JP4451476B2 - 熱安定性dnaポリメラーゼ由来の5’ヌクレアーゼ - Google Patents
熱安定性dnaポリメラーゼ由来の5’ヌクレアーゼ Download PDFInfo
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- JP4451476B2 JP4451476B2 JP2007259968A JP2007259968A JP4451476B2 JP 4451476 B2 JP4451476 B2 JP 4451476B2 JP 2007259968 A JP2007259968 A JP 2007259968A JP 2007259968 A JP2007259968 A JP 2007259968A JP 4451476 B2 JP4451476 B2 JP 4451476B2
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Description
の一部継続出願である。
本発明は部位特異的に核酸開裂構造を開裂する方法に関する。特に、本発明は核酸合成能を阻害しない5’ヌクレアーゼ活性をもつ開裂酵素に関する。
特定の核酸配列を検出することにより、感染を示唆するウイルスまたは細菌の核酸配列の存在を診断したり、病気と関連する哺乳動物遺伝子の変異または対立遺伝子の存在を診断したり、また法廷での試料中の核酸源を同定したり、父親を決定するのに利用されてきた。
可能性のある多数のプローブ−ターゲット複合体のうちの一部のみがハイブリダイゼーション反応で形成されることが実験的に観察されている。特に短いオリゴヌクレオチドプローブ(長さ100塩基以下)の場合にはこれが顕著である。これには次の3つの主な理由がある:a)二次および三次構造の相互作用によってハイブリダイゼーションが起こり得ない;b)ターゲット配列を含むDNA鎖が相補鎖と再ハイブリダイズ(再結合)する;そしてc)いくつかのターゲット分子は、ターゲット核酸を固体表面に固定するハイブリダイゼーション方式に用いると、ハイブリダイゼーションが妨げられる。
実験室での試験では精製プローブとターゲットが用いられる。また、これらのプローブとターゲットの濃度は必要とする感度に応じて調整できる。これとは対照的に、ハイブリダイゼーションを医学診断に応用する目的は、ゲノムDNA混合物からターゲット配列を検出することである。ターゲット配列を含むDNAフラグメントは通常ゲノムDNA中に比較的少量しか含まれていない。これが大きな技術的困難をもたらし、オリゴヌクレオチドプローブを用いる多くの慣用法ではこのような低濃度でハイブリダイゼーションを検出するのに必要な感度をもっていない。
これに用いる方法のいかんにかかわらず、ハイブリダイゼーションは、検出すべき配列(ターゲット配列)と試験の実施に用いるDNA断片(プローブ)との間のある程度の相補性を必要とする(もちろん、相補性が全くなくとも結合が得られるが、このような結合は非特異的であり避けるべきである)。多くの診断上の利用では、ハイブリダイゼーションが完全であるか、部分的に相補的であるかを決定することは重要でない。例えば、病原体DNA(ウイルス、細菌、真菌、マイコプラズマ、原生動物など)の存在または不在を単に検出するのが目的ならば、関連の配列が存在するときにそのハイブリダイゼーション法によってハイブリダイゼーションが確実に起こることだけが重要であり、部分的に相補的なプローブと完全に相補的なプローブの両方がハイブリダイズする条件を選択できる。しかし、その他の診断上の利用では、ハイブリダイゼーションによって変異ターゲット配列を識別することが必要である。例えば、病原体の特定の対立遺伝子変異が存在することが問題となる。このような正常配列と変異配列とは1または数塩基で異なっている。
」第3固体支持体をもたらすような条件下で、上記解放された第2シグナルオリゴヌクレオチドを複数の第3固体支持体のうちの1つと反応させ;そしてh)第1および第2シグナルオリゴヌクレオチドの存在を検出する、ことからなる。
本発明は部位特異的な手法で核酸開裂構造を開裂する手段に関する。特に、本発明は、妨害となる核酸合成能をもたずに5’ヌクレアーゼ活性をもつ開裂酵素に関する。
本発明の5’ヌクレアーゼは特定核酸配列の同定のための新規検出アッセイの基礎を与える。この検出系はターゲット配列の2つの部分への2つのオリゴヌクレオチドプローブのアニーリングを要求することによって特定核酸配列の存在を同定する。本明細書で用いるように、「ターゲット配列」または「ターゲット核酸配列」の用語は、ゲノムDNAまたはRNAなどのポリヌクレオチド配列中の、検出すべきまたは開裂すべき、あるいはその両方である特定核酸配列をいう。
A型DNAポリメラーゼをコードする遺伝子はDNA配列レベルで互いに約85%の相同性をもつ。熱安定性ポリメラーゼの好ましい例としては、サーマス・アクアティカス、サーマス・フラヴァスおよびサーマス・サーモフィリスから単離したものを含む。しかしながら、5’ヌクレアーゼ活性をもつその他の熱安定性A型ポリメラーゼも好適である。図2および図3は、上記3つのポリメラーゼのヌクレオチドとアミノ酸配列を比較したものである。配列番号1−3は3つの野生型ポリメラーゼのヌクレオチド配列を示し、配列番号4−6はアミノ酸配列を示す。配列番号1はYT−1株から単離した野生型サーマス・アクアティカスDNAポリメラーゼ遺伝子のヌクレオチド配列に対応する(Lawyer et al.,J.Biol.Chem.264:6427,1989)。配列番号2は野生型サーマス・フラヴァスDNAポリメラーゼ遺伝子のヌクレオチド配列に対応する(Akhmetzjanov and Vakhitov,Nucl.Acids Res.20:5839,1992)。配列番号3は野生型サーマス・サーモフィリスDNAポリメラーゼ遺伝子のヌクレオチド配列に対応する(Gelfand et al.,WO 91/09950,1991)。配列番号7−8は上記3つのDNAPそれぞれのコンセンサスヌクレオチドおよびアミノ酸配列を示す(図2および図3の上の列にも示してある)。
減少した合成活性をもつ熱安定性DNAポリメラーゼは未修飾酵素をタンパク質分解酵素で物理的に開裂して、合成活性を欠失するが5’ヌクレアーゼ活性は保持する酵素フラグメントを生成する。タンパク質分解消化に続いて、得られるフラグメントを標準のクロマトグラフ法で分離し、DNA合成能と5’ヌクレアーゼとしての作用をアッセイする。合成活性と5’ヌクレアーゼ活性を測定するアッセイを以下に記載する。
以下の実施例は熱安定性DNAポリメラーゼ由来の5’ヌクレアーゼをコードする構築体の好ましい作製法を記載する。A型DNAポリメラーゼはDNA配列が似ているので、サーマス・アクアティカスおよびフラヴァスポリメラーゼに用いたクローニング法はその他の熱安定性A型ポリメラーゼにも応用できる。一般に、熱安定性DNAポリメラーゼは熱安定性A型DNAポリメラーゼを含む細菌から分子生物学的方法を用いてゲノムDNAを単離することによってクローン化される。このゲノムDNAをPCRによってポリメラーゼ遺伝子を増幅できるプライマーにさらす。
熱安定性DNAポリメラーゼの合成能を化学的および/または物理的手段で減少することができる。ある態様では、ポリメラーゼの5’ヌクレアーゼ活性によって触媒される開裂反応を、ポリメラーゼの合成活性を阻害することが好ましい条件下に実施する。有意な合成活性を必要としない開裂反応を妨害しないような活性レベルまで合成活性レベルを減少させることのみが必要である。
本発明の5’ヌクレアーゼは上述した診断用途のみでなく、感染細胞内の特定mRNAの開裂と不活性化のための治療上の用途をもつ。病原体によって産生されるあるmRNAと相補的オリゴヌクレオチドを合成欠失ポリメラーゼとともに感染細胞中に導入することにより、ウイルスや細菌などの病原体のmRNAは、合成欠失DNAポリメラーゼによる開裂のためのターゲットとされる。適当なオリゴヌクレオチドが合成できるようにヌクレオチド情報が入手できる限り、どのような病原体もこの方法によってターゲットとされうる。合成オリゴヌクレオチドは相補的mRNAとアニールし、それによって修飾酵素によって認識される開裂構造を形成する。熱安定性DNAポリメラーゼRNA−DNAハイブリッドを開裂する5’ヌクレアーゼ活性の能力を実施例1Dに示す。
熱安定性DNAポリメラーゼからの5’ヌクレアーゼの生成能が抗原または核酸ターゲットの新規検出法のための基礎となる。この二重捕捉アッセイでは、合成活性とヌクレアーゼ活性をコードするポリメラーゼドメインを、2つの別々で異なる抗体またはオリゴヌクレオチドに共有結合する。合成ドメインとヌクレアーゼドメインの両方が同じ反応に存在し、かつdATP、dTTPおよび少量のポリd(A−T)が提供されると、大量のポリd(A−T)が生産される。新規に生産されたポリd(A−T)を5’ヌクレアーゼが開裂してプライマーを生成し、これが次に合成ドメインによってより多くのポリd(A−T)を生産するための触媒として用いられる結果、大量のポリd(A−T)が生産される。ポリd(A−T)は自己相補的であり、高温で変更した構造を容易に形成するので、5’ヌクレアーゼはポリd(A−T)を開裂することができる。これらの構造は5’ヌクレアーゼによって認識されて開裂され、合成反応のためのより多くのプライマーを生成する。
1)試料の熱サイクリングが全く必要でない。ポリメラーゼドメインおよびdATPおよびdTTPは固定温度(一般に約70℃)でインキュベートする。インキュベートの約30分後に添加dNTPの75%までがポリd(A−T)に導入される。熱サイクリングがないことによりこのアッセイが臨床試験室に適している;熱サイクリング装置を購入する必要がなく、非常に正確な温度コントロールの必要がない。
天然熱安定性DNAポリメラーゼの性状
A.DNAPTaqの5’ヌクレアーゼ活性
ポリメラーゼチェインリアクション(PCR)(Saiki et al.,Science 239:487,1988;Mullis and Faloona,Methods in Enzymology 155:335,1987)の間、DNAPTaqは多くの、しかし全てではないDNA配列を増幅することができる。DNAPTaqを用いて増幅できない配列を図6に示す(ヘアピン構造は配列番号15、プライマーは配列番号16−17)。このDNA配列は、PCRで用いるプライマーに対応する2つの一本鎖アームを用いてそれ自体の上に折り畳まれてヘアピンを形成することができるという顕著な特徴をもつ。
によって生成したが、DNAPTaq(「T」で示す)によっては生成しなかった。DNAPTaqの5’ヌクレアーゼ活性がこのDNA配列の増幅欠失の理由であると結論した。
その他のDNAP中のその他の5’ヌクレアーゼが本発明に適しているかどうかを決定するために、1群の酵素(そのうちのいくつかは明瞭な5’ヌクレアーゼ活性をもたないことが文献で記載されている)を試験した。各酵素の合成に最適と報告されている条件下で図6に示すヘアピン基質を用いて、これらのその他の酵素の構造特異的に核酸を開裂する能力を試験した。
どのような特定配列でも効率よく開裂できる5’ヌクレアーゼの能力を以下の実験で示す。「パイロットオリゴヌクレオチド」と呼ぶ部分的に相補的なオリゴヌクレオチドを所望の開裂点にある配列とハイブリダイズさせた。パイロットオリゴヌクレオチドの非相補的部分は鋳型の3’アームと類似の構造(図6参照)を提供し、一方基質鎖の5’領域が5’アームとなった。パイロットの3’領域がそれ自体の上に折り畳まれて安定したテトラループをもつ短いヘアピンを作るように3’領域を設計することによってプライマーを提供した(Antao et al.,Nucl.Acds Res.19:5901,1991)。2つのパイロットオリゴヌクレオチドを図12Aに示す。オリゴヌクレオチド19−12(配列番号18)、30−12(配列番号19)および30−0(配列番号40)はそれぞれ31、42および30ヌクレオチドである。しかしながら、オリゴヌクレオチド19−12(配列番号18)および34−19(配列番号19)は、基質鎖中の異なる配列と相補的であるのはそれぞれ19および30ヌクレオチドに過ぎない。パイロットオリゴヌクレオチドは約50℃(19−12)および約75℃(30−12)で相補体を溶融するように計算される。いずれのパイロットも3’末端に12ヌクレオチドをもち、これが結合した塩基対プライマーとの3’アームとして作用する。
前述した交差開裂(transcleavage)試験で使用された配列の短縮RNA版を、反応時に基質となり得る能力について試験した。RNAは、パイロットオリゴヌクレオチドの存在に依存している反応において予想された場所で開裂された。[α-32P]UTP存在下でT7 RNAポリメラーゼにより生成されたRNA基質は、図12Bで使用されたDNA基質の切断された型と一致する。反応条件は、50mM KCl存在下、55℃で40分間インキュベートするという上述のDNA基質に使用した条件と同様のものであった。使用したパイロットオリゴヌクレオチドは30-0(配列番号20)と指称し、図13Aに示す。
熱安定性DNAポリメラーゼからの5'ヌクレアーゼの生成
合成活性(本発明の検出アッセイ時のDNA開裂中の好ましくない副反応である活性)については減少しているが、熱安定性ヌクレアーゼ活性をなお維持する熱安定性DNAポリメラーゼを生成した。結果として、極度に特異的に核酸DNAを開裂する熱安定性ポリメラーゼが得られる。
1. 改変DNATaq遺伝子
第一段階は、Taq DNAポリメラーゼの改変遺伝子を誘発可能プロモーターの制御下のプラスミド上に置くことであった。改変Taqポリメラーゼ遺伝子は次のようにして単離した。即ち、Taq DNAポリメラーゼ遺伝子を、Thermus aquaticusのYT-1株(Lawyerら.,上出)のゲノムDNAから、配列番号13-14に記載したオリゴヌクレオチドをプライマーとして使用してポリメラーゼ連鎖反応により増幅した。得られたDNAのフラグメントは、コード配列の5'末端に制限エンドヌクレアーゼEcoRIの認識配列と、3'末端にBglII認識配列を有している。BglIIによる開裂は、BamHIによって生成された末端に適合する5'の突出部分、即ち「粘着末端」を残す。PCR-増幅DNAをEcoRIとBamHIにより消化した。ポリメラーゼ遺伝子のコード領域を含む2512bpフラグメントをゲル精製し、次いで誘発可能プロモーターを含むプラスミド中に結合した。
Thermus flavusのDNAポリメラーゼ遺伝子は、American Type Tissue Collectionより得た“Thermus flavas”AT-62株(ATCC33923)より単離した。この菌株は、Akhmetzjanov and Vakhitov、上出、により発表された配列を生成するのに使用されたT.flavus株とは異なった制限地図を有する。発表された配列は、配列番号2として挙げられている。T.flavusのAT-62株由来のDNAポリメラーゼ遺伝子の配列データは発表されていない。
細菌細胞は、標準の形質転換技術を用い上記の構築物により形質転換し、標準的な増殖培地(例えば、Luria-Bertani肉汁培地)の2mlに接種するのに使用した。得られる培養物を、使用した特定の菌株について適当なようにイキュベートし、特定の発現系について必要ならば誘導した。図4及び5に示した構築物の全てについて、培養物は0.5 ODの光学密度(波長600mmにおいて)まで増殖させた。
発現された熱安定性タンパク質、即ち5'ヌクレアーゼを、粗細胞抽出物を加熱し、熱安定性のより低いE.coliタンパク質を変性し、沈殿させることによって単離した。次に沈殿したE.coliタンパク質を他の細胞の断片と共に遠心分離により除去した。1.7mlの培養物を12,000-14,000 rpmで30-60秒マイクロ遠心分離することによりペレット化した。上清の除去後、細胞を400μlのバッファーA(50mMトリス-HCl,pH7.9,50mMデキストロース、1mM EDTA)に再懸濁し、再度遠心分離し、次に4mg/mlリゾチームを含む80μlのバッファーAに再懸濁した。細胞を室温で15分インキュベートし、次に80μlのバッファーB(10mMトリス-HCl,pH7.9,50mM KCl,1mM EDTA,1mM PMSF,0.5% Tween-20,0.5% Nonidet-P40)と合わせた。
上述したようにして小培養物を増殖させ誘導した。1.7mlのアリコートを短時間の遠心分離によってペレット化し、細菌細胞を100μlの溶解バッファー(50mM Tris-HCl,pH8.0,1mM EDTA,100mM NaCl)中に再懸濁した。20mM PMSFの2.5μlを最終濃度が0.5mMになるように添加し、リゾチームを1.0mg/mlの濃度まで加えた。細胞を室温で20分間インキュベートし、デオキシコール酸を1mg/ml(100mg/ml溶液の1μl)加え、混合物をさらに37℃で約15分間または粘性が出るまでインキュベートした。DNアーゼIを10μg/ml加え、混合物は室温で約30分間または粘性でなくなるまでインキュベートした。
上述の図4及び5に示した5'ヌクレアーゼを次の方法により分析した。
改変ポリメラーゼの候補を、その構造特異性開裂を触媒する能力を調べることにより5'ヌクレアーゼ活性について試験した。ここで使用した「開裂構造」という用語は、DNAPの5'ヌクレアーゼ活性による開裂の基質である核酸構造を意味している。
プライマーが鋳型にアニールされ、DNA合成が添加した酵素により触媒されるアッセイシステムに改変酵素を添加することにより、改変酵素またはタンパク質分解フラグメントの能力をアッセイした。多くの標準的な実験技術がそのようなアッセイを採用している。例えば、ニックトランスレーション及び酵素的配列決定は、ポリメラーゼ分子によるDNA鋳型に沿ったプライマーの延長を使用するものである。
熱安定性DNAポリメラーゼ由来5'ヌクレアーゼは短ヘアピン構造を特異的に開裂できる
検出分子としてふさわしい開裂したヘアピン構造を生成するために、ヘアピン構造体を開裂する5'ヌクレアーゼの能力を考察した。ヘアピン試験分子の構造と配列は図19Aに示す(配列番号15)。オリゴヌクレオチド(図19A中の標識「プライマー」、配列番号22)は、ヘアピン試験分子の3'アーム上のその相補的配列にアニールされることが示されている。ヘアピン試験分子は、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応中に標識したT7プロモータープライマーを使用して32Pで単一末端標識した。標識はヘアピン試験分子の5'アーム上にあり、図19Aでは星印で示している。
トリガー/検出アッセイの試験
トリガー/検出アッセイの検出反応中に検出されるトリガー/検出アッセイのトリガー反応中に放出される型のオリゴヌクレオチドの能力を試験するために、図20Aに示した2個のヘアピン構造を一般的手法により合成した。2個のヘアピンはA-ヘアピン(配列番号23)及びT-ヘアピン(配列番号24)と称する。適当なアニールしたプライマーの存在下で予想される開裂の部位を矢印で示す。A-及びT-ヘアピンは、A-ヘアピン内のほとんどのT残基を除くことにより、またT-ヘアピン内のほとんどのA残基を除くことにより鎖内の誤った折り畳み(intra-strand mis-folding)を避けるように設計した。誤った開始やずれを避けるために、ヘアピンは配列モチーフにおいて局部的に変化させて設計した(例えば、T残基を1または2個のヌクレオチドを離してまたは対にして置く)。A-及びT-ヘアピンは一緒にアニールして、pUC型ベクターで指向性クローニングをするために適当な末端を持つ二重鎖を形成することができる。即ち、制限部位は二重鎖のループ領域にあり、所望によりステム領域の延長に使用できる。
直鎖核酸基質の開裂
上記より、天然(即ち「野生型」)熱安定性DNAポリメラーゼが特異的な方法でヘアピン構造を開裂でき、そしてこの発見を検出アッセイにうまく適用できることが明らかである。この実施例では、本発明の変異体DNAPを、図22Aに示した三種の異なるた開裂構造に対して試験する。図22Aの構造1は単純な単一鎖206-マーである(この調製及び配列の情報は上記した)。構造2及び3は二本鎖である。構造物2は図12A(下)に示したように同一のヘアピン構造であり、構造3は構造物2のヘアピン部分が除かれている。
熱安定性DNAPによる5'エキソヌクレオチド分解開裂(「ニッブリング」)
本発明のものを含む熱安定性DNAPは、直鎖二重鎖核酸構造を5’末端から少しずつ分解する(nibbling)ことができるという真の5’エキソヌクレアーゼ活性を有していることが判明した。この実施例においてはやはり206塩基対DNA二重鎖基質を使用する(上記参照)。この場合、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応において1種の32P-標識プライマー及び1種の非標識プライマーを使用することによりそれを製造した。開裂反応物は、0.01pmolの熱変性され末端標識された基質DNA(非標識鎖を有するものも存在する)、5pmoleのパイロットオリゴヌクレオチド(図12Aのパイロットオリゴを参照)及び0.5単位のDNAPTaqまたはE.coli抽出物(上記参照)中の0.5μのCleavase(商標)BBを、10mMトリス-Cl,pH8.5,50mM KCl,1.5mM MgCl2の10μlの総容量中に含んでいた。
ニッブリングは二重鎖依存性である
Cleavase(商標)BBによるニッブリングは二重鎖に依存している。この実施例では、内部で標識された206-マーの単一鎖を、非標識206-bpフラグメントを鋳型として用いて、4個全ての非標識dNTPと組み合わせたα-32P標識dCTPを導入するプライマー伸長の15サイクルにより生成した。単一及び二重鎖生成物を、45mMトリス−ホウ酸,pH8.3,1.4mM EDTAのバッファー中で、6%非変成アクリルアミドゲル(29:1架橋)による電気泳動により分離し、オートラジオグラフィーにより可視化し、ゲルから切り出し、受動拡散により溶出し、エタノール沈降により濃縮した。
ニッブリングはターゲット指揮下にある
本発明のDNAPのニッブリング活性は、検出アッセイでうまく使用できる。そのようなアッセイの一つの態様を図27に示す。このアッセイでは、ターゲット配列に特異的な標識オリゴを使用する。オリゴはターゲットに対して過剰としハイブダリゼーションを急速に行う。この様態では、オリゴは2個のフルオレセイン標識を含み、これらがオリゴ上で近接していることによりそれらの放射が打ち消される。DNAPがオリゴを末端から少しずつ分解できるとき、その標識は分離され、検出され得る。短縮された二重鎖は不安定になり、解離する。重要なことは、ターゲットはここでそのままの標識したオリゴと自由に反応できるということである。反応は、望ましいレベルの検出が得られるまで継続できる。類似したタイプであるが異なる、λエキソヌクレアーゼを使用したサイクルアッセイが記載されている。C.G.Copley and C.Boot,BioTechniques 13:888(1992)参照。
Cleavase精製
上述したように、発現された熱安定性タンパク質、即ち5'ヌクレアーゼを粗細菌細胞抽出物により分離した。その後沈殿したE.coliタンパク質を他の細胞残渣とともに遠心分離により除いた。本実施例では、BNクローンを発現する細胞を培養し、回収した(500g)。各1g(湿潤重量)のE.coliに対して、3mlの溶菌バッファー(50mMトリス-HCl,pH8.0,1mM EDTA,100mM NaCl)を添加した。細胞を室温で200μg/mlのリゾチームで20分間溶解した。その後デオキシコール酸を最終濃度が0.2%になるように添加し、混合物を15分間室温でインキュベートした。
Claims (3)
- 配列番号9〜11及び21からなる群から選ばれる、改変熱安定性タイプA DNAポリメラーゼをコードするDNA。
- 請求項1記載のDNAを含む組み換えベクター。
- 請求項1記載のDNAによりコードされるアミノ酸配列を含むポリメラーゼ。
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JP2006296425A (ja) | 2006-11-02 |
US5691142A (en) | 1997-11-25 |
CA2320666C (en) | 2007-06-05 |
CA2163015A1 (en) | 1994-12-22 |
US5795763A (en) | 1998-08-18 |
EP1505160A3 (en) | 2005-05-04 |
JP2009232854A (ja) | 2009-10-15 |
DK1505160T3 (da) | 2008-01-28 |
CA2320666A1 (en) | 1994-12-22 |
JPH08511684A (ja) | 1996-12-10 |
DE69435030D1 (de) | 2007-10-31 |
DE69435030T2 (de) | 2008-06-12 |
WO1994029482A1 (en) | 1994-12-22 |
ATE274587T1 (de) | 2004-09-15 |
AU694736B2 (en) | 1998-07-30 |
JP4016050B2 (ja) | 2007-12-05 |
DE69433966D1 (en) | 2004-09-30 |
EP0711361B1 (en) | 2004-08-25 |
CA2163015C (en) | 2001-11-20 |
EP0711361A4 (en) | 1998-04-15 |
EP0711361A1 (en) | 1996-05-15 |
AU7052094A (en) | 1995-01-03 |
ES2293141T3 (es) | 2008-03-16 |
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