JP4639370B2 - 標的被検体を分析するための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
標的被検体を分析するための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4639370B2 JP4639370B2 JP2006527047A JP2006527047A JP4639370B2 JP 4639370 B2 JP4639370 B2 JP 4639370B2 JP 2006527047 A JP2006527047 A JP 2006527047A JP 2006527047 A JP2006527047 A JP 2006527047A JP 4639370 B2 JP4639370 B2 JP 4639370B2
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Description
本明細書の開示は、サンプル中の一種またはそれ以上の標的被検体を検出するための組成物並びに方法に関するものである。
従って、当分野においては、検出、定量、および/または一種またはそれ以上の、細胞外および/または細胞内被検体の特徴付け(characterization)に適したものとなり得る、方法並びに組成物に対する需要がある。
一態様において、該第一の被検体は、該第二の標的被検体の前駆体である。一態様において、該第一および第二の標的被検体は、各々独立にペプチド、核酸、炭水化物、脂質、またはこれらの組み合わせを含む。一態様において、該第一および第二の標的被検体は、ウイルスペプチド、核酸、またはこれらの組み合わせである。一態様において、検出可能なシグナルを発生し得る原子団(moiety)は、蛍光性原子団である。一態様において、該標的被検体の一方は、微細粒子と結合することによって、標識することができる。一態様において、該シグナルは、マイクロキャピラリーサイトメータで検出される。
一態様において、該結合相手は抗体である。一態様において、該結合相手は、蛍光性原子団を含む。一態様において、該競合的阻害剤と結合した該結合相手は、蛍光性原子団で標識されている。一態様において、該結合相手は、蛍光性原子団を含む、抗-結合相手と結合させることにより、標識されている。幾つかの態様において、本発明の方法は、更に該標的被検体を定量する工程をも含む。
幾つかの態様において、本開示では、細胞に付随している一種またはそれ以上の標的被検体(ca-標的被検体)、および、細胞に付随していない一種またはそれ以上の標的被検体(na-標的被検体)、を検出するための組成物および方法を提供する。幾つかの態様において、該ca-およびna-標的被検体は、検出可能なシグナルを発生し得る原子団によって標識することができる。幾つかの態様において、該ca-およびna-標的被検体は、単一の反応容器内で、検出可能なシグナルを発生し得る原子団によって、直接または間接的に標識することができる。幾つかの態様において、一種またはそれ以上の検出可能な原子団は、微細粒子であり得る。
幾つかの態様において、核酸類似体は、ペプチド核酸(PNA)およびペプチド核酸類似体である。「ペプチド核酸」または「PNA」とは、核酸塩基が、米国特許第5,539,082号、同第5,527,675号、同第5,623,049号、同第5,714,331号、同第5,718,262号、同第5,736,336号、同第5,773,571号、同第5,766,855号、同第5,786,461号、同第5,837,459号、同第5,891,625号、同第5,972,610号、同第5,896,053号、同第6,107,470号、同第6,451,968号、同第6,441,130号、同第6,414,112号、同第6,403,763号の何れか一つまたはそれ以上に記載されているように、適当なリンカー(例えば、メチレンカルボニル、アザ窒素)を介してポリアミド骨格と結合している核酸を意味する。上記文献全てを、ここに参考として組込む。PNA骨格は、天然産の核酸の、高く荷電したリン酸ジエステル骨格と対照的に、中性条件下では実質的に非-イオン性である。このことは、2つの利点をもたらす。第一に、該PNA骨格は、改善されたハイブリダイゼーション速度を示す。PNAsは、完全に対合した塩基対に対して、誤対合の塩基対の融点(Tm)は大きな変化を示す。DNAおよびRNAは、典型的に内部の誤対合に関して、約2-4℃なるTmにおける降下を示す。 該非-イオン性のPNA骨格に関連して、この降下は、約7-9℃に近い値である。このことは、この誤対合の良好な検出を可能とする。同様に、これらの非-イオン性のために、これら骨格に結合した塩基のハイブリダイゼーションは、塩濃度に対して比較的低感度である。
従って、幾つかの態様において阻害剤の構造は、標的被検体と実質的に等価であるか、あるいは該結合相手と結合する標的被検体の部分または領域と実質的に等価であり得る。幾つかの態様において、阻害剤の化学的構造は、該標的被検体とは実質的に異なるが、ある標的被検体の三次元構造を模倣するものであり得る。従って、幾つかの態様において、阻害剤は、ミメトープ(mimetope)であり得る。しかし、当業者は、幾つかの態様において、標的被検体およびその阻害剤の化学的および三次元構造が、少なくとも実質的に固有のものであり得ることを理解するであろう。
一旦サンプルを得た後には、上記の方法でこれを分析することができる。従って、幾つかの態様では、1種またはそれ以上の標的被検体の有無を判別することができ、1種またはそれ以上の標的被検体の量を測定することができ、および/または標的被検体の特性(例えば、標的被検体および結合相手の結合アフィニティー)を測定することができる。
微小球ポリスチレンビーズ(カルボキシル、4-6μm)(カタログNo.234,237、バングズラボラトリーズ(Bangs Laboratories), Fishers, IN; スフェロテック社(Spherotech, Inc.), IL、リバティービル)を、その製造業者の推奨する方法を用いて、EDC/DADPA (製品No.53154、文書No.0522、製品No.44899、文書No.0480、ピアースバイオテクノロジー(Pierce Biotechnology)社, IL、ロックフォード)を介して、精製した組換えヒトインシュリン(rhI、カタログNo.I2767、シグマ-アルドリッチ(Sigma-Aldrich)社、MO、セントルイス)(Kono, Vitam. Horm., 1988, 7:103-154; Morihara等, Nature, 1979, 280:412-413;Smith, Am. J. Med., 1996, 40:662-666)で共有結合的に被覆した(Ajuh等, EMBO, 2000, 19:6569-6581; Giles等, Anal. Biochem., 1990, 184:244-24; Grabarek等, Anal. Biochem., 1990, 184:244-28; Lewis等, Endocrinology, 2000, 141:3710-6; Williams等, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103:7090-7095; Yoo等, J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277:15325-32を参照のこと)。過剰のrhIを使用して、利用可能な結合サイトを飽和させた。
これらビーズを、1X PBS中で1300rpmにて8分間遠心分離処理することにより洗浄して、未結合の1'Abおよび2'Ab抗体を除去した。得られるペレット状の微細粒子ビーズを、1X PBS中に再度懸濁させ、グアバPCAマイクロキャピラリーサイトメータ(グアバテクノロジーズ、CA、ヘイワード)を用いて分析した。装置設定は、試薬発現のためのプロトコールとして、製造業者の薦めに従って使用し、はじめに陰性サンプルおよび陰性コントロールを用いた実験を行って、PM1に対するゲインが10MFI(平均蛍光強度)未満の読みであることを確認した。引続き、テストサンプル(図4参照)を用いて、測定を行うが、該PM1は、通常410近傍に調節する。この値は、レーザー励起源の使用時間に依存して、装置毎に異なる。各アッセイに対して、蛍光を平均値および中央値MFIとして記録した。テスト抗体の濃度10Xにおける、イソタイプ適合コントロールの実験を、該1'Abと並行して行った。陰性コントロールについても並行して実験し、ここでは1'Abを使用しなかった。
図2および3は、夫々イソタイプおよび陰性コントロールの結果を示すものである。これら図において検出されたビーズは、1'Abの結合において、遊離rhIが全く利用されない競合的結合アッセイから容易に識別される(図4)。しかし、遊離rhIの量が、10μU/mLまで増加するのに伴って(図5)、検出されるビーズは、低下した蛍光シグナルのために低減される。有利なことに、ダブレットは検出されなかった(図7参照)。
競合的結合アッセイを、様々な量のrhI(0U/mL、500μU/mL、1mU/mL、10mU/mL、50mU/mL、100mU/mL)および実施例1に記載のように、マウス抗-ヒトインシュリンMAb(1'Ab)を用いて行った。未知の抗体がインシュリンと結合しているか否かを決定するために、1'Abと等価な量の未知の抗体を用いて、競合的結合アッセイを行う。これら結果をグラフで表示し、かつ該抗-ヒトインシュリンおよび該未知抗体について得られた結果を比較し、この未知抗体の相対的なアフィニティーを決定する。
インシュリン結合に関して、未知の抗体をスクリーニングするために、未知のヒト抗体を滴定し、インシュリンで被覆した微細粒子と共に、室温にて約30分間インキュベートする。これら微細粒子を、上記のように遠心分離処理に掛け、洗浄し、再度懸濁させる。該1'Ab(マウス抗-インシュリンIgG)を添加し、得られた混合物を、上記のようにインキュベートし、洗浄し、かつ再懸濁させる。2'Ab(PE標識ヤギ抗-マウス抗体)を添加し、得られた混合物を、上記のようにインキュベートし、洗浄し、かつ再懸濁させる。この標識した複合体を、グアバPCAマイクロキャピラリーサイトメータで分析する。陰性コントロールに対する、シグナルにおける減少は、該未知抗体がインシュリンと結合し、1'Abの結合を阻害することを示す。
2つの抗原、即ちrhIおよび組換えヒトエリスロポエチン(rhEPO:カタログNo.E5627,シグマ-アルドリッチ(Sigma-Aldrich)社, MO,セントルイス)(Bailey等, J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266:24121; Davis等, Biochemistry, 26:2633; Dordal等, Endocrinology, 1985, 116:2293; Hanspal等, J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266:15626;Miyake等, J. Biol. Chem., 1977, 252:5558を参照のこと)各々を、夫々異なる径、6μmおよび11μmを持つ、微小球ポリスチレンビーズと、EDC/DADPAを介して結合する(2段階の手順)。
競合的アッセイにおいて、様々な量のrhIおよびrhEPOを、マウス抗-ヒトインシュリンMAb(1'Abi)およびヤギ抗-ヒトEPO MAb(1'Abe)(IgG1/k, カタログNo.01300, ステムセルテクノロジーズ社(STEMCELL Technologies, Inc.), BC,バクーバー;Wognum等, Blood, 1988, 71:1731-1737を参照のこと)と共に、1X PBS中で、室温にて30分間インキュベートする。rhIまたはrhEPOの何れかを含む微細粒子ビーズを添加し、この反応混合物を、室温にて30分間インキュベートする。ウサギ抗-マウスPE-標識抗体およびウサギ抗-ヤギFITC標識抗体(2'Abs)を添加し、この溶液を室温にて30分間インキュベートする。
ヒトTNF-αおよびIFN-γを、TNF-αまたはIFN-γを含有する微細粒子、マウス抗-ヒトTNF-α抗体(カタログNo.4T10、ハイテスト社(HyTest Ltd.), フィンランド、ターク(Turku))およびマウス抗-ヒトIFN-γ抗体(カタログNo.4I22、ハイテスト社、フィンランド、ターク)を用いて、上記のプロトコールにて分析する。該1'Absは両者共にマウス由来のものであるから、1'Ab結合により生成される複合体は、TNF-αまたはIFN-γを含有する上記微細粒子により識別され、この識別は、各々そこに含まれる識別可能な蛍光染料を持つことにより、あるいは該微細粒子が、マイクロキャピラリーサイトメータ(グアバPCA)によって識別される、径を持つことにより可能となる。
gp120は、ウイルスリポタンパク質包膜の外側にある、ヒト免疫不全症ウイルス(HIV)の糖タンパク質である。従って、gp120を、競合的な、ビーズに基くアッセイにおいて使用して、生体サンプル中のHIVビリオンを検出することができる。HIV-1(カタログNo.2003LAV、プロテインサイエンス社(Protein Science Corp.), CT, メリデン)由来のgp120を、EDC/DADPA(二段階手順)を経由する方法を利用して、微小球ポリスチレンビーズと結合させる。競合的結合アッセイのために、生物学的流体のサンプルを、1X PBS-BA中に、10-0.5から10-6まで順次半指数(half-log)希釈する。マウス抗-gp120 MAb(カタログNo.MMS-193P、コバンスリサーチプローダクツ(Covance Research Products)社, CA,バークレイ)を各希釈物に添加し、室温にて30分間インキュベートする。gp120で被覆した微細粒子ビーズを添加し、この反応混合物を室温にて30分間インキュベートする。ヤギ抗-マウスPE-標識抗体(2'Abs)を添加し、この溶液を室温にて30分間インキュベートする。
これらのビーズを、1300rpmにて8分間遠心分離処理することにより洗浄して、未結合の1'Abおよび2'Ab抗体を除去する。これらのペレット化されたビーズを1X PBS中に再懸濁し、グアバPCAマイクロキャピラリーサイトメータ(グアバテクノロジーズ, CA、ヘイワード)を用いて分析する。各アッセイに対して、蛍光を平均値および中央値MFIとして記録する。イソタイプコントロール実験を、該1'Abとして、イソタイプ適合マウス抗-インシュリン抗体を用いて、並行して行う。陰性コントロールに関する実験も、1'Abを用いずに、並行して行う。この生物学的サンプルの稀釈率に対して反比例する、蛍光強度に関する変動は、この生物学的サンプル中における、HIV-1 gp120の存在を示すものである。
細胞は、蛍光ラベルまたはステインを含まない、正常なジャーカット細胞であった。ビーズはバングスラブス(Bangs Labs)(カンタム(Quantum) MESF PEビーズ、カタログNo.827A、IN、フィッシャーズ)から入手した。細胞およびビーズを一緒にピペットで混合し、マイクロキャピラリーサイトメータ(グアバPCA-96、CA、ヘイワード)で分析した。ビーズおよび細胞は、マイクロキャピラリーサイトメータ(グアバPCA)を用いて、光散乱に基いて識別した(図8B)。
正常なジャーカット細胞を、プロピジウムアイオダイド(PI)で染色し(例えば、Caballero等, Reprod. Domest. Anim., 2004, 39(5):370-375; Armeni等, Toxicology, 2004, Oct.15, 203(1-3):165-78を参照)、該蛍光性カンタムMESF PEビーズと混合し、マイクロキャピラリーサイトメータ(グアバPCA)により分析した。ビーズおよび細胞は、蛍光に基いて識別した(図8A)。
正常なジャーカット細胞を、蛍光検出および解析的分離のために、既知量のPEで予め標識したビーズと結合させた。更に、細胞およびビーズを、細胞死に関する蛍光指示薬、7-アクチノマイシンD(7-AAD)と共にインキュベートした。図10に示すように、生細胞は水平軸に沿って蛍光性ビーズから分離され、かつマイクロキャピラリーサイトメータ(グアバPCA)により、該生細胞および標識ビーズ両者から死細胞が分離された。図示した例において、データはグアバソフトウエア中に、ユーザーによって入力されたように、2000例について集められた。
移植に適した膵臓細胞を、無菌外科技術によって、ドナーから得る。インシュリンを生産するランゲルハンス島細胞を、リコルディチャンバー(Ricordi Chamber)(Barshes等, Transplant Proc., 2004, 36(4):1127-9; Goss等, Transplantation, 2002, 74(12):1761-6)または他の方法(Field等, Transplantation, 1996, 61:1554; Linetsky等, Diabetes, 1997, 46:1120;米国特許第4,868,121号、同第5,273,904号、同第5,322,790号、同第5,447,863号、同第5,821,121号)を用いて、膵臓内の他の細胞から分離し、次いで5-11日間培養する(Rosenbaum, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95(13):7784-7788; 米国特許第6,365,385号)。
該島細胞の生存率およびインシュリン産生に関する上清を分析するために、微細粒子(上記のように製造)で標識した、第一種の、抗-ドナーインシュリン抗体を、培養液アリコート含有上清および島細胞に添加する。室温にて15-30分間のインキュベーションの後、ビーズおよび細胞を穏やかに遠心処理し、培地中で洗浄し、培地に再懸濁し、第二の種の、抗-ドナーインシュリンPE標識抗体およびFITC標識アネキシン(Annexin) V(BDバイオサイエンスズ(Biosciences), NJ,フランクリンレイクス)を添加する。アネキシンVは、カルシウム依存性結合タンパク質またはリン脂質ホスファチジルセリン(PS)の結合相手である。アポトーシスの際に、PSは、細胞膜の内側から外側部分に輸送される、そこでCa2+の存在下でアネキシンVと結合できる(Vermes等, J. Immunol. Meth., 1995, 184:39-51)。室温にて15-30分間のインキュベーションの後、ビーズおよび細胞をマイクロキャピラリーサイトメータ(グアバPCA、CA、ヘイワード)を用いて分析する。これらの結果を基準値と比較、あるいは並行して基準値をテストすることにより、インシュリンの量を測定することができる。これらの結果は、同様に生細胞、アポトーシス細胞、非-生存細胞数をも与える。
一定数のヤギ抗-ヒト標識マイクロビーズ(20,000、カンタム(Quantum)抗-ヒト抗体ビーズ、バングスラブス)を、ハイブリドーマ細胞を含む96-ウエルプレートの各ウエルに添加する。このプレートを、撹拌しつつ1時間室温にてインキュベートし、次いで5000rpmにて5分間遠心処理する。上清を除去し、細胞およびビーズを再懸濁する。PE-標識した、ロバ抗-ヒト抗体(ジャクソンラブス(Jackson Labs))を、採集濃度5μn/μlまで添加する。プレートを、室温にて45分間インキュベーションし、ビーズおよび細胞をペレット化し、1X PB中に再懸濁し、マイクロキャピラリーサイトメータにより分析する。また、ハイブリドーマ細胞の生存率も、上記の如く、および/またはLDS 751 (例えば、WO 02/088669を参照のこと)を用いて、アネキシンVおよび/またはPIを使用して測定することができる。これら結果は、上記上清におけるモノクローナル抗体の量、モノクローナル抗体を生産するハイブリドーマ細胞の数、および該ハイブリドーマ細胞の生存率の指標である。重鎖および軽鎖に対して特異的な未標識および標識抗体(例えば、κ鎖に対する未標識抗体、γ重鎖に対する標識抗体)を使用することにより、該モノクローナル抗体がイソタイプのものとされ、クローン均一性が評価される。分泌されたモノクローナル抗体およびハイブリドーマ細胞は、アロタイプ、および/またはイディオタイプおよび/またはキセノタイプ(異種型)特異的である、未標識および/または標識抗体を使用して、更に詳細に分析される。
検量線を確立するために、様々な既知濃度のヒトIgG(ジャクソンラブス(Jackson Labs))を、96-ウエルプレートの各ウエルに添加した。ヤギ抗-ヒト標識ビーズ(20,000)を各ウエルに添加して全量100μlとした。プレートを、室温にて1時間撹拌しつつインキュベートした。このプレートを5000rpmにて5分間遠心分離処理して、該ビーズをペレット化した。上清を除去し、100μlの二次PE-標識ロバ抗-ヒトIgG(5ng/μl)を、各ウエルに添加した。プレートを、室温にて45分間撹拌しつつインキュベートした。ビーズをペレット化し、上清を除去し、1X PBS 100μl中に再懸濁し、マイクロキャピラリーサイトメータ(グアバPCA、CA、ヘイワード)を用いて分析した。図11に示したグラフでは、ビーズの蛍光を検出したが、これはヒトIgGの濃度に比例するものであった。この概念は、グアバプラットフォーム上での検出のために、蛍光分子に予め結合した抗体を用いて明らかにされたが、同一の情報は二次的な検出法を用いて得ることができる。上記プロットに示されたように、該グアバプラットフォームは、ビーズ蛍光の決定を可能とし、またこの蛍光は、溶液中の抗体の量の減少に伴って低下する。
Claims (16)
- a) 容器内で、検出可能なシグナルを発生し得る第一の原子団を第一標的被検体に結合し、検出可能なシグナルを発生し得る第二の原子団により標識された微細粒子を第二標的被検体に結合する工程であって、該第一の被検体は細胞に付随しており、かつ該第二の標的被検体は細胞に付随していない、前記工程、および、
b) 標識された標的被検体の発生するシグナルを検出する工程、
を含む、標的被検体の検出方法。 - 第一標的被検体が細胞であり、第二標的被検体が前記細胞から分泌された被検体である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 第一標的被検体が細胞であり、第二標的被検体が前記細胞から分泌された抗体である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 第一標的被検体が細胞であり、第二標的被検体が前記細胞から分泌されたモノクローナル抗体である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 第一標的被検体がハイブリドーマ細胞であり、第二標的被検体が前記ハイブリドーマ細胞から分泌されたモノクローナル抗体である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 第一標的被検体が細胞であり、第二標的被検体が前記細胞が生産したインシュリンである、請求項1記載の方法。
- 第一標的被検体がランゲルハンス島細胞であり、第二標的被検体が前記ランゲルハンス島細胞が生産したインシュリンである、請求項1記載の方法。
- 検出する工程が、マイクロキャピラリーフローサイトメータを使用して行われる、請求項1記載の方法。
- 第一および第二の原子団が互いに識別可能な蛍光シグナルを発生し、かつ、検出する工程が前記第一および第二の原子団が発生した蛍光シグナルを検出することを含む、請求項6記載の方法。
- 微細粒子からの散乱光を検出することをさらに含む、請求項6記載の方法。
- 第一および第二標的被検体が、各々独立にペプチド、核酸、炭水化物、脂質、またはこれらの組み合わせを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 第一の被検体が細胞に付随しており、かつ、第一の蛍光シグナルを発生することのできる第一の原子団によって標識されており、また、第二の標的被検体が細胞に付随しておらず、かつ、微細粒子および第二の蛍光シグナルを発生することのできる第二の原子団によって標識されていることを特徴とする、第一および第二標的被検体を分析する方法であって、標識された標的被検体が、蛍光発光装置と光学的に結合しているマイクロキャピラリーサイトメータを通過する際に、発生する蛍光シグナルを検出する工程を含む、上記分析方法。
- 第一標的被検体が細胞であり、第二標的被検体が前記細胞から分泌された被検体である、請求項12記載の方法。
- 第一標的被検体が細胞であり、第二標的被検体が前記細胞から分泌された抗体である、請求項12記載の方法。
- 第一標的被検体が細胞であり、第二標的被検体が前記細胞から分泌されたモノクローナル抗体である、請求項12記載の方法。
- 第一標的被検体が細胞であり、第二標的被検体が前記細胞が生産したインシュリンである、請求項12記載の方法。
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JP4639370B2 true JP4639370B2 (ja) | 2011-02-23 |
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JP2010129736A Expired - Fee Related JP5174088B2 (ja) | 2003-09-17 | 2010-06-07 | 標的被検体を分析するための組成物および方法 |
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EP (1) | EP1664784A1 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP4639370B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2539452C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005029078A1 (ja) |
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US20100279279A1 (en) * | 2003-09-17 | 2010-11-04 | Robert Danielzadeh | Compositions and methods for analysis of target analytes |
JP4639370B2 (ja) * | 2003-09-17 | 2011-02-23 | ミリポア・コーポレイション | 標的被検体を分析するための組成物および方法 |
US8962015B2 (en) | 2007-09-28 | 2015-02-24 | Sdg, Inc. | Orally bioavailable lipid-based constructs |
US8846053B2 (en) | 2008-09-26 | 2014-09-30 | Sdg, Inc. | Orally bioavailable lipid-based constructs |
US20100080773A1 (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2010-04-01 | Sdg, Inc. | Orally Bioavailable Lipid-Based Constructs |
US20210137838A1 (en) | 2017-03-13 | 2021-05-13 | Sdg, Inc. | Lipid-based nanoparticles with enhanced stability |
US11077173B2 (en) | 2017-03-13 | 2021-08-03 | Sdg, Inc. | Lipid-based nanoparticles and methods using same |
CA3231674A1 (en) * | 2021-10-05 | 2023-04-13 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Single molecule assays for ultrasensitive detection of analytes |
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- 2004-09-17 WO PCT/US2004/030452 patent/WO2005029078A1/en active Application Filing
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US20050214747A1 (en) | 2005-09-29 |
US20100173325A1 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
WO2005029078A1 (en) | 2005-03-31 |
CA2539452A1 (en) | 2005-03-31 |
CA2539452C (en) | 2013-10-29 |
EP1664784A1 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
JP5174088B2 (ja) | 2013-04-03 |
US20120295367A1 (en) | 2012-11-22 |
JP2007506101A (ja) | 2007-03-15 |
JP2010204120A (ja) | 2010-09-16 |
US20070281325A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 |
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