JP4724600B2 - トナーおよびトナー製造方法 - Google Patents
トナーおよびトナー製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4724600B2 JP4724600B2 JP2006129777A JP2006129777A JP4724600B2 JP 4724600 B2 JP4724600 B2 JP 4724600B2 JP 2006129777 A JP2006129777 A JP 2006129777A JP 2006129777 A JP2006129777 A JP 2006129777A JP 4724600 B2 JP4724600 B2 JP 4724600B2
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- KOZCZZVUFDCZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl benzoate Chemical class C=COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KOZCZZVUFDCZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl methyl ketone Natural products CC(=O)C=C FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001060 yellow colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000314 zinc acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc stearate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KRJOFJHOZZPBKI-KSWODRSDSA-N α-defensin-1 Chemical compound C([C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H]2CSSC[C@H]3C(=O)N[C@H](C(N[C@@H](C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=4C=CC(O)=CC=4)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC=4C=CC(O)=CC=4)NC(=O)[C@H](CSSC[C@H](NC2=O)C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N3)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3NC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O)=O)[C@@H](C)CC)C1=CC=CC=C1 KRJOFJHOZZPBKI-KSWODRSDSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
Description
少なくとも結着樹脂と着色剤を含有するトナー粒子と、無機微粒子を含有するトナーにおいて、
該トナー粒子の重量平均粒子径(D4)が4.0μm以上7.5μm以下であり、
画像処理解像度512×512画素(1画素あたり0.19μm×0.19μm)のフロー式粒子像測定装置における、該トナー粒子の、
1)円相当径1.98μm以上30.0μm未満における平均円形度が0.940以上0.970以下であり、
2)円相当径0.25μm以上30.0μm未満の粒子数に対する、円相当径0.25μm以上1.98μm未満の粒子数の割合が、1.0%以上12.0%以下であり、
3)円相当径0.25μm以上1.98μm未満における平均円形度と、円相当径1.98μm以上30.0μm未満における平均円形度との差が、0.020以下であることを特徴とするトナーとすることで、本発明の目的を達成しうることを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。
表面改質工程を行ってトナー粒子を得る工程が、回分式の表面改質装置を用いて行われ、
該表面改質工程は、得られた微粉砕物に含まれる粒子の表面改質を行うための表面改質工程と、得られた微粉砕物に含まれる微粉を吸引除去するための分級を行う分級工程を同時に行ったのち、製品排出部より吸引排出する排出工程を有し、
製品排出部より表面改質された粒子を排出する際に、分級部を吸引する風量M1と、排出部を吸引する風量M2が以下の式
M1≧1.2×M2
を満たすことを特徴とするトナーの製造方法によれば、本発明の目的を達成しうることを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。
該トナー粒子の重量平均粒子径(D4)が3.0μm以上8.0μm以下であり、
画像処理解像度512×512画素(1画素あたり0.19μm×0.19μm)のフロー式粒子像測定装置における、該トナー粒子の、
1)円相当径1.98μm以上30.0μm未満における平均円形度が0.940以上0.970以下であり、
2)円相当径0.25μm以上30.0μm未満の粒子数に対する、円相当径0.25μm以上1.98μm未満の粒子数の割合が、1.0%以上12.0%以下であり、
3)円相当径0.25μm以上1.98μm未満における平均円形度と、円相当径1.98μm以上30.0μm未満における平均円形度との差が、0.020以下であることが重要である。
C=2×√(π×S)/L
円相当径0.25μm以上30.0μm未満の粒子数に対する、円相当径0.25μm以上1.98μm未満の粒子数の割合が、1.0%以上12.0%以下(より好ましくは、1.2%以上11.0%以下、さらに好ましくは1.4%以上10.0%以下)であることが重要である。
トナーを秤量し、円筒ろ紙(例えばNo.86Rサイズ28×10mm 東洋ろ紙社製)に入れてソックスレー抽出器にかける。溶媒としてテトラヒドロフラン200mlを用いて、テトラヒドロフラン可溶分を16時間抽出する。このとき、テトラヒドロフランの抽出サイクルが約4〜5分に1回になるような還流速度で抽出を行う。抽出終了後、円筒ろ紙を取り出し、円筒ろ紙上のトナーのテトラヒドロフラン不溶分を採取する。
得られた結着樹脂由来のテトラヒドロフラン不溶分を2molのNaOH水溶液に1質量%の濃度で分散させ、耐圧容器、150℃、24時間の条件でポリエステル系樹脂成分を加水分解する。この加水分解液から以下の手順でビニル系樹脂成分を分離する。
加水分解により分離したテトラヒドロフラン不溶分中に含まれるビニル系樹脂成分をテトラヒドロフランに溶解し、GPCにより分子量分布の測定を実施する。
で表わされるテトラカルボン酸等、及びこれらの無水物、低級アルキルエステル等の多価カルボン酸類及びその誘導体が挙げられる。なかでも、1,2,4−ベンゼントリカルボン酸、1,2,5−ベンゼントリカルボン酸およびこれらの無水物、低級アルキルエステルが好ましい。
酸価(mgKOH/g)={(S−B)×f×5.61}/W
A=[{(B−C)×28.05×f}/S]+D
(但し、Aは水酸基価(mgKOH/g)であり、Bは空試験に用いた0.5kmol/m3水酸化カリウムエタノール溶液の量(ml)であり、Cは滴定に用いた0.5kmol/m3水酸化カリウムエタノール溶液の量(ml)であり、fは0.5kmol/m3水酸化カリウムエタノール溶液のファクターであり、Sは試料中に含まれる結着樹脂の量(g)であり、Dは試料の酸価である。なお式中「28.05」は水酸化カリウムの式量(56.11×1/2)である)
SiCl4+2H2+O2→SiO2+4HCl
ブロアー364とブロアー365は、同一のブロアーでもよいし、別々のブロアーでもよい。
表面改質工程を行ってトナー粒子を得る工程が、回分式の表面改質装置を用いて行われ、
製品排出口から表面改質粒子を吸引排出する際には、分級ローター部を吸引する風量M1と、製品排出部を吸引する風量M2が以下の式を満たすことが好ましい。
M1≧1.2×M2
M1≧1.4×M2
がよい。
M1<1.2×M2
すなわち、製品排出部の風量が比較的大きくなる場合には、分級ローターから排出除去されるべき、超微粒子が製品排出部より排出され、製品に混入しやすく、円相当径0.25μm以上1.98μm未満の粒子数の割合が、12.0%より多くなりやすく、前述したような超微粉に起因する問題を引き起こしやすい。
M1≧70×R3
M1≧90×R3
である。
M1<70×R3
すなわち、分散ローターの大きさに比較して、分級部の風量M1が小さい場合には、分級ローター付近までうまく粒子が循環できなかったり、粒子が装置内でうまく分散せずに、表面改質処理が不均一となりやすい。また、超微粉を分級ローター部より排出除去しにくくなる傾向があり、円相当径0.25μm以上1.98μm未満の粒子数の割合が、12.0%より多くなりやすく、前述したような超微粉に起因する問題を引き起こしやすい。
M2≧5×R3
トナー粒子の平均円形度は、フロー式粒子像分析装置「FPIA−3000型」(シスメックス社製)によって、校正作業時の測定・解析条件で測定した。
(ポリエステル樹脂製造例1)
ポリエステルモノマーを下記比率で混合する。
・式(A)で表されるビスフェノール誘導体(R:プロピレン基2.2モル付加)
1.150mol
・テレフタル酸 0.430mol
・イソフタル酸 0.390mol
・フマル酸 0.010mol
・ドデセニル無水琥珀酸 0.170mol
これらに触媒としてテトラブチルチタネート0.1質量%を添加し、220℃で縮合重合して、不飽和ポリエステル樹脂P−1(Tg58℃、ピーク分子量=7800、数平均分子量=4600、Mw/Mn=2.1、酸価=5、水酸基価=37)を得た。
ポリエステルモノマーを下記比率で混合する以外は、ポリエステル樹脂製造例1と同様にして、不飽和ポリエステル樹脂P−2(Tg60℃、ピーク分子量=4500、数平均分子量=2900、Mw/Mn=5.4、酸価=27、水酸基価=69)を得た。
・式(A)で表されるビスフェノール誘導体(R:プロピレン基2.2モル付加)
1.150mol
・テレフタル酸 0.370mol
・イソフタル酸 0.290mol
・フマル酸 0.080mol
・ドデセニル無水琥珀酸 0.200mol
・トリメリット酸 0.060mol
ポリエステルモノマーを下記比率で混合する以外は、ポリエステル樹脂製造例1と同様にして、飽和ポリエステル樹脂P−3(Tg56℃、ピーク分子量=7500、数平均分子量=5100、Mw/Mn=2.4、酸価=5、水酸基価=41)を得た。
・式(A)で表されるビスフェノール誘導体(R:プロピレン基2.2モル付加)
1.150mol
・テレフタル酸 0.430mol
・イソフタル酸 0.400mol
・ドデセニル無水琥珀酸 0.170mol
不飽和ポリエステル樹脂P−1:75質量部と、ビニル系モノマーとして、スチレン:18質量部、アクリル酸ブチル:6.5質量部、マレイン酸モノブチル:0.5質量部、開始剤として2,5−ジメチル−2,5−ビス(t−ブチルパーオキシ)ヘキシン−3(10時間半減期温度128.4℃):0.08質量部を混合した。このビニル系モノマー/ポリエステル樹脂混合物を120℃で20時間かけて重合後、さらに150℃に温度を上げて5時間保持して未反応のビニル系モノマーを重合させ、ハイブリッド樹脂を得た。これを結着樹脂1とする。この樹脂は、THF可溶分のGPC分子量分布において、メインピーク分子量が7200であり、分子量4万〜100万の範囲の成分を8面積%含有し、クロロホルム不溶分を21質量%含有していた。
不飽和ポリエステル樹脂P−2:55質量部と、ビニル系モノマーとして、スチレン:30質量部、アクリル酸ブチル:15質量部、開始剤として2,5−ジメチル−2,5−ビス(t−ブチルパーオキシ)ヘキシン−3:0.15質量部を混合した。このビニル系モノマー/ポリエステル樹脂混合物をハイブリッド樹脂製造例1と同様にして、ハイブリッド樹脂を得た。これを結着樹脂2とする。この樹脂は、THF可溶分のGPC分子量分布において、メインピーク分子量が4300であり、分子量4万〜100万の範囲の成分を37面積%含有し、クロロホルム不溶分を41質量%含有していた。
飽和ポリエステル樹脂P−3:75質量部と、ビニル系モノマーとして、スチレン:18質量部、アクリル酸ブチル:7質量部、開始剤として2,5−ジメチル−2,5−ビス(t−ブチルパーオキシ)ヘキシン−3:0.08質量部を混合した。このビニル系モノマー/ポリエステル樹脂混合物を120℃で20時間かけて重合後、さらに150℃に温度を上げて5時間保持して未反応のビニル系モノマーを重合させ、結着樹脂3を得た。この樹脂は、THF可溶分のGPC分子量分布において、メインピーク分子量が7500であり、分子量4万〜100万の範囲の成分を28面積%含有し、クロロホルム不溶分を含有していなかった。
・結着樹脂1: 100質量部
・ワックス: 5質量部
(低分子量ポリエチレン、DSCピーク=102℃、Mn=850)
・磁性酸化鉄: 95質量部
(組成:Fe3O4、形状:球状、平均粒子径0.21μm、795.8kA/mにおける磁気特性;Hc=5.4kA/m、σs=83.8Am2/kg、σr=7.0Am2/kg)
・T−77(保土谷化学社製): 2質量部
上記原材料をヘンシェルミキサーで予備混合した後、130℃、200rpmに設定した二軸混練押し出し機によって混練した。得られた混練物を冷却し、カッターミルで粗粉砕した後、得られた粗粉砕物を、ターボミルT−250(ターボ工業社製)を用いて、排気温度が45℃になるようエアー温度を調整して微粉砕し、コアンダ効果を利用した多分割分級機を用いて分級し、重量平均粒子径(D4)6.0μmの粒子1を得た。
磁性トナーの製造例1において、粉砕、分級過程において、トナー粒子の重量平均粒径を調整し、表1に示すように、結着樹脂を変更し、さらに表面改質装置の条件を変更した以外は同様にして、磁性トナー粒子2〜6、8を得た。これらの磁性トナー粒子の物性を表2に示す。
磁性トナーの製造例1において、分級工程を2度実施し、粉砕、分級過程において、トナー粒子の重量平均粒径を調整し、さらに表1に示すように、結着樹脂を変更し、表面改質装置の条件を変更した以外は同様にして、磁性トナー粒子7を得た。この磁性トナー粒子7の物性を表2に示す。
磁性トナーの製造例1において、粉砕、分級過程において、トナー粒子の重量平均粒径を調整した以外は製造例1と同様にして、重量平均粒子径(D4)6.5μmの粒子2を得た。この粒子2に対して、製造例1の表面改質工程における分級部より吸引除去された微粉を少量添加し、粒子3を得た。この粒子3の、円相当径0.25μm以上30.0μm未満の粒子数に対する、円相当径0.25μm以上1.98μm未満の粒子数の割合を測定したところ、14.1%であった。この粒子3の100質量部と、乾式シリカ(BET:200m2/g)にヘキサメチルジシラザン処理し、次いでジメチルシリコーンオイル処理を行った疎水性シリカ微粉体1.2質量部とを、ヘンシェルミキサーで混合して磁性トナー9を調製した。
磁性トナーの製造例1において、粉砕、分級過程において、トナー粒子の重量平均粒径を調整し、ターボミルT−250の排気温度が55℃とし、分級工程を2度実施し、表1に示すように、結着樹脂を変更し、表面改質装置の条件を変更した以外は同様にして、磁性トナー粒子10を得た。磁性トナー粒子10の物性を表2に示す。さらに磁性トナーの製造例1と同様にして、乾式シリカを混合して磁性トナー10を得た。
(評価1)
市販のLBPプリンタ(Laser Jet 4300、HP社製)を改造して、A4サイズ65枚/分とした。
A:低下率が2%未満。
B:低下率が2%以上3%未満。
C:低下率が3%以上5%未満。
D:低下率が5%以上。
A:3万枚後にもスジの発生がない。
B:3万枚までにややスジが発生する。
C:2万枚までにスジが発生する。
D:1万枚までにスジが発生する。
A:転写効率が95%以上
B:転写効率が90%以上95%未満
C:転写効率が85%以上90%未満
D:転写効率が80%以上85%未満
次に、評価1で使用した画出し試験機を、15℃、10%RHの低温低湿環境に一晩放置後、印字率3%となる横線パターンを1枚/1ジョブとして、ジョブとジョブの間にマシンがいったん停止してから次のジョブが始まるように設定したモードで、A4普通紙(90g/m2)を使用して3万枚のプリント耐久試験を行った。
A:1.0未満。
B:1.0以上2.0未満。
C:2.0以上3.5未満。
D:3.5以上。
A:ほとんど見られない。
B:若干飛び散りが見られるが気にならない。
C:飛び散りがやや多く、気になることもあるが、実用上は問題ない。
D:飛び散りが著しく、つぶれて読めない文字もある。
A:ブロッチが全く発生していない
B:ブロッチがスリーブ端部にわずかに発生している
C:ブロッチが極わずか発生しているが画像には影響しない
D:ブロッチがはっきりと発生しており画像に影響する
A:帯電部材を目視で確認したが、全く汚れていない。
B:帯電部材がやや汚れているが、画像上は問題ない。
C:帯電部材が汚れており、ハーフトーン画像にやや帯電不良によるスジが見られるが実用上は問題ない。
D:帯電部材が汚れており、文字画像の端部が汚れる。
評価1で使用した画出し試験機とプロセスカートリッジを、23℃、50%RHの常温常湿環境に一晩放置した。プロセスカートリッジは、あらかじめトナー充填部の空重量を秤量し、磁性トナー1を充填しておいた。一晩放置後、A4普通紙(75g/m2)に、印字率4%となる文字パターンを5000枚連続でプリントした。続いて、トナー充填部の重量を測定し、容器内トナー重量を記録した後、印字率4%の文字パターンを2万枚連続でプリントし、再びトナー充填部の重量を測定し、容器内トナー重量の減少量を計算するという手順によって、2万枚プリント時の平均トナー消費量(mg/枚)を算出した。結果を表3に示す。
32 分散ローター
35 分級ローター
Claims (8)
- 少なくとも結着樹脂と着色剤を含有するトナー粒子と、無機微粒子を含有するトナーにおいて、
該トナー粒子の重量平均粒子径(D4)が4.0μm以上7.5μm以下であり、
画像処理解像度512×512画素(1画素あたり0.19μm×0.19μm)のフロー式粒子像測定装置における、該トナー粒子の、
1)円相当径1.98μm以上30.0μm未満における平均円形度が0.940以上0.970以下であり、
2)円相当径0.25μm以上30.0μm未満の粒子数に対する、円相当径0.25μm以上1.98μm未満の粒子数の割合が、1.0%以上12.0%以下であり、
3)円相当径0.25μm以上1.98μm未満における平均円形度と、円相当径1.98μm以上30.0μm未満における平均円形度との差が、0.020以下である
ことを特徴とするトナー。 - 該トナー粒子の、円相当径0.25μm以上1.98μm未満における円形度の変動係数(CV値)が9.0以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のトナー。
- 前記結着樹脂が、少なくともポリエステルユニットを含有することを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のトナー。
- 前記結着樹脂が、ポリエステル系樹脂成分とビニル系樹脂成分とが化学的に結合したハイブリッド樹脂を含有し、該結着樹脂は、ポリエステル系樹脂成分を50質量%以上含有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載のトナー。
- 前記トナーは、結着樹脂由来のクロロホルム不溶分を3〜50質量%含有し、該クロロホルム不溶分はハイブリッド樹脂を含有し、該クロロホルム不溶分中に含まれるビニル系樹脂成分のTHF可溶分のGPC分子量分布において、分子量5.0×104〜5.0×106の範囲にメインピークを有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載のトナー。
- 該トナー粒子が着色剤として磁性体を含有し、該トナー粒子の真密度(g/cm3)が1.50以上2.00以下であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載のトナー。
- 少なくとも結着樹脂及び着色剤を含有する組成物を溶融混練する混練工程、得られた混練物を冷却する冷却工程、冷却固化物を微粉砕して微粉砕物を得る工程、及び得られた微粉砕物の表面改質を行うための表面改質工程とを行ってトナー粒子を得る工程を有し、
表面改質工程を行ってトナー粒子を得る工程が、回分式の表面改質装置を用いて行われ、
該表面改質工程は、得られた微粉砕物に含まれる粒子の表面改質を行うための表面改質工程と、得られた微粉砕物に含まれる微粉を吸引除去するための分級を行う分級工程を同時に行ったのち、製品排出部より吸引排出する排出工程を有し、
製品排出部より表面改質された粒子を排出する際に、分級部を吸引する風量M1と、排出部を吸引する風量M2が以下の式を満たすことを特徴とするトナーの製造方法。
M1≧1.2×M2 - 前記表面改質装置は、機械式衝撃力を用いて表面改質処理するための分散ローターと、該分散ローターの外周に、一定間隔を保持して配置された固定体であるライナーとを少なくとも有し、
該分散ローターの直径R〔m〕と、前記分級部を吸引する風量M1が以下の式を満たすことを特徴とする請求項7に記載のトナーの製造方法。
M1≧70×R3
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