical compositions described below, the PTK inhibitors can be formulated as polymer compositions, inclusion complexes (eg, cyclodextrin inclusion complexes), liposomes, microspheres, microcapsules, and the like. (See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,997,652, 5,185,152 and 5,718,922).
[0038]
PTK inhibitors can be formulated as pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts for use in the pharmaceutical composition include inorganic acids (eg, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid) and organic acids (eg, tartaric acid). , Acetic acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, benzoic acid, glycolic acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid and aryl sulfonic acids (for example, p-toluenesulfonic acid).
[0039]
The pharmaceutically acceptable excipients described herein (eg, vehicles, adjuvants, carriers or diluents) are well known to those skilled in the art and are generally readily available. It is preferred that the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier be one that is chemically inert to the PTK inhibitor and one that does not have deleterious side effects or toxicity in use.
[0040]
The choice of excipient will to some extent be determined by the particular PTK inhibitor and by the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there are a wide range of suitable formulations of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. The following formulations are merely illustrative and not limiting.
[0041]
Injectable formulations are one of the preferred ones according to the method of the present invention. The requirements for pharmaceutically effective carriers for injectable compositions are well known to those skilled in the art (Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, J.B.Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, PA, Banker and Chalmers, 238-250 (1982), andASHP Handbook on Injectable Drugs, Toissel, 4th edition, pp. 622-630 (1986)). Such injectable compositions are preferably administered intramuscularly, intravenously or intraperitoneally.
[0042]
Topical formulations are well known to those skilled in the art. Such formulations are suitable for application to the skin in the context of the present invention. The use of patches, corneal shields (see, eg, US Pat. No. 5,185,152), and ophthalmic solutions (see, eg, US Pat. No. 5,710,182) and ointments (eg, eye drops) are also within the skill of the art.
[0043]
Formulations suitable for oral administration may consist of the following (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e): (a) liquid solutions such as diluents (eg water, saline) (B) capsules, sachets, tablets, lozenges and lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient as a solid or granule; (C) a powder; (d) a suspension in a suitable liquid; and (e) a suitable emulsion. Liquid formulations are prepared with diluents (eg, water and alcohols (eg, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, and, for example), with or without the addition of pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants, suspending or emulsifying agents. The capsule form is a normal hard shell or soft shell gelatin containing, for example, surfactants, lubricants and inert fillers such as lactose, sucrose, calcium phosphate and corn starch. The tablet form may be one or more of lactose, sucrose, mannitol, corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid, microcrystalline cellulose, acacia, gelatin, guar gum, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose Sodium, tar , Magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, and other excipients, colorants, diluents, buffers, disintegrants, wetting agents, preservatives, flavoring agents and pharmacologically compatible Lozenge forms can be found in the active ingredients in flavoring agents (usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth) and in inert bases such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia. In addition to the active ingredient-containing tablet, emulsion, gel, and active ingredient, it may contain those containing excipients known in the art.
[0044]
Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic sterile infusion solutions and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions, wherein the isotonic sterile infusion solutions comprise antioxidants, buffers A bacteriostatic agent, and a solute that provides a formulation that is isotonic with the blood of the recipient, wherein the aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions are suspensions, solubilizers, thickeners, Stabilizers and preservatives can be included. Inhibitors are pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants (eg soap or detergent), suspending agents (eg pectin, carbomer, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or carboxymethylcellulose) or emulsifiers and other pharmaceutical adjuvants. Can be administered in a physiologically acceptable diluent (eg, a sterile liquid or mixture of liquids listed below) in a pharmaceutical carrier with or without the addition of: water, saline, dextrose And related sugar aqueous solutions, alcohols (eg, ethanol, isopropanol or hexadecyl alcohol), glycols (eg, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol), dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol ketals (eg, 2,2-dimethyl) 1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol), ethers (eg, poly (ethylene glycol) 400), oils, fatty acids, fatty acid esters or glycerides, or acetylated fatty acid glycerides.
[0045]
Oils that can be used in parenteral formulations include petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic oils. Specific examples of oils include peanut oil, soybean oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, olive oil, petrolatum and mineral oil.
[0046]
Fatty acids suitable for use in parenteral formulations include oleic acid, stearic acid, and isostearic acid. Ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate are examples of suitable fatty acid esters.
[0047]
Soaps suitable for use in parenteral formulations include aliphatic alkali metal, ammonium and triethanolamine salts, and suitable detergents include (a), (b), (c), ( d) and (e) include: (a) cationic detergents (eg, dimethyldialkylammonium halides and alkylpyridinium halides), (b) anionic detergents (eg, alkyl, aryl and olefin sulfonates, alkyls) Olefins, ethers and monoglyceride sulfates, and sulfosuccinates), (c) nonionic detergents such as aliphatic amine oxides, fatty acid alkanolamides and polyoxyethylene polypropylene copolymers, (d) Sex detergents (e.g., alkyl -p- aminopropionates and 2-alkyl - imidazoline quaternary ammonium salts), and (e) mixtures thereof.
[0048]
Parenteral preparations typically contain from about 0.5 to about 25% by weight of the active ingredient in solution. Preservatives and buffers may be used. In order to minimize or eliminate irritation at the site of injection, such a composition may comprise one or more nonionic surfactants having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of about 12 to about 17. An agent may be included.
[0049]
The amount of surfactant in such formulations is typically in the range of about 5 to about 15% by weight. Suitable surfactants include polyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (eg, sorbitan monooleate) and high molecular weight adducts of ethylene oxide added to a hydrophobic base formed by condensation of propylene glycol and propylene oxide. It is done. Parenteral preparations may be present in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers (eg, ampoules and vials) and immediately prior to use of sterile liquid excipients (eg, water) for injection It can be stored under freeze-drying conditions that only require addition. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind previously described.
[0050]
Such compositions can be formulated as intraocular formulations, sustained release formulations or devices (see, eg, US Pat. No. 5,378,475). For example, gelatin, chondroitin sulfate, polyphosphoesters (eg, bis-2-hydroxyethyl-terephthalate (BHET), or (various proportions) of polylactic acid-glycolic acid can be used to formulate sustained release formulations. Implants (see, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,443,505, 4,853,224 and 4,997,652), devices (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,554,187, 4,863,457, 5,098,443 and 5,725,493), For example, an implantable device (e.g., mechanical reservoir), an intraocular device or an extraocular device with an intraocular conduit (e.g., 100 [mu] -1 mm (diameter)), etc., or an implant that includes a polymer composition as described above Or a device can be used.
[0051]
The methods of the invention can also include co-administration of other pharmaceutically active compounds. “Co-administration” means administration prior to, simultaneously with (eg, in combination with a PTK inhibitor in the same or separate formulation), or subsequent to administration of a PTK inhibitor as described above. For example, corticosteroids (eg, prednisone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone or triamcinalone acetinide) or non-corticosteroid anti-inflammatory compounds (eg, ibuprofen or flubiproben) can be administered in combination. Similarly, vitamins and minerals (eg, zinc), antioxidants (eg, carotenoids (eg, xanthophyll carotenoids such as zeaxatin or lutein), and micronutrients may be administered in combination. In addition, other types of protein tyrosine kinase pathways Inhibitors of proteins (including natural protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as quercetin, lavendustin A, erbstatin and herbimycin A), and synthetic protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors (tyrphostin) (E.g., AG490, AG17, AG213 (RG50864), AG18, AG82, AG494, AG825, AG879, AG1112, AG1296, AG1478, AG126, RG13022, RG14620 and AG555), dihydroxy and dimethoxybenzylidene malononitrile, similarities to lavendastin A (Eg, AG814 and AG957), quinazolines (eg, AG1478), 4,5-dianilinophthalimido and thiazolidinedione, etc.) (Levitzki et al.,Science 267: 1782-1788 (1995); and Cunningham et al.,Anti-cancer Drug Design 7: 365-384 (1992)). In this regard, potentially useful derivatives of genistein include those described in Mazurek et al., US Pat. No. 5,637,703. Neutralizing proteins for growth factors (eg, monoclonal antibodies specific for certain growth factors such as VEGF) (eg, Aiello et al.,PNAS USA 92: 10457-10461 (1995)), or phosphotyrosine (Dhar et al.,Mol. Pharmacol. 37: 519-525 (1990)) can be administered together. Various other compounds that can be co-administered include: inhibitors of protein kinase C (see, eg, US Pat. Nos. 5,719,175 and 5,710,145), cytokine modulators, proliferation specific to endothelial cells Inhibitors (eg thrombospondin), endothelial cell specific inhibitory growth factors (eg TNFα), antiproliferative peptides (eg SPARC and porphyrin-like peptides), glutamate receptor antagonists, aminoguanidine, angiotensin Converting enzyme inhibitors (eg angiotensin II), calcium channel blockers, Ψ-tectorigenin, ST638, somatostatin analogues (eg SMS 201-995), monosialoganglioside GM1, ticlopidine, neurotropic growth factor, methyl- 2,5-dihydride Kishishin'nameto, angiogenesis inhibitors (e.g., recombinant EPO), sulfonylureas oral hypoglycemic agents (e.g., gliclazide (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus), ST638) (Asahi et al.,FEBS Letter 309: 10-14 (1992)), thalidomide, nicardipine hydrochloride, aspirin, piceatannol, staurosporine, adriamycin, epiderstatin, (+)-aerolysinin- 1, phenazosin, halomethyl ketone, antilipemic agent (eg etofibrate, chlorpromazine and sphingosine), aldose reductase inhibitor (eg tolrestat, SPR-210, sorbinil) Or oxygen, and retinoic acid and its analogs) (Burke et al.,Drugs of the Future 17 (2): 119-131 (1992); and Tomlinson et al.,Pharmac. Ther. 54: 151-194 (1992)). Selenoindole (2-thioindole) and related disulfide selenides (eg, as described in Dobrusin et al., US Pat. No. 5,464,961) are useful PTK inhibitors. Patients exhibiting total body fluid retention (eg, due to cardiovascular or renal disease) and severe systemic hypertension can be further treated with diuretics, dialysis, cardiotonics and antihypertensives.
[0052]
(Example)
The following examples further illustrate the invention, but of course should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention.
[0053]
Example 1
This example demonstrates that genistein is effective in disrupting the intact state of the basement membrane and subsequent infiltration of retinal endothelial cells into the basement membrane.
[0054]
Retinal capillary endothelial cells were cultured on Matrigel (Collaborative Research, Bedford, MA) in the presence of bFGF (1-10 ng / ml) and in the presence or absence of genistein (0.2 mg / 100 ml) . Matrigel is derived from basement membrane-producing tumor tissue, and consists of type IV collagen and laminin, similar to the basement membrane of the retina, differing only in the relative proportions of the components.
[0055]
Retinal capillary endothelial cells cultured in the presence of bFGF alone infiltrated Matrigel. The presence of genistein reduced the invasion of retinal capillary endothelial cells into Matrigel by .8 mm. That is, genistein inhibited infiltration by about 32%.
[0056]
This example demonstrates the ability of genistein to disrupt the intact state of the basement membrane and subsequent infiltration of retinal capillary endothelial cells into the basement membrane.
[0057]
(Example 2)
This example demonstrates the loss of photoreceptors associated with age-related macular degeneration and the ability of genistein to inhibit age-related retinal degeneration.
[0058]
To determine the effect of genistein on light-induced damage of the macula, two strains of mice, senile accelerated mice strain 9 (SAM9) and resistant mouse strain 4 (R4) (both strains are Kyoto University) , A gift from Japan, currently maintained at Johns Hopkins University). SAM9 mice have a tendency for accelerated aging in the skin and eyes. R4 mice are identical to SAM9, except that R4 mice are resistant to physical changes associated with accelerated aging.
[0059]
A total of about 20-25 mice of each strain were divided into control and treatment groups. The treatment group received genistein (150 mg / kg food) by oral lavage once a day for about 4 weeks. Mice were sacrificed at 1, 2 and 3 weeks after exposure to light. Eyes were removed and cut continuously for histological studies. Specifically, photoreceptor nuclei were counted to determine the extent of photoreceptor loss across specific regions of the posterior and peripheral retina.
[0060]
For one week, the average of six layers of photoreceptor nuclei was observed in both the treatment and control groups of both mice. There was no significant difference in the amount of light-induced damage between the control and treatment groups. At 2 weeks, genistein significantly reduced the amount of light-induced damage in both treatment groups. Averages of 2-3 layers of photoreceptor nuclei were observed in SAM9 and R4 mice treated with genistein. About 0-1 layers of photoreceptor nuclei were observed in the control group. At 3 weeks, the average of the 0-1 layer photoreceptor nuclei was observed in both treated and untreated animals.
[0061]
To determine the effect of genistein on the loss of light-induced photoreceptor cells, an additional line of senescence-accelerated mice (line 8 (SAM8)) was exposed to a light source along with resistant line 1 (R1). All subjects were exposed to a constant 800 lux of white fluorescence after dark adaptation for 24 hours. Each mouse SAM8 and R1 system was divided into two groups: a treatment group that received genistein (50 mg / kg bw / day) orally by lavage and a control group that did not receive treatment. One week after light exposure, the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and cell number were greater in both SAM8 and R1 genistein treated groups than in the control group. Two weeks after light exposure, ONL thickness was greater in genistein-treated R1 than in the corresponding control group. Three weeks after light exposure, ONL thickness was greater in genistein-treated R1 than in the corresponding control group. There were no treatment differences in the SAM8 group two and three weeks after light exposure.
[0062]
This example demonstrates the ability of genistein to inhibit photoreceptor loss (such as that associated with retinal degeneration, such as that associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration).
[0063]
(Example 3)
This example illustrates the ability of genistein to inhibit the progression of age-related macular degeneration after Bruch's membrane disruption.
[0064]
Three cynomolgus monkey Bruch's membranes were disrupted using a laser beam, followed by evaluation of choroidal neovascularization. Before the laser-induced Bruch's membrane disruption, two monkeys were administered genistein by a single intraocular injection of 100 mg. Of the 17 lesions, 13 resulted in neovascularization. In addition to a single intraocular injection (100 mg), one monkey received genistein orally (300 mg / kg body weight) three times every other day starting 2 days before laser treatment. Of the 18 lesions caused by laser treatment, only 2 lesions resulted in choroidal neovascularization.
[0065]
These results indicate that genistein can inhibit or prevent the development of secondary neovascularization when given prior to Bruch's membrane disruption, thereby inhibiting the progression of age-related macular degeneration .
[0066]
Example 4
This example describes a method for determining the usefulness of PTK pathway inhibitors as described herein for inhibiting or ameliorating retinal degeneration (eg, due to aging).
[0067]
Two strains of mice (accelerated aging prone system (SAMP) and resistant system (SAMR)) are obtained from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan. As mentioned above, SAMP mice have a tendency for accelerated aging changes in the eye, while SAMR mice are resistant to physical changes associated with accelerated aging.
[0068]
Each system subject is divided into a control group and a treatment group. Temperature and light are controlled (68-72oF and light / dark cycles irradiating from 7:00 am to 9:00 pm), optionally food (PMI Nutrition International, Inc, 1401, St. Louis, MO) and free access to water from automated filtration systems, All mice are raised under SPF (specific pathogen-free) conditions using a highly efficient breeding device. Treatment groups receive genistein (50 mg / kg / day) once daily by oral lavage or genistein is included in food (150 mg / kg food).
[0069]
For analysis, the eyes are removed and, if necessary, cut continuously for histological studies. In the case of an optical microscope or electron microscope, the eye cup is fixed with 2% osmium tetroxide in phosphate buffer for 2 hours, dehydrated with alcohol, and embedded in an epoxy resin. Sections 2 microns thick are stained with toluidine blue and used for light microscopy. For electron microscopy, thin sections are stained with lead citrate and uranyl acetate, and the JOEL JEM-100 CX2 Test with an electron microscope (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The control and treated subjects are then tested for ganglion cell loss and retinal pigment epithelial changes. Specifically, if desired, the ganglion cell nuclei are counted to determine the degree of ganglion cell loss.
[0070]
(Example 5)
This example describes a method for determining the utility of PTK pathway inhibitors as described herein to inhibit or ameliorate choroidal degeneration (eg, due to aging).
[0071]
The effect of genistein on choroidal degeneration is analyzed using two strains of mice (promoting aging-promoting system (SAMP) and resistance system (SAMR)) (obtained from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan). Animals are maintained as described in Example 4. Changes in the choriocapillaris, including atrophy of the choriocapillaries, are examined by optical and electron microscopy as described in Example 4.
[0072]
Also, choroidal vascular cast is useful in analyzing the degree of choroidal capillary plate atrophy. Subjects are anesthetized by intramuscular injection of ketamine and xylazine (50 mg / kg body weight). The left ventricle is perfused with 50 ml of heparinized lactated Ringer's solution. The mice are then sacrificed prior to injecting a Mercox solution (Ladd Research Industries, Burlington, VT) through the left ventricle. The eye is removed and the anterior segment is separated by micro-dissection. The rear zone corrosion cast is made in 0.1 mol KOH. After complete tissue bleaching, the retinal vessels are separated from the choroidal vessels by careful microdissection in water. Prior to scanning electron microscopy (JOEL JSM-84OA scanning electron microscope, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), a choroidal vessel cast is placed on an aluminum tab and sputter coated with gold palladium. Quantitative analysis of the choroidal vascular bed is performed by recording a random region of the posterior pole of each eyeball at 400X magnification. The Microplan II image analysis program (Laboratory Computer Systems Inc., MA) is used to measure the area of the choroid vascular bed in each 400x photograph by tracing the area of the choriocapillaris plate. The resulting values are summarized and analyzed by paired student t-test. Typically, a P value of less than 0.05 is considered significant.
[0073]
(Example 6)
This example describes a method for determining the utility of a PTK pathway inhibitor as described herein to inhibit or ameliorate Bruch's thickening often associated with aging.
[0074]
Two strains of mice (promoting aging (SAMP) and tolerance (SAMR)) were obtained from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan, and used to analyze the effects of genistein on Bruch's membrane thickening. To do. Animals are maintained as described in Example 4. Changes in Bruch's membrane, including Bruch's thickening, are examined by optical and electron microscopy as described in Example 4.
[0075]
All documents (including patents, patent applications, literature publications, etc.) mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0076]
While this invention has been described with emphasis on preferred embodiments, it is understood that variations of the preferred compounds and methods may be used and that the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that this is intended to be good. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (18)
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US7771742B2 (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2010-08-10 | Allergan, Inc. | Sustained release intraocular implants containing tyrosine kinase inhibitors and related methods |
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US10010447B2 (en) | 2013-12-18 | 2018-07-03 | Novartis Ag | Systems and methods for subretinal delivery of therapeutic agents |
US12035973B2 (en) | 2018-01-25 | 2024-07-16 | Osaka University | Method for detecting stressed state and stress detection apparatus |
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WO1998019649A2 (en) * | 1996-11-05 | 1998-05-14 | The Children's Medical Center Corporation | Methods and compositions for inhibition of angiogenesis |
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AU4988400A (en) | 2000-11-21 |
WO2000067738A3 (en) | 2001-08-23 |
WO2000067738A2 (en) | 2000-11-16 |
MXPA01011344A (en) | 2004-06-03 |
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