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JP4542317B2 - Method of processing light incident / exit part of optical medium - Google Patents

Method of processing light incident / exit part of optical medium Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4542317B2
JP4542317B2 JP2003149918A JP2003149918A JP4542317B2 JP 4542317 B2 JP4542317 B2 JP 4542317B2 JP 2003149918 A JP2003149918 A JP 2003149918A JP 2003149918 A JP2003149918 A JP 2003149918A JP 4542317 B2 JP4542317 B2 JP 4542317B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
optical medium
periodic structure
optical
processing
laser
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JP2003149918A
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JP2004354535A (en
Inventor
健一郎 田中
雅男 久保
雅之 藤田
昌樹 橋田
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Panasonic Corp
Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd
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Panasonic Corp
Matsushita Electric Works Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は光を伝播させる素子や部品等の光学媒質における光伝播特性の向上のための光入出射部処理方法及び光学媒質に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
光学媒質と他の光学媒質との界面(空気との界面を含む)においては、光の反射による光量の減衰が問題となるほか、ディスプレー等にあっては反射が視認性を低下させてしまうという問題がある。また、照明器具などでは光が照明器具内部に閉じ込められるために熱損失となり、低輝度・高消費電力となってしまうという問題もある。
【0003】
この反射の低減に関しては、1/4波長の膜厚の反射防止膜のコーティングを多層で行うことが有効で従来より多用されているが、処理に要する時間が長いことや設備的なことなどからコストが高く、このためにより簡単に反射の低減を行うことができるものが求められている。
【0004】
ここにおいて、界面に微小な凹凸を形成することで屈折率の傾斜性を持たせて反射の低減を得ること、具体的には上記界面に光の波長の数分の一程度の粒径の微粒子を適当なバインダを用いて高密度に分散した塗膜を形成することが特開平7−20451号公報に開示されており、微小な凹凸を型を用いた賦形や成形で行うことが特開2000−712900号公報に開示されている。
【0005】
【特許文献1】
特開平7−20451号公報
【特許文献2】
特開2000−71290号公報
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、前者においては有効な厚みの塗膜を形成するのに相応の設備が必要であり、後者においては熱的な損傷で光学的な特性を損なう可能性がある上に曲面への適用が困難であり、また成形用の型及び相応の設備が必要であって工程数や処理時間の点からも生産性が高くない。加えるに、上記両者は発光ダイオードの表面のような小さな表面の処理には不向きである。
【0007】
本発明はこのような点に鑑みなされたものであって、その目的とするところは簡便な設備で光伝播効率を高める処理を低コストで行うことができる上に光学媒質が小さくても容易に処理を行うことができる光学媒質の光入出射部処理方法を提供するにある。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
しかして本発明は、屈折率が異なる2つの光学媒質の界面に周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を設けるにあたり、光学媒質に対するレーザアブレーション用にパルス幅が1ps以下の単一の超高強度パルスレーザを用いてその加工エネルギー密度に応じた周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を光学媒質表面に形成することに特徴を有している。パルス幅が1ps以下の超高強度パルスレーザによるレーザアブレーションを利用することにより、光反射損失の低減に有効な微細凹凸形状の形成を簡便に行うことができるようにしたものである。
【0009】
この場合、周期的構造の方向性をパルスレーザの偏光方向で制御することにより、透過させる光の偏光方向に合わせた方向性を有する周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を形成することができる。
【0010】
パルスレーザを光学媒質に斜め方向から照射してもよく、この場合、パルスレーザの照射角によって周期的構造のピッチを光の透過率を最も高くするのに適した値にすることが容易となる。
【0011】
また、所定の圧力以下の雰囲気中でレーザアブレーションを行うことにより、アブレーションで飛散した粒子の再付着による光学媒質の汚染を防ぐことができる。
【0012】
また、レーザアブレーション後に光学媒質におけるレーザ加工面のエッチング処理を行うことで、光学媒質のレーザで改質部分を除去することができる上に、エッチングで生じた凹凸で光反射損失の低減を更に図ることができる。
【0013】
屈折率が異なる2つの光学媒質の間にこれら2つの光学媒質の屈折率とは異なる屈折率を有する他の光学媒質を介在させるとともにこれら3つの光学媒質の間の2つの界面のうちの少なくとも一方に周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を設けるようにしてもよい。
【0014】
この場合、屈折率が異なる2つの光学媒質の間に介在させた他の光学媒質の屈折率を前2者の光学媒質の屈折率より大として、該光学媒質における少なくとも光出射側の界面に周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を設けるならば、微小凹凸を形成することが困難な光学媒質から射出する光の量を上記介在させた他の光学媒質により簡便に増加させることができる。
【0015】
また、屈折率が異なる2つの光学媒質の間に介在させた他の光学媒質の屈折率を前2者の光学媒質の屈折率の中間の値とし、2つの界面に夫々周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を設けるようにしてもよい。屈折率が異なる2つの光学媒質の間に連続した屈折率の傾斜性を持たせることができる。
【0016】
そして、微細凹凸形状の周期的構造のピッチを透過させる光の波長の1/5〜5倍とすることが好ましい。周期的構造のピッチが透過させる光の波長の1/5〜1倍である時、屈折率の傾斜性を好適に発揮させることができ、1倍〜5倍である時、回折性によって光透過率を向上させることができる。
【0017】
また、微細凹凸形状の周期的構造の凹部の深さを透過させる光の波長の1/5〜5倍とすることで、やはり光の透過性を高めることができる。
【0018】
微細凹凸形状の断面形状は三角形状とすることが屈折率の傾斜性を持たせるという点において、最も好ましい結果を得ることができる。
【0019】
【発明の実施の形態】
屈折率が高い光学媒質から屈折率の低い光学媒質に光が入射する際に反射損失が生じるが、この損失は屈折率の差が大きいほど大となる。例えば屈折率が1.77の高屈折率光学媒質(サファイア)から屈折率が1である光学媒質(大気)に光を伝播させた場合、その界面においては垂直入射光に対して7.7%の反射ロスが生じ、更に屈折率が大である光学媒質から屈折率が小さい光学媒質に光を伝播する時に生ずる全反射は入射角度34.4°以上で生じてしまう。このような損失の低減には前述のように光学媒質と屈折率が異なる他の光学媒質との界面に屈折率変化層を設けること、具体的には微細な凹凸形状を形成することが有効である。
【0020】
本発明に係る光学媒質の光入出射部処理方法は、光学媒質の光入出射部となる界面にレーザアブレーションによって上記微細な凹凸形状を形成するものであり、殊にパルス幅が1ps以下の超高強度パルスレーザによってその加工エネルギー密度に応じた周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を形成するものである。
【0021】
パルス幅が1ps以下の超高強度パルスレーザとしては、モードロックTi:サファイアレーザやYAGレーザ、あるいはこれらのレーザ光の波長変換したレーザ(SHG−Ti:サファイアレーザ、THG−Ti:サファイアレーザ、FHG−Ti:サファイアレーザ、SHG−YAGレーザ、THG−YAGレーザ、FHG−YAGレーザ、エキシマレーザ)などを好適に用いることができる。
【0022】
ここで、1ps以下のパルス幅のパルスレーザ、いわゆるフェムト秒レーザによるアブレーションでは、近年多くの報告がなされているように、多光子吸収による加工が可能であり、1光子のエネルギーでは除去することが困難な物質でも除去加工を行うことができる上に、レーザビームはその波長以下に集光することが困難であるものの、多光子吸収を利用することからビームの集光径以下の微細な加工が可能であり、しかも多光子吸収による加工しきい値以上のビームサイズの部分のみという局所的加工が可能である。加えるに、fsオーダーでレーザの照射が完了することから、nsオーダーの時間が必要となるレーザ加工周囲への熱伝播がなく、従って熱影響を周囲に与えることなく加工を行うことができる。
【0023】
今、波長800nm、パルス幅150fsのTi:サファイアレーザを用いると、1μJ/パルス以下の加工エネルギーの1パルス加工でサファイア表面にφ100nmの穴加工が可能であり、またTi:サファイアレーザよりも波長が短く且つ光子エネルギーが高い上に、より小径に集光することができる紫外レーザであるFHG−Ti:サファイアレーザを用いれば、より微細な加工が可能となる。
【0024】
さらに1ps以下のパルス幅のパルスレーザを照射する際に得られる多光子吸収によるアブレーションでは、レーザ照射面に周期的構造を持つ微細な凹凸形状が形成されるものであり、また上記周期的構造のピッチは、加工エネルギー密度を低くすれば狭くなるために、反射率の低減に影響を及ぼす周期的構造のピッチを加工エネルギー密度の制御で調整することができる。
【0025】
たとえばパルス幅100fs、波長800nmのTi:サファイアレーザを用いてサファイア表面にアブレーション加工を行う時、レーザの1パルスあたりのエネルギー密度が1.3〜1.7mJ/mm2であるビームを走査速度1.67mm/sで2回照射した場合、ピッチ約800nmの周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を得ることができ、エネルギー密度が0.9〜1.3mJ/mm2であるビームを同様に照射した場合、ピッチ約400nmの周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を得ることができ、エネルギー密度が0.4〜0.9mJ/mm2であるビームを同様に照射した場合、ピッチ約266nmの周期的構造を有する微細凹凸形状を得ることができた。
【0026】
また上記レーザを用いて銅表面にアブレーション加工を行ったところ、図2にも示すように、1パルスあたりのエネルギー密度が2〜20mJ/mm2である時、ピッチ約600nmの周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を得ることができ、エネルギー密度が0.4〜2mJ/mm2である時、ピッチ約300nmの周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を得ることができた。
【0027】
ピッチの調整に関しては、パルスレーザの照射を図3(a)に示すように直上から行うのではなく、図3(b)に示すように斜め方向から行うようにしてもよい。直上から照射した時に得られる周期的構造の微小凹凸のピッチをP0、斜め方向から照射する時の角度をθ、この時の周期的構造の微小凹凸のピッチをPθとすると、
Pθ=P0/(1±sinθ)
となり、パルスレーザの走査方向を図中イ方向とすれば、
Pθ=P0/(1+sinθ)
パルスレーザの走査方向を図中ロ方向とすれば、
Pθ=P0/(1−sinθ)
となることが現象として確認されている。
【0028】
ところで、上記周期的構造はレーザビームの偏光方向によって変化する。すなわち、偏光方向が図4(a)に示す方向である場合、図4(b)に示す周期的構造を得ることができ、偏光方向が図5(a)に示す方向である場合、図4(b)のSEM写真で示す周期的構造を得ることができ、偏光方向が図6(a)に示す方向である場合、図6(b)に示す周期的構造を得ることができる。偏光方向に対して垂直に交差する方向に筋が形成されることになる周期的構造を得られるものであり、しかも周期的構造の方向性はレーザビームの走査方向の影響を受けないために、レーザビームの偏光方向を制御することにより、伝播させる光の偏光方向に合わせた適切な方向性を有している周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を光学媒質に形成することができる。なお、レーザビームが直線偏光ではなく円偏光である(図7(a))場合には、図7(b)に示す周期的構造を得ることができる。
【0029】
上記レーザによる加工はアブレーション加工であり、このために加工対象の光学媒質表面からの除去物が光学媒質に再付着する問題がつきまとう。この点に関しては、光学媒質に対するレーザアブレーション加工雰囲気を所定の圧力以下、好ましくは真空下で行うことで再付着による光学媒質の汚染を抑制することができる。
【0030】
また、レーザアブレーション加工後の光学媒質に対してエッチング処理を行って、レーザにて改質された部分のみの除去を行うようにしてもよい。このエッチング処理により微細な凹凸形状を光学媒質に確実に形成することができて、光取り出し効率を向上させることができる。エッチング溶液にはレーザによる改質部分のみを選択的に除去することができるフッ酸(HF)が好適であり、フッ酸の5%溶液を用いる場合、5分以上の処理を行うことが好ましい。
【0031】
いずれにせよ、光学媒質の光入出射部となる界面にパルス幅が1ps以下の超高強度パルスレーザによってレーザアブレーションを行って加工エネルギー密度に応じた周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を形成して屈折率に傾斜性を持たせた場合、図1に示すように、屈折率n1の光学媒質1aから屈折率n2(n2<n1)の光学媒質1bへ光が伝播する時、両光学媒質1a,1bの界面に設けた上記屈折率傾斜性を有する屈折率変化層2は、界面での反射を低減して光透過率を高める。
【0032】
ここにおいて、光学媒質1a,1bのうちの一方が気体や液体である場合には他方に微小凹凸を設けることで、両者の界面に屈折率変化層2を形成することができるが、両光学媒質1a,1bが共に固体である場合には、硬さが大である方の光学媒質にレーザアブレーションを行って微小凹凸を形成し、他方の光学媒質を上記光学媒質に押し付けることで微小凹凸間に端面が入り込むようにすることで、光学媒質1a,1b間の屈折率の傾斜性を確保することができる。
【0033】
図8に他例を示す。これは屈折率n1の光学媒質1aと屈折率n2の光学媒質1bとの間にこれら2つの光学媒質1a,1bとは異なる屈折率n3(n1>n3>n2)を有している光学媒質3を介在させ、屈折率変化層2は光学媒質n3の光学媒質3と屈折率n2の光学媒質1bとの間に設けたものを示している。
【0034】
光学媒質1a,1bが共に固体である場合、光学媒質1aの端面と光学媒質1bの端面の両者に微小凹凸を形成したならば、その界面には隙間が生じてしまうことなるが、上記光学媒質3を介在させてこの光学媒質3が光学媒質1a,1bの両者に形成した微小凹凸に入り込むようにすることで、2つの界面に夫々屈折率変化層2を確保することができる。たとえば、光学媒質1aがサファイア(n1=1.77)、光学媒質1bが石英ガラス(n2=1.5)である時、光学媒質3としてアクリル樹脂(n3=1.6)を用いることで、光学媒質1aから光学媒質1bに至るまでの連続した屈折率傾斜性を確保することができるものである。
【0035】
光学媒質3の屈折率n3が光出射側の光学媒質1aの屈折率n1より大(n3>n1>n2)であってもよい。今、光学媒質1aがサファイア(n1=1.77)、光学媒質1bが大気(n2=1)であり、光学媒質1aの表面に光学媒質3としてGaN層(n3=2.5)を形成して該光学媒質3の大気側の表面にレーザアブレーションで微小凹凸を形成すれば、光学媒質1aへのレーザアブレーションよりも容易に屈折率変化層2を形成することができる。図9はこの場合の例を示している。なお、屈折率が小さい光学媒質1aから屈折率が大きい光学媒質3に光が伝播する時の反射損失はさほど大きくないことから、光学媒体3と光学媒体1bとの界面にのみ屈折率変化層2を設けるだけで、光透過率を大きく向上させることができる。
【0036】
周期的構造の微細凹凸形状であるが、その周期的構造のピッチは透過させる光の波長λの1/5〜5倍程度とすることが好ましい。ピッチが波長λの1/5〜1倍である時、屈折率に傾斜性を有する屈折率変化層2として有効に機能することになるためであり、またピッチが1〜5倍である時、周期的構造が回折格子となって回折光学的な効果を得ることができて全反射角以上の光についても回折光によって透過させてしまうことができるためである。
【0037】
ちなみに、図10に示すように凹凸形状が三角テーパ状で屈折率n2の光学媒質から屈折率n1の光学媒質に光が伝播する時、周期的構造のピッチPが波長に比して十分小さい時、山部の幅をa、谷部の幅をbとする時、TE波に対する有効屈折率nE
【0038】
【数1】

Figure 0004542317
【0039】
となり、TM波に対する有効屈折率nM
【0040】
【数2】
Figure 0004542317
【0041】
となる。徐々に有効屈折率が変化するために、前述の屈折率の傾斜性を得られるものである。
【0042】
なお、周期的構造のピッチだけでなく、その凹凸形状の凹部の深さDも波長のλの1/5〜5倍程度とすることが好ましく、特にピッチPと同等であることが好ましい。
【0043】
また、周期的構造の微細な凹凸の断面形状であるが、これは上記三角テーパ状であること、特にピッチPと深さDとが同等のアスペクト1のものであることが望ましいが、図11(a)に示すような正弦波形状、図11(b)に示す台形形状、図9(c)に示す矩形形状であってもよい。ただし、屈折率の傾斜性という点からは、三角形状であることが最も望ましく、正弦波形状、台形形状、矩形形状の順に屈折率の傾斜性が少なくなって効率が悪くなる。
【0044】
【発明の効果】
以上のように本発明においては、パルス幅が1ps以下の超高強度パルスレーザによるレーザアブレーション、つまりは多光子吸収によるアブレーションで微細凹凸を形成するために、レーザ波長以下の大きさの光反射損失の低減に極めて有効な微細凹凸形状の形成を簡便に行うことができるものであり、殊に、単一の超高強度パルスレーザによるアブレーションで微細凹凸を形成するものであって、干渉露光のような方法と異なり、レーザ光を2分岐することなく加工することができて加工条件管理が容易なものであり、しかも非接触加工であって微細に集光することも可能であることから、光学媒質が小さな部品であろうと問題なく処理を行うことができるとともに、光学媒質をデバイスなどに組み込む前はもちろん、組み込んだ後でも処理することができる。また、加工エネルギー密度の制御で微細凹凸形状の周期ピッチを調整するために、光の透過率が最適となるものを容易に得ることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の実施形態の一例で得られた光学媒質の断面図である。
【図2】同上の加工エネルギー密度と周期構造間隔との相関の説明図である。
【図3】 (a)(b)は同上の光照射方向とピッチとの相関の説明図である。
【図4】 (a)はレーザの偏光方向を示す説明図、(b)は微細凹凸形状の周期的構造の方向性を示す正面図(写真)である。
【図5】 (a)はレーザの偏光方向を示す説明図、(b)は微細凹凸形状の周期的構造の方向性を示す正面図(写真)である。
【図6】 (a)はレーザの偏光方向を示す説明図、(b)は微細凹凸形状の周期的構造の方向性を示す正面図(写真)である。
【図7】 (a)はレーザの偏光方向を示す説明図、(b)は微細凹凸形状の周期的構造の方向性を示す正面図(写真)である。
【図8】他例の断面図である。
【図9】更に他例の断面図である。
【図10】微細凹凸形状の拡大断面図である。
【図11】 (a)〜(c)は微細凹凸形状の他の断面形状例を示す断面図である。
【符号の説明】
1a 光学媒質
1b 光学媒質
2 屈折率変化層[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a light incident / exiting portion processing method and an optical medium for improving light propagation characteristics in an optical medium such as an element or component for propagating light.
[0002]
[Prior art]
At the interface between the optical medium and other optical media (including the interface with air), attenuation of the amount of light due to reflection of light becomes a problem, and reflection on display or the like reduces visibility. There's a problem. In addition, in a lighting fixture or the like, there is a problem that light is confined inside the lighting fixture, resulting in heat loss, resulting in low luminance and high power consumption.
[0003]
Regarding this reduction of reflection, it is effective to perform a multi-layer coating of an antireflection film having a quarter wavelength film thickness, and it has been used more frequently than before. There is a need for a costly device that can more easily reduce reflection.
[0004]
Here, by forming minute irregularities at the interface, it is possible to obtain a reduction in reflection by imparting a gradient of refractive index. Specifically, fine particles having a particle size of about a fraction of the wavelength of light at the interface. Is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-20451 to form a coating film in which high density is dispersed using an appropriate binder, and it is disclosed that fine irregularities are formed by shaping or molding using a mold. This is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2000-712900.
[0005]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-20451 [Patent Document 2]
JP-A-2000-71290 [0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the former, appropriate equipment is required to form a coating film with an effective thickness, and in the latter, optical characteristics may be impaired due to thermal damage, and it is difficult to apply to curved surfaces. In addition, a molding die and corresponding equipment are required, and the productivity is not high in terms of the number of processes and processing time. In addition, both are unsuitable for the treatment of small surfaces such as the surface of light emitting diodes.
[0007]
The present invention has been made in view of the above points, and the object of the present invention is to perform a process for increasing the light propagation efficiency with simple equipment at a low cost and easily even if the optical medium is small. An object of the present invention is to provide a light incident / exiting portion processing method for an optical medium capable of performing processing.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
Therefore, the present invention provides a single ultra-high-intensity pulsed laser with a pulse width of 1 ps or less for laser ablation of an optical medium when providing a fine concavo-convex shape with a periodic structure at the interface between two optical media having different refractive indexes. It is characterized in that a fine irregular shape having a periodic structure corresponding to the processing energy density is formed on the surface of the optical medium. By utilizing laser ablation with an ultra-high intensity pulse laser having a pulse width of 1 ps or less, it is possible to easily form a fine concavo-convex shape effective in reducing light reflection loss.
[0009]
In this case, by controlling the directionality of the periodic structure by the polarization direction of the pulse laser, it is possible to form a fine uneven shape of the periodic structure having the directionality that matches the polarization direction of the transmitted light.
[0010]
The pulsed laser may be irradiated to the optical medium from an oblique direction. In this case, it becomes easy to set the pitch of the periodic structure to a value suitable for the highest light transmittance depending on the irradiation angle of the pulsed laser. .
[0011]
Further, by performing laser ablation in an atmosphere at a predetermined pressure or lower, contamination of the optical medium due to reattachment of particles scattered by ablation can be prevented.
[0012]
Further, by performing an etching process on the laser processing surface of the optical medium after laser ablation, the modified portion can be removed by the laser of the optical medium, and the light reflection loss is further reduced by the unevenness generated by the etching. be able to.
[0013]
Another optical medium having a refractive index different from that of the two optical media is interposed between two optical media having different refractive indexes, and at least one of the two interfaces between the three optical media. A fine uneven shape having a periodic structure may be provided.
[0014]
In this case, the refractive index of another optical medium interposed between two optical media having different refractive indexes is made larger than the refractive index of the former two optical media, and a period is at least at the interface on the light emitting side of the optical medium. If a fine concavo-convex shape having a general structure is provided, the amount of light emitted from an optical medium in which it is difficult to form a fine concavo-convex can be easily increased by the other optical medium interposed.
[0015]
In addition, the refractive index of another optical medium interposed between two optical media having different refractive indexes is set to an intermediate value between the refractive indexes of the former two optical media, and fine irregularities having a periodic structure are respectively formed on the two interfaces. A shape may be provided. It is possible to provide a continuous refractive index gradient between two optical media having different refractive indexes.
[0016]
And it is preferable to set it as 1/5-5 times the wavelength of the light which permeate | transmits the pitch of the periodic structure of fine unevenness | corrugation shape. When the pitch of the periodic structure is 1/5 to 1 times the wavelength of the light to be transmitted, the gradient of the refractive index can be suitably exhibited, and when it is 1 to 5 times, the light is transmitted by the diffractive property. The rate can be improved.
[0017]
Further, by setting the depth of the concave portion of the periodic structure having a fine uneven shape to 1/5 to 5 times the wavelength of the light to be transmitted, the light transmittance can be improved.
[0018]
The most preferable result can be obtained in that the cross-sectional shape of the fine concavo-convex shape is triangular so that the gradient of the refractive index is provided.
[0019]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A reflection loss occurs when light enters an optical medium having a high refractive index from an optical medium having a low refractive index, and this loss increases as the difference in refractive index increases. For example, when light is propagated from a high refractive index optical medium (sapphire) having a refractive index of 1.77 to an optical medium (atmosphere) having a refractive index of 1, 7.7% of normal incident light at the interface. Further, total reflection that occurs when light propagates from an optical medium having a large refractive index to an optical medium having a small refractive index occurs at an incident angle of 34.4 ° or more. In order to reduce such loss, it is effective to provide a refractive index changing layer at the interface between the optical medium and another optical medium having a different refractive index as described above, specifically to form a fine uneven shape. is there.
[0020]
The method for processing a light incident / exiting portion of an optical medium according to the present invention is to form the above-mentioned fine irregular shape by laser ablation at the interface that becomes the light incident / exiting portion of the optical medium, and in particular, the pulse width exceeds 1 ps or less. A fine uneven shape having a periodic structure corresponding to the processing energy density is formed by a high intensity pulse laser.
[0021]
As an ultra-high intensity pulse laser having a pulse width of 1 ps or less, mode-locked Ti: sapphire laser, YAG laser, or lasers obtained by wavelength conversion of these laser beams (SHG-Ti: sapphire laser, THG-Ti: sapphire laser, FHG) -Ti: sapphire laser, SHG-YAG laser, THG-YAG laser, FHG-YAG laser, excimer laser) and the like can be preferably used.
[0022]
Here, in the ablation using a pulse laser having a pulse width of 1 ps or less, that is, a so-called femtosecond laser, as many reports have been made in recent years, processing by multiphoton absorption is possible, and it can be removed by energy of one photon. Although it is possible to remove even difficult materials, and it is difficult to focus the laser beam below its wavelength, the multi-photon absorption makes it possible to perform fine processing below the beam condensing diameter. In addition, local processing of only a portion having a beam size equal to or larger than the processing threshold by multiphoton absorption is possible. In addition, since the laser irradiation is completed in the fs order, there is no heat propagation to the periphery of the laser processing requiring time in the ns order, and therefore the processing can be performed without giving a thermal influence to the surroundings.
[0023]
If a Ti: sapphire laser with a wavelength of 800 nm and a pulse width of 150 fs is used, a hole with a diameter of φ100 nm can be formed on the surface of the sapphire by one pulse processing with a processing energy of 1 μJ / pulse or less, and the wavelength is longer than that of a Ti: sapphire laser. If an FHG-Ti: sapphire laser, which is an ultraviolet laser that is short and has high photon energy and can be condensed with a smaller diameter, finer processing becomes possible.
[0024]
Furthermore, in the ablation by multiphoton absorption obtained when irradiating a pulse laser having a pulse width of 1 ps or less, a fine uneven shape having a periodic structure is formed on the laser irradiation surface. Since the pitch becomes narrower when the processing energy density is lowered, the pitch of the periodic structure that affects the reduction in reflectance can be adjusted by controlling the processing energy density.
[0025]
For example, when ablation processing is performed on the sapphire surface using a Ti: sapphire laser having a pulse width of 100 fs and a wavelength of 800 nm, a scanning speed of 1 is applied to a beam whose energy density per pulse of the laser is 1.3 to 1.7 mJ / mm 2. When irradiated twice at .67 mm / s, a fine uneven shape with a periodic structure with a pitch of about 800 nm can be obtained, and a beam with an energy density of 0.9 to 1.3 mJ / mm 2 is similarly irradiated A fine concavo-convex shape having a periodic structure with a pitch of about 400 nm can be obtained, and when a beam having an energy density of 0.4 to 0.9 mJ / mm 2 is irradiated in the same manner, it has a periodic structure with a pitch of about 266 nm. A fine uneven shape could be obtained.
[0026]
Further, when the ablation processing was performed on the copper surface using the laser, as shown in FIG. 2, when the energy density per pulse was 2 to 20 mJ / mm 2 , the periodic structure was fine with a pitch of about 600 nm. An uneven shape can be obtained, and when the energy density is 0.4 to 2 mJ / mm 2 , a fine uneven shape having a periodic structure with a pitch of about 300 nm can be obtained.
[0027]
Regarding the adjustment of the pitch, the pulse laser irradiation may be performed from an oblique direction as shown in FIG. 3 (b), instead of being performed from directly above as shown in FIG. 3 (a). When the pitch of minute irregularities of the periodic structure obtained when irradiated from directly above is P0, the angle when irradiating from an oblique direction is θ, and the pitch of minute irregularities of the periodic structure at this time is Pθ,
Pθ = P0 / (1 ± sinθ)
If the scanning direction of the pulse laser is the direction B in the figure,
Pθ = P0 / (1 + sinθ)
If the scanning direction of the pulse laser is the direction B in the figure,
Pθ = P0 / (1-sinθ)
It has been confirmed as a phenomenon.
[0028]
By the way, the periodic structure changes depending on the polarization direction of the laser beam. That is, when the polarization direction is the direction shown in FIG. 4A, the periodic structure shown in FIG. 4B can be obtained, and when the polarization direction is the direction shown in FIG. The periodic structure shown in the SEM photograph of (b) can be obtained, and when the polarization direction is the direction shown in FIG. 6 (a), the periodic structure shown in FIG. 6 (b) can be obtained. Since a periodic structure in which streaks are formed in a direction perpendicular to the polarization direction can be obtained, and the directionality of the periodic structure is not affected by the scanning direction of the laser beam, By controlling the polarization direction of the laser beam, it is possible to form a fine concavo-convex shape having a periodic structure in the optical medium having an appropriate directivity in accordance with the polarization direction of the propagating light. When the laser beam is circularly polarized light instead of linearly polarized light (FIG. 7A), the periodic structure shown in FIG. 7B can be obtained.
[0029]
The processing by the laser is ablation processing, and therefore, there is a problem in that the removed material from the surface of the optical medium to be processed reattaches to the optical medium. In this regard, contamination of the optical medium due to redeposition can be suppressed by performing the laser ablation processing atmosphere on the optical medium at a predetermined pressure or lower, preferably under vacuum.
[0030]
Alternatively, the optical medium after laser ablation processing may be etched to remove only the portion modified by the laser. By this etching process, a fine uneven shape can be reliably formed in the optical medium, and the light extraction efficiency can be improved. As the etching solution, hydrofluoric acid (HF) capable of selectively removing only the modified portion by the laser is suitable. When a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution is used, it is preferable to perform a treatment for 5 minutes or more.
[0031]
In any case, laser ablation is performed at the interface that becomes the light entrance / exit part of the optical medium with an ultra-high intensity pulse laser with a pulse width of 1 ps or less to form a fine uneven shape with a periodic structure according to the processing energy density, and refracted In the case where the gradient is provided, when the light propagates from the optical medium 1a having the refractive index n1 to the optical medium 1b having the refractive index n2 (n2 <n1), as shown in FIG. The refractive index changing layer 2 having the refractive index gradient provided at the interface reduces the reflection at the interface and increases the light transmittance.
[0032]
Here, when one of the optical media 1a and 1b is a gas or a liquid, the refractive index changing layer 2 can be formed at the interface between the two by providing minute irregularities on the other. When both 1a and 1b are solid, laser ablation is performed on the optical medium having the larger hardness to form minute irregularities, and the other optical medium is pressed against the optical medium to thereby form a gap between the minute irregularities. By making the end face enter, the gradient of the refractive index between the optical media 1a and 1b can be secured.
[0033]
FIG. 8 shows another example. This is an optical medium 3 having a refractive index n3 (n1>n3> n2) different from those two optical media 1a and 1b between an optical medium 1a having a refractive index n1 and an optical medium 1b having a refractive index n2. The refractive index changing layer 2 is provided between the optical medium 3 of the optical medium n3 and the optical medium 1b of the refractive index n2.
[0034]
When the optical media 1a and 1b are both solid, if minute irregularities are formed on both the end face of the optical medium 1a and the end face of the optical medium 1b, a gap will be generated at the interface. 3 so that the optical medium 3 enters the minute irregularities formed in both of the optical media 1a and 1b, so that the refractive index changing layer 2 can be secured at each of the two interfaces. For example, when the optical medium 1a is sapphire (n1 = 1.77) and the optical medium 1b is quartz glass (n2 = 1.5), by using an acrylic resin (n3 = 1.6) as the optical medium 3, A continuous refractive index gradient from the optical medium 1a to the optical medium 1b can be secured.
[0035]
The refractive index n3 of the optical medium 3 may be larger than the refractive index n1 of the optical medium 1a on the light exit side (n3>n1> n2). Now, the optical medium 1a is sapphire (n1 = 1.77), the optical medium 1b is the atmosphere (n2 = 1), and a GaN layer (n3 = 2.5) is formed as the optical medium 3 on the surface of the optical medium 1a. Thus, if minute irregularities are formed by laser ablation on the surface of the optical medium 3 on the atmosphere side, the refractive index change layer 2 can be formed more easily than laser ablation on the optical medium 1a. FIG. 9 shows an example of this case. Since the reflection loss when light propagates from the optical medium 1a having a small refractive index to the optical medium 3 having a large refractive index is not so large, only the interface between the optical medium 3 and the optical medium 1b has a refractive index changing layer 2. It is possible to greatly improve the light transmittance simply by providing.
[0036]
Although it has a fine irregular shape with a periodic structure, the pitch of the periodic structure is preferably about 1/5 to 5 times the wavelength λ of the transmitted light. This is because when the pitch is 1/5 to 1 times the wavelength λ, it effectively functions as the refractive index changing layer 2 having a gradient in refractive index, and when the pitch is 1 to 5 times, This is because the periodic structure becomes a diffraction grating to obtain a diffractive optical effect, and light having a total reflection angle or more can be transmitted by diffracted light.
[0037]
Incidentally, as shown in FIG. 10, when light is propagated from an optical medium having a refractive index of n2 to an optical medium having a refractive index of n2 with a concave and convex shape, the pitch P of the periodic structure is sufficiently smaller than the wavelength. When the width of the peak is a and the width of the valley is b, the effective refractive index n E for the TE wave is
[Expression 1]
Figure 0004542317
[0039]
And the effective refractive index n M for TM waves is
[Expression 2]
Figure 0004542317
[0041]
It becomes. Since the effective refractive index gradually changes, the above-described gradient of the refractive index can be obtained.
[0042]
In addition to the pitch of the periodic structure, the depth D of the concave and convex portions is preferably about 1/5 to 5 times the wavelength λ, and particularly preferably equal to the pitch P.
[0043]
Further, the cross-sectional shape of the fine irregularities of the periodic structure is preferably the above-described triangular taper shape, in particular, the aspect 1 having the same pitch P and depth D. It may be a sine wave shape as shown in (a), a trapezoidal shape as shown in FIG. 11 (b), or a rectangular shape as shown in FIG. 9 (c). However, in terms of refractive index gradient, a triangular shape is most desirable, and the refractive index gradient decreases in the order of a sine wave shape, a trapezoidal shape, and a rectangular shape, resulting in poor efficiency.
[0044]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, in the present invention, in order to form fine irregularities by laser ablation with an ultra-high-intensity pulsed laser with a pulse width of 1 ps or less, that is, ablation by multiphoton absorption, a light reflection loss with a magnitude less than the laser wavelength. It is possible to easily form a fine concavo-convex shape that is extremely effective in reducing the surface roughness, and in particular, forms fine concavo-convex by ablation with a single ultra-high intensity pulse laser, such as interference exposure. Unlike conventional methods, the laser beam can be processed without bifurcation, the processing conditions can be easily controlled, and it is non-contact processing and can be finely focused. Even if the medium is a small part, it can be processed without problems, and before and after incorporating the optical medium into the device. It is possible to sense. Moreover, in order to adjust the periodic pitch of the fine concavo-convex shape by controlling the processing energy density, it is possible to easily obtain the one having the optimum light transmittance.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an optical medium obtained in an example of an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram of the correlation between the processing energy density and the periodic structure interval.
FIGS. 3A and 3B are explanatory views of the correlation between the light irradiation direction and the pitch. FIG.
4A is an explanatory diagram showing the polarization direction of a laser, and FIG. 4B is a front view (photograph) showing the directionality of a periodic structure with fine irregularities.
5A is an explanatory view showing the polarization direction of a laser, and FIG. 5B is a front view (photograph) showing the directionality of a periodic structure with fine irregularities.
6A is an explanatory diagram showing the polarization direction of a laser, and FIG. 6B is a front view (photograph) showing the directionality of a periodic structure with fine irregularities.
7A is an explanatory diagram showing the polarization direction of a laser, and FIG. 7B is a front view (photograph) showing the directionality of a periodic structure with fine irregularities.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of another example.
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of still another example.
FIG. 10 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a fine uneven shape.
FIGS. 11A to 11C are cross-sectional views showing other cross-sectional shape examples of a fine uneven shape. FIGS.
[Explanation of symbols]
1a Optical medium 1b Optical medium 2 Refractive index change layer

Claims (11)

屈折率が異なる2つの光学媒質の界面に周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を設けるにあたり、光学媒質に対するレーザアブレーション用にパルス幅が1ps以下の単一の超高強度パルスレーザを用いてその加工エネルギー密度に応じた周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を光学媒質表面に形成することを特徴とする光学媒質の光入出射部処理方法。When providing fine irregularities with a periodic structure at the interface between two optical media having different refractive indexes, a single ultra-high-intensity pulsed laser with a pulse width of 1 ps or less is used for laser ablation of the optical medium. A method for processing a light incident / exit part of an optical medium, wherein a fine uneven shape having a periodic structure corresponding to the shape of the optical medium is formed on the surface of the optical medium. 周期的構造の方向性をパルスレーザの偏光方向で制御していることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光学媒質の光入出射部処理方法。  2. The method for processing a light incident / exiting portion of an optical medium according to claim 1, wherein the directionality of the periodic structure is controlled by the polarization direction of the pulse laser. パルスレーザを光学媒質に斜め方向から照射することを特徴とする請求項1または2記載の光学媒質の光入出射部処理方法。  3. The light incident / exiting portion processing method for an optical medium according to claim 1, wherein the optical medium is irradiated with the pulse laser from an oblique direction. 所定の圧力以下の雰囲気中でレーザアブレーションを行うことを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれかの項に記載の光学媒質の光入出射部処理方法。  4. The method of processing an optical medium according to claim 1, wherein laser ablation is performed in an atmosphere having a predetermined pressure or less. レーザアブレーション後に光学媒質におけるレーザ加工面のエッチング処理を行うことを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれかの項に記載の光学媒質の光入出射部処理方法。  The method for processing a light incident / exit part of an optical medium according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the laser processing surface of the optical medium is etched after laser ablation. 屈折率が異なる2つの光学媒質の間にこれら2つの光学媒質の屈折率とは異なる屈折率を有する他の光学媒質を介在させるとともにこれら3つの光学媒質の間の2つの界面のうちの少なくとも一方に周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を設けることを特徴とする請求項1〜5のいずれかの項に記載の光学媒質の光入出射部処理方法。  Another optical medium having a refractive index different from that of the two optical media is interposed between two optical media having different refractive indices, and at least one of the two interfaces between the three optical media. 6. The method for processing a light incident / exiting portion of an optical medium according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein a fine uneven shape having a periodic structure is provided on the optical medium. 屈折率が異なる2つの光学媒質の間に介在させた他の光学媒質の屈折率を前2者の光学媒質の屈折率より大として、該光学媒質における少なくとも光出射側の界面に周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を設けることを特徴とする請求項6記載の光学媒質の光入出射部処理方法。  The refractive index of another optical medium interposed between two optical media having different refractive indexes is set to be larger than the refractive index of the former two optical media, and a periodic structure is formed at least at the interface on the light output side of the optical medium. 7. The method of processing a light incident / exit part of an optical medium according to claim 6, wherein a fine uneven shape is provided. 屈折率が異なる2つの光学媒質の間に介在させた他の光学媒質の屈折率を前2者の光学媒質の屈折率の中間の値とし、2つの界面に夫々周期的構造の微細凹凸形状を設けることを特徴とする請求項6記載の光学媒質の光入出射部処理方法。  The refractive index of another optical medium interposed between two optical media having different refractive indices is set to an intermediate value between the refractive indexes of the former two optical media, and fine irregularities having a periodic structure are formed on the two interfaces, respectively. The light incident / exiting portion processing method for an optical medium according to claim 6, wherein the optical incident portion is provided. 微細凹凸形状の周期的構造のピッチを透過させる光の波長の1/5〜5倍とすることを特徴とする請求項1〜8のいずれかの項に記載の光学媒質の光入出射部処理方法。  The light incident / exiting portion treatment for an optical medium according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the wavelength of light transmitted through the pitch of the periodic structure of fine irregularities is set to 1/5 to 5 times. Method. 微細凹凸形状の周期的構造の凹部の深さを透過させる光の波長の1/5〜5倍とすることを特徴とする請求項1〜9のいずれかの項に記載の光学媒質の光入出射部処理方法。  10. The optical medium according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the optical medium has a wavelength of 1/5 to 5 times the wavelength of light transmitted through the depth of the concave portion of the periodic structure having a fine uneven shape. Emitter processing method. 微細凹凸形状の断面形状を三角形状とすることを特徴とする請求項1〜10のいずれかの項に記載の光学媒質の光入出射部処理方法。  The light incident / exiting portion processing method for an optical medium according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the cross-sectional shape of the fine unevenness is a triangular shape.
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