JP4669995B2 - Optical microscope and observation method - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an optical microscope and an observation method.

  Various types of optical microscopes have been developed depending on the application. An example of the optical microscope is a laser microscope. A laser microscope collects laser light output from a laser onto a sample and receives reflected light, emitted light, or the like from the sample, thereby enabling observation or inspection of the sample.

A confocal microscope is known as one embodiment of a laser microscope. A confocal microscope has attracted attention because of its advantages such as excellent resolution and the ability to acquire three-dimensional information of a sample. Furthermore, a fluorescence microscope using a confocal optical system is disclosed from such advantages (Patent Document 1). In the fluorescence microscope of Patent Document 1, fluorescence generated in a sample is detected through a polarizing plate. Then, the polarization characteristic of the fluorescence is extracted by rotating the polarizing plate. Then, by detecting the fluorescence polarization, the sample can be analyzed and analyzed from various viewpoints. For example, when the molecular structure of a sample such as a protein changes, the polarization characteristics change. Therefore, the molecular structure can be analyzed by detecting the fluorescence polarization.
JP 2005-99662 A

By the way, since the light is a transverse wave, it does not vibrate in the direction parallel to the traveling direction. Therefore, it is difficult to analyze and analyze the sample in the direction parallel to the traveling direction of the light. Therefore, the conventional microscope has a problem that the sample cannot be analyzed and analyzed from various viewpoints.
The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and an object thereof is to provide a laser microscope capable of facilitating analysis and analysis from various viewpoints.

  The optical microscope according to the first aspect of the present invention includes a light source (for example, the laser light source 11 according to an embodiment of the present invention) and an objective lens (for example, a light beam from the light source that is focused on the sample). The objective lens 16) according to the embodiment of the present invention, and the polarization control that gives the phase difference corresponding to the incident position by the incidence of the light generated by the light beam incident on the sample or the reflected light reflected by the sample. An element (for example, a polarization control element 13 according to an embodiment of the present invention) and a lens (for example, implementation of the present invention) that has a NA lower than that of the objective lens and collects light that has passed through the polarization control element. And a photodetector (for example, a detector 35 according to an embodiment of the present invention) that detects light collected by the lens via a confocal optical system. It is. Thereby, analysis and analysis from various viewpoints can be performed.

  The optical microscope according to the second aspect of the present invention is the above-described optical microscope, wherein the polarization control element is removed from the optical path, and switching means for inserting a polarizer that transmits only light of a specific polarization direction into the optical path. Is further provided. Thereby, analysis and analysis from various viewpoints can be performed.

  An optical microscope according to a third aspect of the present invention is characterized in that, in the above-described optical microscope, the absorption axis or reflection axis of a polarizer inserted in the optical path can be switched to a different angle. . Thereby, analysis and analysis from various viewpoints can be performed.

  An optical microscope according to a fourth aspect of the present invention is the optical microscope described above, wherein the optical microscope is arranged between the light source and the objective lens, incident light incident on the sample from the light source, and from the sample to the objective lens. A beam splitter for separating the emitted light emitted in the direction is further provided, and the polarization control element is disposed between the beam splitter and the objective lens. Thereby, analysis and analysis from various viewpoints can be performed.

  An optical microscope according to a fifth aspect of the present invention is the optical microscope described above, wherein the optical microscope is disposed between the light source and the objective lens, and is incident light incident on the sample from the light source, and from the sample to the objective lens. A beam splitter for separating the emitted light emitted in the direction is further provided, and the polarization control element is disposed between the beam splitter and the detector. Thereby, analysis and analysis from various viewpoints can be performed.

  An optical microscope according to a sixth aspect of the present invention is the optical microscope described above, further comprising an incident-side polarization control element that is disposed between the beam splitter and the light source and gives a phase difference according to an incident position. It is. Thereby, analysis and analysis from various viewpoints can be performed.

  An optical microscope according to a seventh aspect of the present invention is the optical microscope according to the above optical microscope, wherein the incident-side polarization control element is removed from the optical path, and the incident-side polarizer that makes incident light linearly polarized light is the beam splitter and the light source. Is further provided with switching means inserted between the two. Thereby, analysis and analysis from various viewpoints can be performed.

  An optical microscope according to an eighth aspect of the present invention is the optical microscope according to the above optical microscope, wherein the incident side polarization control element is removed from the optical path, and a half-wave plate is inserted between the beam splitter and the light source. Means are further provided. Thereby, the utilization efficiency of light can be improved.

  An optical microscope according to a ninth aspect of the present invention is the optical microscope according to the above optical microscope, wherein the polarization control element is disposed on a side opposite to the side on which the objective lens is disposed of the sample, and light generated in the sample is received. The sample passes through the sample and enters the polarization control element. Thereby, analysis and analysis from various viewpoints can be performed.

  An optical microscope according to a tenth aspect of the present invention is the above optical microscope, further comprising an incident-side polarization control element that is disposed between the light source and the objective lens and gives a phase difference according to an incident position. It is. Thereby, analysis and analysis from various viewpoints can be performed.

  An optical microscope according to an eleventh aspect of the present invention is the optical microscope described above, wherein the incident-side polarization control element is removed from the optical path, and an incident-side polarizer that transmits only light having a specific polarization direction is used as the light source and the optical microscope. It further includes switching means for insertion between the objective lens. Thereby, analysis and analysis from various viewpoints can be performed.

  An optical microscope according to a twelfth aspect of the present invention is characterized in that in the above optical microscope, the absorption axis or reflection axis of the incident-side polarizer inserted in the optical path can be switched to a different angle. It is. Thereby, analysis and analysis from various viewpoints can be performed.

  An optical microscope according to a thirteenth aspect of the present invention is characterized in that, in the above optical microscope, the light beam incident on the incident side polarization control element is linearly polarized light. Thereby, analysis and analysis from various viewpoints can be performed.

  An optical microscope according to a fourteenth aspect of the present invention is the optical microscope according to the above optical microscope, wherein the incident side polarization control element is removed from the optical path, and a half-wave plate is inserted between the objective lens and the light source. Means are further provided. Thereby, the utilization efficiency of light can be improved.

  An optical microscope according to a fifteenth aspect of the present invention further includes a light source side polarizer that transmits only light of a specific polarization direction between the light source and the incident side polarization control element in the above optical microscope. Is. Thereby, various light sources can be used.

  An optical microscope according to a sixteenth aspect of the present invention is the optical microscope described above, wherein Raman scattering light, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering light, coherent Stokes Raman scattering light, second harmonic, fluorescence, third harmonic, fluorescence, It is two-photon fluorescence or sum frequency.

  An observation method according to a seventeenth aspect of the present invention includes a step of condensing and irradiating a sample with a light beam by an objective lens, light generated by the light beam incident on the sample, or reflected light from the sample In contrast, a step of providing a phase difference corresponding to the incident position, a step of condensing the light given the phase difference corresponding to the incident position with a lens having a lower NA than the objective lens, and the low NA Detecting the light collected by the lens through a confocal optical system. Thereby, analysis and analysis from various viewpoints can be easily performed.

  According to the present invention, it is possible to provide an optical microscope and an observation method that can facilitate analysis and analysis from various viewpoints.

  Hereinafter, embodiments to which the present invention can be applied will be described. The following description is to describe the embodiment of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the following embodiment. For clarity of explanation, the following description is omitted and simplified as appropriate. Further, those skilled in the art will be able to easily change, add, and convert each element of the following embodiments within the scope of the present invention. In addition, what attached | subjected the same code | symbol in each figure has shown the same element, and abbreviate | omits description suitably.

  A laser microscope according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing the configuration of the optical system of the optical microscope according to the present embodiment. The optical microscope 100 is configured to observe the sample 20 as a laser light source 11, a beam expander 12, a polarization control element 13, a beam splitter 17, an objective lens 16, an XY stage 21, and a lens 33. , A pinhole 34a and a detector 35. The optical microscope 100 is an epi-illumination laser confocal microscope. Therefore, the light from the sample 20 is detected via the confocal optical system. In the following description, the Z direction is a direction parallel to the optical axis. Furthermore, the X direction and the Y direction are directions perpendicular to each other, and are directions perpendicular to the optical axis (Z direction). Therefore, the X direction and the Y direction are parallel to the surface of the sample 20.

  Further, the optical microscope 100 has a rotation mechanism 14 for switching from the polarization control element 13 to the polarizing plate 15. The rotation mechanism 14 includes a rotation motor and the like. Then, by rotating the rotation mechanism 14 by a predetermined angle, the polarization control element 13 is removed from the optical path, and the polarizing plate 15 is inserted into the optical path. When the rotation mechanism 14 is further rotated, the polarizing plate 15 is removed from the optical path, and the polarization control element 13 is inserted into the optical path. Therefore, one of the polarization control element 13 and the polarizing plate 15 is exclusively arranged on the optical path. As described above, the polarization state of the light incident on the sample 20 can be controlled by switching the polarization control element 13 and the polarizing plate 15.

  Laser light with a predetermined wavelength is emitted from the laser light source 11. As the laser light source 11, a laser device corresponding to the sample 20 to be observed can be used. For example, an infrared light pulse using a mode lock, titanium, sapphire, or a laser can be used for observation of biological cells. As the characteristics of the laser beam such as the laser beam wavelength, the laser beam intensity, the oscillation mode, the repetition frequency, and the pulse width, an appropriate one is selected depending on the sample and the observation method. Further, linearly polarized light is emitted from the laser light source 11. Of course, other light sources may be used. When a light source that emits light other than linearly polarized light such as random polarized light is used, a polarizing plate may be added between the laser light source 11 and the polarization control element 13 to form linearly polarized light. Laser light from the laser light source 11 is incident on a beam expander 12 composed of two lenses. The beam expander 12 expands the beam diameter of the laser light and emits it. The laser light converted into a parallel light beam by the beam expander 12 enters the beam splitter 17.

  The beam splitter 17 transmits a part of the incident light. As the beam splitter 17, for example, a half mirror can be used. Alternatively, the beam splitter 17 may be a dichroic mirror. In this case, light generated at a wavelength different from that of the laser light can be detected efficiently. The light transmitted through the beam splitter 17 enters the polarization control element 13. The polarization control element 13 gives a phase difference corresponding to the incident position to the incident linearly polarized laser light. That is, the polarization state changes according to the incident position, and the polarization state of incident light incident on the sample 20 is controlled.

  Here, the polarization control element 13 will be described. The polarization control element 13 creates Z-polarized light in combination with an objective lens 16 described later. That is, when the light that has passed through the polarization control element 13 is collected by the objective lens 16, it becomes Z-polarized light that vibrates in the Z direction. For example, as the polarization control element 13, ZPol manufactured by Nanophoton Corporation can be used. The configuration of the polarization control element 13 will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 2A is a front view schematically showing the configuration of the polarization control element 13 and shows the direction of the optical axis. FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating a polarization state of light emitted from the polarization control element 13 when linearly polarized light is incident on the polarization control element 13. That is, FIG. 2B shows the polarization axis of the emitted light. As shown in FIG. 2A, the polarization control element 13 is provided with a plurality of half-wave plates having different optical axes. Here, eight half-wave plates are arranged radially. Each half-wave plate is formed in an arc shape. In the region facing the optical axis of the incident light, that is, the center of the polarization control element 13, the optical axis of the half-wave plate is different by 90 °. In other words, the optical axes are orthogonal to each other in the opposing region. Therefore, a phase difference corresponding to the incident position is given. Accordingly, the light emitted from the opposing regions has a phase that is 180 ° different.

  When linearly polarized light enters the polarization control element 13 with the optical axis of the polarization control element 13 and the polarization axis of the linearly polarized light set to a predetermined angle, the light emitted from the polarization control element 13 is As shown in FIG. 2 (b), the polarization axis becomes radial. That is, the vibration direction is opposite in the region facing the optical axis. Such a polarization state is referred to as radial polarization. If the X component of the electric vector E is Ex and the Y component is Ey, Ex and Ey have distributions in x and y in radial polarization. That is, light beams that have passed through half-wave plates with different optical axes have different polarization axes. On the other hand, when radially polarized light enters the polarization control element 13, the emitted light becomes linearly polarized light having a predetermined polarization axis. Thus, the polarization control element 13 is a phase plate that gives a phase difference according to the incident position. That is, the light passing through the polarization control element 13 changes its vibration direction according to the incident position, and its polarization state changes.

  Furthermore, the polarization control element 13 shown in FIG. 2A can generate azimuth polarized light (azimasal polarized light). In azimuth polarized light, linearly polarized light is distributed in a direction orthogonal to radial polarized light, as shown in FIG. That is, the polarization axis is in a polarization state close to a circle. In this way, by using the polarization control element 13, it is possible to form a polarization state in which the vibration direction of the electric vector of light has a spatial distribution in the cross section of the light beam. In addition, radial polarization can be obtained by making the polarization axis of light coincide with the direction of 0 ° in the polarization control element 13 shown in FIG. Further, azimuth polarized light can be obtained by making the polarization axis of light coincide with the 90 ° direction in the polarization control element 13 shown in FIG. Thus, when light is incident on a half-wave plate having different optical axes depending on the incident position, a phase difference is given to the laser beam based on the optical axis corresponding to the incident position.

  The light that has passed through the polarization control element 13 enters the objective lens 16 as shown in FIG. An objective lens 16 having a high NA (numerical aperture) is used. For example, the NA of the objective lens 16 can be set to 0.3 to 0.9. The objective lens 16 refracts incident light and outputs it to the sample 20. By using the high NA objective lens 16, the resolution can be improved.

  The laser light incident on the objective lens 16 is focused on the sample 20 as shown in FIG. At this time, the radially polarized light that has passed through the polarization control element 13 is collected by the objective lens 16 and enters the sample 20. Here, when the radially polarized light is condensed by the objective lens 16 having a high NA, each light beam has angular dispersion by the lens condensing. Light that oscillates in the opposite direction in the opposing region is refracted inward. Therefore, at the focal point, the X component or Y component cancels each other in the opposing region, and the Z component is enhanced (see FIG. 3B). Thereby, the Z-polarized light having Ez which is the Z component of the electric vector is condensed on the sample 20. Furthermore, Ex and Ey are close to 0 here. That is, the sample 20 is focused with laser light that vibrates in the Z direction. Note that when normal linearly polarized light is collected by the objective lens 16, the Z components cancel each other (see FIG. 3A). Therefore, the electric vector vibrates in a direction perpendicular to the propagation direction.

  Here, when laser light is incident on the sample 20, light corresponding to the laser light and the sample 20 is generated. For example, fluorescence, Raman scattered light, or second harmonic is generated from the sample 20. Here, it is assumed that fluorescence is generated from the sample 20. That is, the laser light from the laser light source 11 becomes excitation light. The wavelength of the fluorescence depends on the laser light and the sample 20. Furthermore, the vibration direction of fluorescence depends on the molecular arrangement and crystal direction of the sample 20. That is, the vibration direction of the electric vector of fluorescence is determined by the directionality of the molecule or crystal. Therefore, the polarization state of fluorescence changes according to the state of the sample 20. The sample 20 is placed on the XY stage 21. The sample 20 can be scanned with the XY stage 21. Therefore, various portions of the sample 20 can be observed. For example, the XY stage 21 is moved in the X direction and the Y direction. Thereby, a two-dimensional image of the sample 20 can be taken.

  The fluorescence from the sample 20 is emitted in various directions. Therefore, the fluorescence emitted in the direction opposite to the propagation direction of the laser light enters the objective lens 16. The fluorescence incident on the objective lens 16 is refracted by the objective lens 16 and becomes a parallel light beam. Then, the fluorescence from the objective lens 16 passes through the polarization control element 13. Here, the laser beam passes through the same polarization control element 13 as the polarization control element 13 on which the laser light is incident. The polarization control element 13 controls the polarization state of the fluorescence. A part of the fluorescence that has passed through the polarization control element 13 is reflected by the beam splitter 17. Thereby, the optical path of the incident light incident on the sample 20 and the optical path of the outgoing light emitted from the sample are branched. The fluorescence reflected by the beam splitter 17 enters the lens 33. The lens 33 is a low NA lens having an NA smaller than that of the objective lens 16. For example, the lens 33 having NA of 0.005 to 0.04 can be used. Fluorescence is refracted by the lens 33 and collected on a pinhole 34 a provided in the pinhole filter 34. That is, the pinhole 34 a is disposed on the focal point of the lens 33.

  The fluorescence that has passed through the pinhole 34 a of the pinhole filter 34 enters the detector 35. That is, the fluorescence that has entered the outside of the pinhole 34 a is shielded by the pinhole filter 34 and does not enter the detector 35. The detector 35 outputs a signal corresponding to the amount of fluorescent light incident through the pinhole 34a. As the detector 35, for example, a photomultiplier tube which is a point sensor can be used. The detector 35 outputs a detection signal corresponding to the amount of received light. Here, the light passing through the pinhole 34 a is received by the detector 35. A detection signal from the detector 35 is input to a processing device (not shown). The detection result is stored in the processing device and displayed on the screen of the processing device. Further, a spectroscope may be disposed in front of the detector 35. Thereby, spectroscopic measurement can be performed. Therefore, more detailed spectrum analysis and analysis can be performed.

  Here, the detector 35 detects fluorescence through a confocal optical system. That is, the laser light source 11, which is a point light source, the sample 20, the sample 20, and the pinhole 34a are arranged at conjugate positions. Therefore, the pinhole 34a is disposed at a position conjugate with the focal point of the sample 20. Accordingly, light from other than the focal point of the sample 20 is incident on the outside of the pinhole 34a, and thus is blocked by the pinhole filter 34. That is, the light that has passed through the confocal pinhole is detected by the detector 35. Thereby, the image from the focus of the sample 20 can be detected with high resolution. A two-dimensional confocal image can be captured by scanning the XY stage 21 described above. Furthermore, by changing the relative position between the objective lens 16 and the sample 20 in the Z direction, a three-dimensional confocal image can be captured.

  Next, the vibration direction of the fluorescence generated in the sample 20 will be described. The polarization state changes according to the arrangement direction of the molecules of the sample 20. Here, the vibration direction of fluorescence that changes in accordance with the state of the sample 20 will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 4A is a diagram showing the direction of fluorescence oscillation when the molecules of the sample 20 are oriented in the Y direction, and FIG. 4B is the case where the molecules of the sample 20 are oriented in the Z direction. It is a figure which shows the vibration direction of fluorescence. Here, the fluorescence from the sample is considered as radiation from the electric dipole.

  First, consider the case where the molecules of the sample 20 are oriented in the Y direction. In this case, the fluorescence can be considered as radiation from an electric dipole in the Y direction. Therefore, the emitted light oscillates in the Y direction as shown in FIG. Fluorescence from only molecules oriented in the Y direction is emitted as linearly polarized light with the Y direction as the polarization axis.

  On the other hand, if the sample 20 molecules are oriented in the Z direction, the fluorescence can be thought of as radiation from an electric dipole in the Z direction. Therefore, the emitted light vibrates radially as shown in FIG. Further, since light is not emitted in the direction of the electric dipole, light emitted from the electric dipole in the Z direction does not emit light in a direction parallel to the Z direction. Therefore, the fluorescence intensity becomes substantially zero at and around the optical axis. Therefore, the fluorescence from only the molecules in the Z direction is emitted as donut-shaped radial polarized light shown in FIG. Thus, in the fluorescence from molecules in the Z direction, the electric vector in the Z direction has a distribution in the X direction and the Y direction.

  Thus, the polarization state of fluorescence differs depending on the direction in which the molecules of the sample 20 are facing. The case where the fluorescence in the polarization state shown in FIG. 4 is detected via the polarization control element 13 will be described with reference to FIGS. FIG. 5 shows a case where fluorescence from a molecule facing in the Y direction is detected via the polarization control element 13. FIG. 6 shows a case where fluorescence from a molecule oriented in the Z direction is detected via the polarization control element 13. 5A and 6A are diagrams schematically showing an optical system through which fluorescence propagates, and show a part of the optical system in FIG. FIGS. 5B and 6B are diagrams showing the polarization state of fluorescence at the positions A and B and the spatial distribution of the fluorescence intensity at the position C. FIG. Here, a position before passing through the polarization control element 13 is A, a position after passing through the polarization control element 13 is B, and a position where the pinhole filter 34 is arranged is C.

First, a case where fluorescence from a molecule oriented in the Y direction is detected will be described. The fluorescence from the molecules facing in the Y direction is linearly polarized light that vibrates in the Y direction at the position A before passing through the polarization control element 13. This fluorescence is converted into a parallel light beam by the objective lens 16 and enters the polarization control element 13. As described above, the polarization control element 13 converts linearly polarized light into radial polarized light. Therefore, at the position B that has passed through the polarization control element 13, radial polarization occurs as shown in FIG. The fluorescence that has been converted to radial polarization by the polarization control element 13 enters the lens 33. The low NA lens 33 refracts fluorescence with a weak refractive power. The focal point of the lens 33 is a pinhole 34 a of the pinhole filter 34. Radial polarized light refracted by the low NA lens 33 cancels vibration on the optical axis at C, and the light intensity decreases. That is, at the center of the pinhole 34a, the light intensity is close to 0 as shown in FIG. Further, the light intensity peaks at a position deviated from the optical axis. Here, the diameter of the pinhole 34a is set to be inside the peak position. In this case, most of the fluorescence cannot pass through and is shielded from light. That is, most of the fluorescence from the focal point of the sample 20 cannot pass through the pinhole 34a. Accordingly, the amount of light received by the detector 35 becomes weak and the detection signal becomes weak.
Further, when the fluorescence from the molecule directed in the X direction passes through the polarization control element 13, it becomes azimuth polarized light. Similarly, when the azimuth-polarized beam is condensed by the low NA lens 33, the light intensity at the focal point is reduced. In this case, most of the fluorescence cannot pass through and is shielded from light. That is, most of the fluorescence from the focal point of the sample 20 cannot pass through the pinhole 34a. Accordingly, the amount of light received by the detector 35 becomes weak and the detection signal becomes weak.

  On the other hand, the fluorescence from the molecule oriented in the Z direction is donut-shaped radial polarization as described above. This fluorescence is converted into a parallel light beam by the objective lens 16 and enters the polarization control element 13. As described above, the polarization control element 13 converts radial polarization into linear polarization. Accordingly, at the position B that has passed through the polarization control element 13, it becomes donut-shaped linearly polarized light as shown in FIG. The fluorescence that has become donut-shaped linearly polarized light by the polarization control element 13 enters the lens 33. The low NA lens 33 refracts fluorescence with a weak refractive power. The focal point of the lens 33 is a pinhole 34 a of the pinhole filter 34. Here, the linearly polarized light refracted by the low NA lens 33 is condensed on the pinhole 34a. Therefore, the spatial distribution in B where the pinholes 34a are arranged is maximized on the optical axis as shown in FIG. That is, the center has the maximum peak, and the light intensity decreases as the distance from the center increases. Accordingly, when an appropriate pinhole diameter is set, most of the fluorescence from the focal point of the sample 20 passes through the pinhole 34a. Therefore, the intensity of fluorescence passing through the pinhole 34a is increased. This increases the amount of light received by the detector 35 and increases the detection signal.

  In this way, the fluorescence passing through the polarization control element 13 is condensed on the pinhole 34a by the low NA lens 33, whereby the molecular direction of the sample 20 can be detected. That is, when the fluorescence generated in the sample 20 passes through the polarization control element 13 and is refracted by the low NA lens 33, the spatial distribution of the fluorescence on the focal point of the lens 33 reflects the direction of the molecules of the sample 20. It will be a thing. When the pinhole 34a is disposed at the focal point of the lens 33 and detected through the confocal optical system, the direction of the molecule of the sample 20 can be detected.

  For example, when the molecules of the sample 20 are oriented in the Y direction, linearly polarized fluorescence is emitted. For this reason, the fluorescence that has passed through the polarization control element 13 becomes radial polarization. Since this radial polarized light is collected by a low NA lens, the fluorescence intensity detected by the detector 35 via the pinhole 34a is weakened. on the other hand. When the molecules of the sample 20 are oriented in the Z direction, radially polarized fluorescence is emitted. For this reason, the fluorescence that has passed through the polarization control element 13 becomes linearly polarized light. Since this linearly polarized light is collected by the low NA lens, the fluorescence intensity detected by the detector 35 through the pinhole 34a is increased. Thus, a change appears in the detection signal depending on the molecular direction of the sample 20. Specifically, the fluorescence from the molecule in the Z direction becomes strong, and the fluorescence from the molecule in the Y direction (or X direction) becomes weak. Therefore, by storing each detection result and performing analysis and analysis, the state of the sample 20 can be observed from various viewpoints.

  Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 1, the polarization control element 13 is attached to a rotation mechanism 14. The polarization control element 13 can be switched to the polarizing plate 15 by driving the rotating mechanism 14. That is, not the polarization control element 13 but the polarizing plate 15 is arranged on the fluorescence optical path. The fluorescence polarization state in this state will be described with reference to FIGS. FIG. 7 shows a case where fluorescence from molecules oriented in the Y direction is detected via the polarizing plate 15. FIG. 8 shows a case where fluorescence from molecules oriented in the Z direction is detected through the polarizing plate 15. Further, FIGS. 7A and 8A are diagrams schematically showing an optical system through which fluorescence propagates, and show a part of the optical system of FIG. FIGS. 7B and 8B are diagrams showing the polarization state of the fluorescence at the positions A and B and the spatial distribution of the fluorescence intensity at the position C. FIG. The polarizing plate 15 transmits only light in a specific polarization direction among the incident light. As a result, the light passing through the polarizing plate 15 becomes linearly polarized light. Here, the absorption axis of the polarizing plate 15 is in the X direction. Therefore, the component that vibrates in the Y direction passes through the polarizing plate 15.

  First, a case where fluorescence from molecules oriented in the Y direction is detected through a polarizing plate will be described with reference to FIG. The fluorescence from the molecule oriented in the Y direction is linearly polarized in the Y direction at the position A. Here, even if the linearly polarized light in the Y direction passes through the polarizing plate 15, it remains the linearly polarized light in the Y direction. Moreover, since it is not absorbed by the polarizing plate 15, the fluorescence intensity hardly changes. That is, the polarization state of the fluorescence that has passed through the polarizing plate 15 does not change. Therefore, even in the position B, linearly polarized light in the Y direction is obtained. Such fluorescence is condensed by the low NA lens 33 and condensed on the pinhole 34a. That is, the focal point of the lens 33 is the pinhole 34a. Accordingly, the spatial distribution of the fluorescence intensity is as shown in FIG. Here, the center of the pinhole 34a is the maximum peak of fluorescence intensity. Therefore, most of the fluorescence from the focal point of the sample 20 passes through the pinhole 34a. Therefore, the amount of light received by the detector 35 is increased.

  On the other hand, a case where fluorescence from molecules oriented in the Z direction is detected through the polarizing plate 15 will be described with reference to FIG. The fluorescence from the molecule oriented in the Y direction is donut-shaped radial polarized light at position A. When this radially polarized light enters the polarizing plate 16, only the component that vibrates in the Y direction passes, and the component that vibrates in the X direction is absorbed. Therefore, the fluorescence that has passed through the polarizing plate 15 has a spatial distribution as shown in FIG. The vibration component in the Y direction is opposite in the region facing the optical axis. That is, the fluorescence that has passed through the polarizing plate 15 is axisymmetric with respect to a straight line in the X direction that passes through the optical axis. This polarized fluorescence and light NA is condensed on the pinhole 34a by the lens 33. The fluorescence refracted by the low NA lens 33 cancels the vibration on the optical axis at C, and the light intensity decreases. That is, at the center of the pinhole 34a, the light intensity is close to 0 as shown in FIG. Further, the light intensity peaks at a position deviated from the optical axis. Here, the diameter of the pinhole 34a is set to be inside the peak position. In this case, most of the fluorescence cannot pass through and is shielded from light. That is, most of the fluorescence from the focal point of the sample 20 cannot pass through the pinhole 34a. Accordingly, the amount of light received by the detector 35 becomes weak and the detection signal becomes weak.

  Thus, by condensing the fluorescence that has passed through the polarizing plate 15 onto the pinhole 34a by the low NA lens 33, the molecular direction of the sample 20 can be detected. That is, when the fluorescence generated in the sample 20 passes through the polarizing plate 15 and is refracted by the low NA lens 33, the spatial distribution of the fluorescence on the focal point of the lens 33 reflects the direction of the molecules of the sample 20. It becomes. When the pinhole 34a is arranged on the focal point of the lens 33 and detected via the confocal optical system, the direction of the molecule of the sample 20 can be detected. Therefore, switching from the polarization control element 13 to the polarizing plate 15 enables observation from a further different viewpoint. For example, by arranging the polarization control element 13 or the polarizing plate 15 on the optical path, the directionality of the molecule of the sample 20 can be observed and analyzed.

  Further, by making the absorption axis of the polarizing plate 15 variable, it is possible to detect molecules in the X direction. For example, two polarizing plates 15 are prepared, and one absorption axis is the X direction and the other absorption axis is the Y direction. Thereby, observation in the X direction and the Y direction becomes possible. In this case, linearly polarized light from the laser light source 11 is linearly polarized light between the X direction and the Y direction. When the polarizing plate 15 having an absorption axis in the X direction is disposed, the sample 20 is irradiated with linearly polarized light in the Y direction. Moreover, since the fluorescence intensity from the molecule | numerator of a Y direction becomes high, it can analyze by paying attention to the molecule | numerator of a Y direction. Further, when the polarizing plate 15 having an absorption axis in the Y direction is arranged, the sample 20 is irradiated with linearly polarized light in the X direction. In addition, since the fluorescence intensity from the molecules in the X direction increases, analysis can be performed while paying attention to the molecules in the X direction. In this case, the polarization control element 13 and the two polarizing plates 15 are attached to the rotation mechanism 14. Then, one of the polarization control element 13, the polarizing plate 15 in the X direction, and the polarizing plate 15 in the Y direction is arranged on the optical path. That is, the polarization control element 13, the X-direction polarizing plate 15, or the Y-direction polarizing plate 15 is selectively inserted on the optical path, and detection is performed on each. Then, detection is performed in three directions XYZ. Thus, the sample 20 can be observed, analyzed, and analyzed from different viewpoints. Note that the switching means for switching the polarization control element 13 and the polarizing plate 15 is not limited to the rotation mechanism 14. For example, the switching may be performed by a slide mechanism that slides the polarization control element 13 and the polarizing plate 15. In this case, the polarizing plate 15 or the polarization control element 13 is inserted into the optical path by sliding the polarization control element 13 or the polarizing plate 15. Moreover, you may arrange | position so that the polarizing plate 15 and the polarization control element 13 may be inserted in a different position. Further, the direction of the absorption axis may be changed by rotating the polarizing plate 15 on the optical path. As a result, observation and analysis in an arbitrary direction can be performed. In this way, the absorption axis of the polarizing plate 15 inserted in the optical path can be switched to a different angle. Note that the polarizing plate is not limited to an absorption type, and a reflective polarizer can be used.

  In the above description, the polarization control element 13 that generates radial polarization from linearly polarized light is described as an eight-divided half-wave plate shown in FIG. 2, but the configuration of the polarization control element 13 is not limited to this. . The polarization control element 13 may be any element that gives a phase difference according to the incident position. In other words, it is possible to use the polarization control element 13 that gives a phase difference different by 180 ° in the opposed regions and converts linearly polarized light into radial polarized light. Accordingly, various configurations of the polarization control element 13 can be used. A specific modification of the polarization control element 13 will be described with reference to FIGS.

  FIG. 9A is a plan view showing the configuration of the polarization control element 13 of the first modification, and FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 9A. The thickness of the polarization control element 13 according to the first modification is different in the facing region. This difference in thickness corresponds to a phase difference of 180 °. Therefore, a phase difference of 180 ° is given in the upper half region and the lower half region. Therefore, when the linearly polarized light passes through the polarization control element 13 shown in FIG. 9, it becomes two-divided radial polarized light. Further, when the radially polarized light passes through the polarization control element 13 shown in FIG. 9, it becomes linearly polarized light.

  FIG. 10 is a plan view showing the configuration of the polarization control element 13 of the second modification. In the polarization control element 13 according to the second modification, two halved half-wave plates are used. The optical axes are orthogonal to each other in the upper half area and the lower half area. Therefore, when the linearly polarized light passes through the polarization control element 13 shown in FIG. Further, when the radially polarized light passes through the polarization control element 13 shown in FIG. 10, it becomes linearly polarized light.

  FIG. 11 is a plan view showing the configuration of the polarization control element 13 of the third modification. In the polarization control element 13 according to the third modification, four quarter-wave half-wave plates are used. The optical axes are orthogonal to each other between the upper region and the lower region. In addition, the optical axes are orthogonal to each other between the right region and the left region. Therefore, when the linearly polarized light passes through the polarization control element 13 shown in FIG. Further, when the radially polarized light passes through the polarization control element 13 shown in FIG. 11, it becomes linearly polarized light. The half-wave plate is not limited to two divisions or four divisions.

  FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of the polarization control element 13 of the fourth modification. The polarization control element 13 according to Modification 4 has a configuration in which phase plates 53a and 53b are arranged in an interferometer including two PBSs (polarization beam splitters) 51a and 51b and two mirrors 52a and 52b. have. Further, a mask 54a is disposed between the phase plate 53a and the PBS 51a. A mask 54b is disposed between the phase plate 53b and the PBS 51b. First, the linearly polarized incident light is divided into two by the PBS 51a. Then, one of the two divided light beams is reflected by the mirror 52a and enters the PBS 51b. The other of the two divided light beams is reflected by the mirror 52b and enters the PBS 51b. The PBS 51b combines and emits the light beams that have been divided into two. Here, among the light beams branched by the PBS 51a, the light beam incident on the mirror 52a vibrates in the X direction, and the light beam incident on the mirror 52b vibrates in the Y direction. In FIG. 12, the direction perpendicular to the paper surface is the X direction. Here, the phase plates 53a and 53b and the masks 54a and 54b have the configuration shown in FIG.

  Here, a phase plate 53a and a mask 54a are disposed on the optical path of one light beam, and a phase plate 53b is disposed on the optical path of the other light beam. The phase plates 53a and 53b have the same configuration as the polarization control element 13 shown in FIG. That is, a phase difference of 180 ° is given in the two divided areas of the phase plates 53a and 53b. And as shown to Fig.13 (a), the phase plate 53a gives a phase difference to the light which injected into the different position in a X direction. On the other hand, the phase plate 53b gives a phase difference to light incident at different positions in the Y direction.

  The light beam that has passed through the phase plate 53a enters the mask 54a. The light that has passed through the phase plate 53b is incident on the mask 54b. Here, the mask 54a and the mask 54b have the configuration shown in FIG. For example, the masks 54a and 54b are disk-shaped and have fan-shaped regions divided into four. In the mask 54a, light is blocked in the upper and lower areas of the four fan-shaped areas, and the light is transmitted in the left and right areas. That is, in the mask 54a, the transmissive regions that transmit light are arranged facing the X direction. On the other hand, the mask 54b blocks light in the left and right regions of the divided fan-shaped regions, and transmits light in the upper and lower regions. That is, in the mask 54b, the transmissive regions that transmit light are arranged facing the Y direction. In this way, the masks 54a and 54b block half of the incident light and transmit the half. Further, the light passing through the masks 54a and 54b is given a phase difference by the phase plates 53a and 53b.

  The light beam that has passed through the masks 54a and 54b enters the PBS 51b. When such two light beams are combined by the PBS 51b, radial polarization is generated. Therefore, the polarization control element 13 according to the modified example 4 converts linearly polarized light into radial polarized light. Further, the polarization control element 13 according to the modification 4 changes the radial polarization into the linear polarization. Here, since a 4-division mask is used, 4-divisional radial polarization is generated.

In the above example, the four-divided masks 54a and 54b are used, but the present invention is not limited to this configuration. By increasing the number of divisions of the masks 54a and 54b, the spatial distribution of the polarization axis can be made smoother. Furthermore, if the transmissivities at polar coordinates of the masks 54a and 54b are Ta (r, θ) and Tb (r, θ), respectively, Ta (r, θ) = cos ² θ, Tb (r, θ) = it is preferable that the sin ² theta. As a result, complete radial polarization with an infinite number of divisions can be generated.

  By passing through the polarization control elements 13 of the first to fourth modifications, linearly polarized light becomes radial polarized light, and radial polarized light becomes linearly polarized light. Furthermore, linearly polarized light can be changed to azimuth polarized light. In this way, various configurations can be used for the polarization control element 13. Of course, the polarization control element 13 is not limited to physically one optical component, but includes a combination of a plurality of optical components. Further, the present invention is not limited to the illustrated example. For example, SLM (Spatial Light Modulators) using liquid crystal or electro-optic effect (EO) may be used as the polarization control element 13.

  In the above description, the detected light is described as fluorescence, but the present invention is not limited to this. For example, it is possible to detect Raman scattered light generated by Raman scattering or second harmonic generated by second harmonic generation. Further, the reflected light that is regularly reflected by the sample 20 may be detected. Further, the sum frequency generated by generating the sum frequency of the two laser beams may be detected. In this case, the two laser beams are combined so as to propagate on the same optical axis, and the sample 20 is irradiated. Such fluorescence, reflected light, second harmonic, Raman scattered light, sum frequency, two-photon fluorescence, and third harmonic can be used for detection. It can also be used for fluorescence depolarization and polarization Raman. Therefore, by using the polarization control element 13 for a reflective confocal microscope, a fluorescence microscope, a Raman microscope, a sum frequency microscope, a CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering) microscope, a CSRS (coherent Stokes Raman scattering) microscope, and the like. Observation, analysis, and analysis from various viewpoints are possible. Furthermore, it is possible to observe the axis of the magnet by utilizing the change in the polarization state due to the Kerr effect or the like. In addition, the pretilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal element can be measured. Therefore, the application of the microscope can be widened, and the application field can be expanded. Further, a spectroscope for spectrum analysis, a band pass filter, or the like may be added to the configuration of the optical microscope.

  In the optical microscope 100 according to the present embodiment, the polarization control element 13 is disposed between the beam splitter 17 and the objective lens 16. Thus, the same polarization control element 13 can be passed through the laser light incident on the sample 20 and the return light from the sample 20 with a simple configuration. Furthermore, by arranging the polarization control element 13 on the incident optical path, the sample 20 can be irradiated with light that vibrates in the Z direction. In addition, by arranging the polarizing plate 15 on the incident optical path, the sample 20 can be irradiated with light that vibrates in the X direction or the Y direction. Thereby, observation from various viewpoints becomes possible. Of course, the arrangement of the polarization control element 13 is not limited to between the beam splitter 17 and the objective lens 16. For example, a configuration in which laser light incident on the sample 20 does not pass through the polarization control element 13 may be adopted. For example, fluorescence or Raman scattered light generated when the sample 20 is irradiated with randomly polarized light may be detected via the polarization control element 13. In the optical microscope 100, scanning is performed by driving the XY stage 21, but scanning may be performed by deflecting a light beam.

  By inserting the polarization control element 13 on the optical path as described above, the amount of light passing through the pinhole 34a changes according to the directionality of the molecules of the sample 20. Therefore, the observation and analysis of the directionality of the molecules of the sample 20 can be performed. The pinhole filter 34 may be removed from the optical path, and the detector 35 may be disposed at the focal point. In this case, the detected light amount changes in the light receiving area of the detector 35 according to the size. Therefore, by arranging the detector 35 having a light receiving area of an appropriate size on the focal point of the lens 33, light from other than the focal point of the objective lens 16 enters the outside of the light receiving area of the detector 35. In this case, the pinhole filter 34 can be dispensed with. Even in such a case, similarly to the case where the pinhole filter 34 is used, the fluorescence is detected by the detector 35 via the confocal optical system. Therefore, the observation and analysis of the directionality of the molecules of the sample 20 can be performed. Furthermore, by switching the polarization control element and the two polarizing plates 15, the directionality of molecules can be observed and analyzed in each of the three directions of the X direction, the Y direction, and the Z direction.

Embodiment 2 of the Invention
The optical microscope 200 according to the present embodiment is an epi-illumination laser confocal microscope, as in the first embodiment. Therefore, the description of the same components as those in Embodiment 1 is omitted. In the optical microscope 200 according to the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 14, unlike the first embodiment, the polarization control element 13 is disposed between the beam splitter 17 and the pinhole filter. In this case, light incident on the sample 20 from the laser light source 11 does not enter the polarization control element 13. Therefore, the incident side polarization control element 43 is disposed between the laser light source 11 and the beam splitter 17. The incident side polarization control element 43 has the same configuration as the polarization control element 13. Therefore, when the linearly polarized light passes through the incident side polarization control element 43, it becomes radial polarized light, and when the radial polarized light passes through the incident side polarization control element 43, it becomes linearly polarized light.

  Further, a rotation mechanism 44 for switching from the incident side polarization control element 43 to the polarizing plate 45 is provided. The rotation mechanism 44 includes a rotation motor and the like. Then, by rotating the rotation mechanism 44 by a predetermined angle, the incident side polarization control element 43 is removed from the optical path, and the incident side polarizing plate 45 is inserted into the optical path. When the rotating mechanism 44 is further rotated, the incident side polarizing plate 45 is removed from the optical path, and the incident side polarization control element 43 is inserted into the optical path. Therefore, the incident side polarization control element 43 and the incident side polarizing plate 45 are exclusively arranged on the optical path. Accordingly, the incident side polarization control element 43, the rotation mechanism 44, and the incident side polarizing plate 45 are provided on the incident side from the laser light source 11 to the beam splitter 17, and polarization is detected on the detection side from the beam splitter 17 to the lens 33. A control element 13, a rotation mechanism 14, and an incident side polarizing plate 15 are provided.

  Further, the rotation mechanism 44 switches the absorption axis of the incident-side polarizing plate 45 inserted in the optical path, similarly to the rotation mechanism 14. Thereby, the absorption axis can be switched from the X direction to the Y direction. For example, the rotation mechanism 44 is provided with two polarizers arranged with different absorption axes. Of course, the absorption axis may be switched by rotating one incident-side polarizing plate 45. The incident-side polarizing plate 45 transmits only light having a specific polarization direction among incident light. The light that has passed through the incident side polarizing plate 45 becomes linearly polarized light.

  With such a configuration, the same effect as in the first embodiment can be obtained. That is, by arranging the polarization control element 13 and the incident side polarization control element 43 on the optical path, the directionality of the molecules of the sample 20 can be observed. Here, the sample 20 can be irradiated with light that vibrates in the Z direction. In addition, in a state where the incident side polarizing plate 45 and the polarizing plate 15 are arranged on the optical path, the sample 20 can be irradiated with light that vibrates in the X direction or the Y direction. At this time, the absorption axes of the incident side polarizing plate 45 and the polarizing plate 15 are set in the same direction. That is, the polarization axes are matched on the incident side and the detection side. Even with such a configuration, observation, analysis, and analysis from various viewpoints are possible. Therefore, the application of the microscope can be widened, and the application field can be expanded.

  Further, detection may be performed in a state where the incident side polarization control element 43 and the polarizing plate 15 are arranged on the optical path. Furthermore, the detection may be performed in a state where the incident-side polarizing plate 45 and the polarization control element 13 are arranged on the optical path. That is, any one of the polarizing plate 15 in the X direction, the polarizing plate 15 in the Y direction, and the polarization control element 13 is arranged on the detection side, the incident side polarizing plate 45 in the X direction on the incident side, and the incident side in the Y direction. One of the polarizing plate 45 and the incident side polarization control element 43 is disposed. And it detects via the pinhole 34a.

  In this case, a total of nine types of detection (three types on the incident side) × (three types on the detection side) are performed. Thereby, the directionality of the molecules of the sample 20 can be analyzed in more detail. Therefore, observation, analysis, and analysis from various viewpoints are possible. Further, the light incident on the sample 20 may be randomly polarized light. Thereby, the application of a microscope can be made wider than in the first embodiment, and the application field can be expanded.

  As described above, by using different polarization control elements on the incident side and the detection side, even when the difference in wavelength between the incident light incident on the sample 20 and the outgoing light from the sample 20 is large, it can be easily detected. Can do. For example, even if the wavelengths of incident light and outgoing light are greatly different, the polarization control element 13 and the incident-side polarization control element 43 having a narrow effective wavelength range can be used in this embodiment. That is, the polarization control element 13 can be optimized to the wavelength of the outgoing light. Furthermore, the incident side polarization control element 43 can be optimized with respect to the wavelength of the laser beam. Thereby, even when the wavelengths of incident light and outgoing light are different, it is possible to measure with high accuracy. Therefore, it is suitable for a fluorescence microscope, a second harmonic microscope, a Raman microscope, or the like in which incident light incident on the sample 20 and outgoing light emitted from the sample 20 have different wavelengths.

Embodiment 3 of the Invention
The optical microscope 300 according to the present embodiment is a laser confocal microscope as in the first and second embodiments. However, unlike the first and second embodiments, as shown in FIG. It is. Here, since the configuration from the laser light source 11 to the sample 20 is substantially the same as that of the second embodiment, the description thereof is omitted. The beam diameter of the laser light from the laser light source 11 is expanded by the beam expander 12. Then, the light passes through the incident side polarization control element 43 and enters through the objective lens 16. At this time, the laser beam condensed by the objective lens 16 is radially polarized. Further, the incident side polarization control element 43 is switched to the incident side polarizing plate 45 by the rotation mechanism 44. In this case, linearly polarized laser light is incident on the sample 20. In addition, since the optical microscope 300 according to the present embodiment is a transmission illumination system, the beam splitter 17 is not provided.

  The optical microscope 300 according to the present embodiment is a transmission illumination system. Therefore, an optical system for detecting light that has passed through the sample 20 with the detector 35 is provided in addition to the above-described configuration. This optical system will be described below. In the optical system from the sample 20 to the detector 35, detailed description of the same configuration as in the first and second embodiments is omitted. Of the light incident on the sample 20 from the objective lens 16, the light that has passed through the sample 20 passes through the transparent XY stage 21. Then, the light is refracted by the condenser lens 36 and becomes a parallel light beam. Then, the light from the condenser lens 36 enters the dichroic filter 37. The dichroic filter 37 has a different transmittance depending on the wavelength. Specifically, the dichroic filter 37 passes the fluorescence generated in the sample 20 and shields the laser light. Thereby, the fluorescence for detection can be extracted from the laser light transmitted through the sample 20. Note that a band pass filter may be used instead of the dichroic filter 37. The light to be detected is not limited to fluorescence, but may be Raman scattered light, second harmonic, or the like.

  Thus, the fluorescence from the sample 20 is separated from the laser light by the dichroic filter 37. Then, the fluorescence that has passed through the dichroic filter 37 passes through the polarization control element 13 as in the first and second embodiments. This polarization control element 13 is the same as in the first embodiment. Since the optical microscope 300 according to the present embodiment is a transmission illumination system, the polarization control element 13 is disposed on the opposite side of the sample 20 from the side on which the objective lens 16 is disposed. Therefore, the fluorescence generated in the sample 20 enters the polarization control element 13 after passing through the sample 20. Then, the fluorescence that has passed through the polarization control element 13 and whose polarization state has changed is collected by the lens 33. The fluorescence condensed by the lens 33 is detected by the detector 35 through the pinhole 34 a provided in the pinhole filter 34. In this case, as in the first embodiment, the amount of light passing through the pinhole 34a changes according to the directionality of the molecules of the sample 20. Therefore, as in the first and second embodiments, it is possible to observe, analyze, and analyze the directionality of the molecule of the sample 20. Further, similarly to the second embodiment, switching between the polarization control element 13 and the polarizing plate 15 and switching between the incident side polarization control element 43 and the incident side polarizing plate 45 are performed. That is, a total of nine types of detection (three types on the incident side) × (three types on the detection side) are performed. Thereby, the effect similar to Embodiment 2 can be acquired, and observation, analysis, and analysis from various viewpoints are attained.

  In Embodiments 2 and 3, the incident-side polarizing plate 45 is used to irradiate the sample 20 with linearly polarized light. However, the present invention is not limited to this. For example, when the laser light source 11 emits linearly polarized light, the incident side polarizing plate 45 is not necessary. In this case, an incident-side half-wave plate may be used to set the polarization plane to a predetermined angle. The incident side half-wave plate is used instead of the incident side polarizing plate 45. Therefore, the incident side half-wave plate can be attached to the rotation mechanism 44. The incident-side half-wave plate rotates the polarization plane by a predetermined angle according to the optical axis and the polarization plane of the incident light. Therefore, the angle of the polarization plane can be changed by adjusting the angle of the optical axis of the incident-side half-wave plate. Therefore, the angle of the polarization plane can be set to a desired angle. For example, two incident-side half-wave plates having different angles may be prepared, and only one of them may be inserted into the optical path. Of course, an incident-side half-wave plate that can rotate around the optical axis may be used. Thus, the use efficiency of light can be improved by using the incident side half-wave plate.

  In addition, when the laser light source 11 emits light other than linearly polarized light such as random polarized light, a polarizing plate that makes the light from the laser light source 11 linearly polarized light is disposed. For example, in the second and third embodiments, the light source side polarizer is arranged on the laser light source 11 side of the incident side polarization control element 43. That is, a light source side polarizer is further provided between the incident side polarization control element 43 and the laser light source 11. Then, light that has passed through the light source side polarizer and has become linearly polarized light is incident on the incident side polarization control element 43. In this way, linearly polarized light can be incident on the incident side polarization control element 43 regardless of the light source. Of course, a half-wave plate may be disposed after the light source side polarizer to adjust the polarization axis.

It is a figure which shows the structure of the optical microscope concerning Embodiment 1 of this invention. It is a figure for demonstrating the polarization control element used for the optical microscope concerning this invention. It is a figure which shows typically the polarization state of the light condensed with an objective lens. It is a figure which shows typically the vibration direction of the light which generate | occur | produces in a sample. It is a figure explaining the case where the light from the molecule | numerator which faced the Y direction is detected through a polarization control element. It is a figure explaining the case where the light from the molecule | numerator which faced the Z direction is detected through a polarization control element. It is a figure explaining the case where the light from the molecule | numerator which faced the Y direction is detected through a polarizing plate. It is a figure explaining the case where the light from the molecule | numerator which faced the Z direction is detected through a polarizing plate. It is a figure which shows the structure of the polarization control element concerning the modification 1. It is a figure which shows the structure of the polarization control element concerning the modification 2. It is a figure which shows the structure of the polarization control element concerning the modification 3. It is a figure which shows the structure of the polarization control element concerning the modification 4. It is a front view which shows the structure of the phase plate used for the polarization control element concerning the modification 4, and a mask. It is a figure which shows the structure of the optical microscope concerning Embodiment 2 of this invention. It is a figure which shows the structure of the optical microscope concerning Embodiment 3 of this invention.

Explanation of symbols

11 laser light source, 12 beam expander, 13 polarization control element, 14 rotation mechanism,
15 polarizing plate, 16 objective lens, 17 beam splitter,
20 samples, 21 XY stage,
33 lens, 34 pinhole filter, 34a pinhole, 35 detector,
36 condenser lens, 37 dichroic filter,
43 incident side polarization control element, 44 rotation mechanism, 45 polarizing plate,
51 PBS, 52 mirror, 53 phase plate

Claims (17)

A light source;
An objective lens for condensing the light beam from the light source and irradiating the sample;
A polarization control element that receives light generated by a light beam incident on the sample or reflected light reflected by the sample and gives a phase difference corresponding to an incident position;
A lens having a NA lower than that of the objective lens, and condensing light that has passed through the polarization control element;
An optical microscope comprising: a photodetector that detects light collected by the lens via a confocal optical system.   The optical microscope according to claim 1, further comprising switching means for removing the polarization control element from the optical path and inserting a polarizer that transmits only light of a specific polarization direction into the optical path.   The optical microscope according to claim 2, wherein an absorption axis or a reflection axis of a polarizer inserted in the optical path can be switched to a different angle. A beam splitter that is disposed between the light source and the objective lens and separates incident light incident on the sample from the light source and outgoing light emitted from the sample in the direction of the objective lens;
The optical microscope according to claim 1, wherein the polarization control element is disposed between the beam splitter and the objective lens. A beam splitter that is disposed between the light source and the objective lens and separates incident light incident on the sample from the light source and outgoing light emitted from the sample in the direction of the objective lens;
The optical microscope according to claim 1, wherein the polarization control element is disposed between the beam splitter and the detector.   The optical microscope according to claim 5, further comprising an incident-side polarization control element that is disposed between the beam splitter and the light source and gives a phase difference according to an incident position.   7. The switching device according to claim 6, further comprising switching means for removing the incident-side polarization control element from the optical path and inserting an incident-side polarizer that transmits light only in a specific polarization direction between the beam splitter and the light source. Optical microscope.   The optical microscope according to claim 6, further comprising switching means for removing the incident side polarization control element from the optical path and inserting a half-wave plate between the beam splitter and the light source. The polarization control element is disposed on the opposite side of the sample on which the objective lens is disposed;
The optical microscope according to claim 1, wherein light generated in the sample passes through the sample and enters the polarization control element.   The optical microscope according to claim 9, further comprising an incident-side polarization control element that is disposed between the light source and the objective lens and provides a phase difference according to an incident position.   11. The switch according to claim 10, further comprising switching means for removing the incident-side polarization control element from the optical path and inserting an incident-side polarizer that transmits only light of a specific polarization direction between the light source and the objective lens. Optical microscope.   The optical microscope according to claim 7 or 11, wherein an absorption axis or a reflection axis of an incident-side polarizer inserted in the optical path can be switched to a different angle. The optical microscope according to claim 10 , further comprising switching means for removing the incident side polarization control element from the optical path and inserting a half-wave plate between the light source and the objective lens.   The optical microscope according to claim 6, wherein a light source side polarizer that transmits only light in a specific polarization direction is disposed between the light source and the incident side polarization control element.   15. The optical microscope according to claim 6, wherein the light beam incident on the incident side polarization control element is linearly polarized light.   The light generated in the sample is Raman scattered light, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattered light, coherent Stokes Raman scattered light, second harmonic, fluorescence, third harmonic, fluorescence, two-photon fluorescence, or sum frequency. The optical microscope according to claim 1, wherein the optical microscope is characterized in that: Condensing and irradiating the sample with a light beam by an objective lens;
Providing a phase difference corresponding to an incident position with respect to light generated by a light beam incident on the sample or reflected light from the sample;
Condensing light given a phase difference according to the incident position with a lens having a lower NA than the objective lens;
An observation method comprising: detecting light collected by the low NA lens through a confocal optical system.

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