JP4404553B2 - 単離された母体血液の胎児細胞に対する出生前診断の方法 - Google Patents
単離された母体血液の胎児細胞に対する出生前診断の方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
a)純粋な、または希釈された母体血の試料を濾過して、大きさにより、一定の循環細胞、特に胎児起源の細胞をフィルターに濃縮することと;
b)フィルターに保持された細胞を解析して、これらの胎児起源または母体起源の推定または同定を達成すること;および、これらの上皮性の特徴を同定することと;
c)個々の単離された細胞の遺伝的な解析により、一定の濃縮された胎児起源の細胞を示すことと;
d)個々に解析したその胎児起源が示された細胞のゲノムを特異的に標的として遺伝的異常を同定すること。
この特定の特徴は、好ましくは、胎児起源がすでに示された単一細胞の遺伝的解析によって探索される。
・母体血液試料に含まれる細胞を持ち込み、胎児細胞の特徴である抗原に対して向けられた少なくとも1つの抗体と接触させること;
・フィルターに保持された細胞において、前記細胞の表面に発現した抗原と前記抗体の特異的な結合を決定することと;からなり、抗体と細胞の前記接触は、おそらく濾過工程の前か後に実行される。選択された抗体は、ポリクローナルまたはモノクローナルのタイプであることができる。
・細胞の胎児起源または母体起源を示すこと;次いで
・胎児の遺伝的異常もしくは染色体異常、またはその特定の遺伝子型を同定することによって出生前診断を行うこと;
が可能である。
a)妊婦から除去した純粋のまたは希釈した血液試料を、大きさに従ったフィルターで濾過して、一定の循環細胞および特に胎児起源の細胞を濃縮することと;
b)フィルターに保持された細胞を培養して、胎児細胞に濃縮された細胞培養を得ること。
・多孔性のフィルターであって、その大きさに従って一定の循環細胞を保持することができ、2つの凝集装置の間に、それぞれフルターの向きに関して上流および下流に取り付けられ、かつ濾過シールを提供する多孔性のフィルター;
・解析する試料を貯蔵し、および/または前もって処理するための手段を含む上流ブロック;
・前記貯蔵手段に面する穿孔を含む下流ブロック;
・強制的な濾過のための手段;
を含む。
・好ましくは等級分けされて、かつ8μm以上、好ましくは10μm以上、およびより好ましくは15μm以上の平均直径を有する細胞を保持することができる細孔径を有するフルターを、装置に組み入れることと、8μm以上の平均細孔径を有するフィルターは、所望の特徴を満たすことが示されている;
・細孔径の機能として、フィルターの細孔密度を適応させて濾過能力を最適化することと;
・濾過手段に適用される圧力を適応させて、胎児細胞の物理的な完全性を保持することと;
・母体血液試料に稀釈培地を適応させて、患者細胞の完全性および生存率を保存することと、
を意味する。
研究の概要
本研究は、遺伝病のリスクについて、胎児(6人の男性胎児および7人の女性胎児)を有する11〜12週の13人の妊婦に対して行い、彼女らの同意を得た。EDTA緩衝液に除去して回収した2ミリリットルの血液を解析した。試料採取は、いずれの観血的なプロトコルの前に行い、血液試料は、せいぜい除去の4時間後に濾過した。胎児の性の診断は、絨毛癌の絨毛を除去することによって(DNA解析によって)決定した。
血液試料は、0.175%のサポニン、0.2%のパラホルムアルデヒド、0.0372%のEDTAおよび0.1%のBSAを含む濾過緩衝液に10倍に希釈し、次いで円柱形の等級分けされた直径8μmの細孔を有する等級分けされたポリカーボネートフィルタを使用して濾過した。フィルターに保持された細胞は、直径0.6cmの円形スポットに回収した。エオシンおよびヘマトキシリンで染色後、スポットを顕微鏡下で解析し、それぞれの細胞の写真を高倍率および低倍率で撮影した。Adobe Photoshopソフトウェアを使用して細胞サイズを決定し、参照として8μm細孔径を取った。写真により、Pixcell II Arcturus顕微鏡(Mountain View CA)で細胞を位置づけることができる。図2は、この方法によって得られた顕微鏡解析を示す。
5'-GTGCTGCAGGTGTAAACTTGTACCAG-3'
5'-CACGGATCCGGTAGCAGCGGTAGAGTT-3'
前記HLAプライマーは、DNAの増幅機能を試験することができる(ポジティブ増幅対照)、
で試験し、および第2に、以下のSTR特異的なプライマーによって試験した:
マーカーD16S3018
(センス)5'-6.-FAM-GGATAAACATAGAGCGACAGTTC-3';および
(アンチセンス)5'-AGACAGAGTCCCAGGCATT-3';
マーカーDi6S3031
(センス)5'-TET-ACTTACCACTGTGCCAGTTG-3';および
(アンチセンス)5'-ATACATGGGTCCTTAAACCG-3';
マーカーD16S539
(センス)5'-HEX-GATCCCAAGCTCTTCCTCTT-3';および
(アンチセンス)5'-ACGTTTGTGTGTGCATCTGT-3'
また、試料を、Y染色体に対して特異的なプライマーで試験した(Yプライマ:参照17にて説明したように、Y1.7およびY1.9)。PCRは、2μlのPEP産物、10mmのトリス-HCl、50mmのKCl、1.5mmのMgCl2、0.01%のゼラチン、200mMの各デオキシヌクレオチド、20ピコモルの各Yプライマー、HLAまたはSTR、および1UのTaqポリメラーゼ(Perkin-Elmer Cetus, Emeryville, CA)を含む20μlの反応液混合液量で行った。Perkin Elmer9700サーモサイクラーにおいて、94℃で5分間の最初の変性工程の後、40回の増幅サイクル(94℃、15秒、60℃、30秒、72℃、30秒)、次いで72℃で5分間の最後の伸長工程を行った。10μlの一定分量の増幅産物を2%のアガロースにおけるゲル電気泳動によって解析した。
Yプライマーの特異性は、20人の女性からの血液白血球に由来する10ngのDNAを増幅することによって試験した。PCR産物におけるあらゆる汚染を回避するために使用した予防措置は、上記してある(18)。さらに、ネガティブ対照(試料のない緩衝液)は、それぞれの試料について溶解工程において挿入して、試験の最後までその他の試料のように解析した。顕微解剖を行うときに、我々は、少なくとも1つの新たなフィルター(細胞なし)の顕微解剖を含め、試料および対照と並行しておこなった。ポジティブな結果の特異性を検査するために、試料および対照(ネガティブおよびポジティブ)に対して、特異的なY染色体プライマーまたはSTR特異的なプライマーで増幅を繰り返した。
20人の女性から得られるDNAを増幅することでYプライマーの特異性を決定した。図1で示したとおり、トラック1〜12、14〜21(女性)とライン13(男性)を比較することにより、試験は、女性からのDNA試料についてネガティブであり、ポジティブ対照としての男性からのDNAについて陽性であった。
・14.3〜19.9μmの範囲(平均値16.9±2)の直径を有し、凝縮染色質かつ小さな細胞質を有する大きな核の、しばしば膜表面にいくつかの微小絨毛を有する栄養膜細胞層タイプの単核細胞;
・より大きな直径(一般に44〜47μm)を有するシンシチウム栄養芽層細胞タイプの多核細胞。
6個の細胞は、陽性のY染色体の検出と一致した胎児プロフィールを有し、および5個の細胞は、Y染色体のネガティブな検出と一致して、母体プロフィールを有する。
本研究は、母体血液を循環している胎児細胞を濾過によって濃縮することができる最初のものであることを示す。また、性の同定において独立して胎児細胞の同定を、非常に多形のSTRマーカーのPCR増幅によって実行することができることを示す。STRマーカー検査法の臨床的な影響は、胎児細胞を濃縮するために特に有効なアプローチと前記方法を組み合わせることに依存する。本研究は、2つのアプローチをうまく組み合わせることができることを最初に示す。大きさで分離する技術は、血液に循環している腫瘍細胞を分離するためにすでに記載されている(上記Vonaら、を参照されたい)。本発明者は、今回、2ミリリットルだけの母体血試料から濃縮し、これらを濃縮後に回収した胎児細胞を遺伝的に解析することができることを発見した。個々の細胞に対してレーザー顕微解剖およびY染色体特異的なプライマーまたはSTRプライマーを使用するPCRを組み合わせて、このアプローチにより、回収された細胞の胎児起源示すことができた。血液に循環している胎児細胞の数が血液1ミリリットルにつき1細胞である、すなわち10,000,000個の白血球につき1つの胎児細胞であると見積もられることを考慮すると、得られた濃縮物は、約6,600,000倍(フィルターに保持された1.5個の大細胞につき1つの胎児細胞)である。さらに、本アプローチでは、血液に循環している胎児細胞の形態学的情報を提供することもできる。おそらく栄養膜細胞層タイプの細胞である単核細胞、およびシンシチウム栄養芽層細胞である多核細胞が単離された。これらの2つの細胞タイプは、同じ分離および顕微解剖技術を使用して解析した22人の健康な給血者および44人の癌腫の患者では決して観察されなかった(結果は示さず)。
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Claims (19)
- 以下の工程を含む母体血から単離した胎児細胞の出生前における遺伝的もしくは染色体異常、またはその遺伝子型の同定方法:
a)純粋な、または希釈された母体血の試料を6〜15μmの範囲の細孔径を有するフィルターで濾過して、それによって上皮細胞を前記フィルターに保持することと;
b)フィルターに保持された細胞を、栄養膜細胞および/またはシンシチウム栄養芽層細胞の特徴である少なくとも1つの免疫学的または細胞学的マーカーの存在について解析して、栄養膜細胞および/またはシンシチウム栄養芽層細胞を同定すること;ならびに、栄養膜細胞および/またはシンシチウム栄養芽層細胞として同定された少なくとも1つの細胞を個々に回収し、それによって胎児起源と推定された単一の細胞または胎児起源と推定された単一の細胞の回収物を得ることと;
c)工程b)の前記単一の細胞または工程b)で得られた前記回収物の単一の細胞を溶解し、それによってこの単一の細胞のゲノムを増幅プライマーに接触可能とすることと;
d)工程c)で得られた前記溶解した単一の細胞のゲノムを増幅し、予め増幅した産物を単一の細胞から得ることと;
e)工程d)で得られた前記予め増幅した産物を用いて、前記単一の細胞の胎児起源の実証、および出生前において胎児細胞の遺伝的もしくは染色体異常、またはその遺伝子型の同定の実行の両方を行うこと:
ここにおいて、
i)前記予め増幅した産物は、母体細胞のゲノムとの区別が可能な遺伝的もしくは多型マーカーの存在または対立形質について、前記予め増幅した産物から前記マーカーを増幅することによって解析され、その結果、前記存在により前記単一の細胞が胎児起源であることが実証され、および
ii)前記胎児起源であることが実証された場合、前記予め増幅した産物の遺伝的解析によって、胎児の少なくとも1つの遺伝的もしくは染色体異常、またはその遺伝子型が同定される。 - 前記フィルターに保持された前記細胞が個々に顕微解剖によって回収される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記顕微解剖が、細胞が保持された前記フィルターの部分をレーザーで切断し、次いで単一の回収した細胞を適切なチューブに回収することからなる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎児のまたはその遺伝子型の、少なくとも1つの遺伝的もしくは染色体の異常の同定が、前記予め増幅された産物における1以上の遺伝的標的を同定することによって行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 工程e)の前に、工程d)の予め増幅した産物を精製し、前記単一の細胞のゲノムに由来する予め増幅されたDNA標品を得る、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 胎児のもしくはその前記遺伝子型の少なくとも1つの遺伝的または染色体の異常が、前記予め増幅した産物から、前記遺伝的標的を有する1つもしくは複数の核酸配列の増幅によって同定される、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 遺伝的標的を有する1つもしくは複数の核酸配列の前記増幅が、前記予め増幅された産物の5分の1よりも少量で行われる、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 胎児のもしくはその前記遺伝子型の少なくとも1つの遺伝的または染色体の異常の前記同定が、前記増幅された核酸配列において行われる遺伝的標的のシーケンシングによって示される、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記胎児のもしくはその前記遺伝子型の少なくとも1つの遺伝的または染色体の異常が、前記予め増幅されたDNA標品の全てまたは一部を、特異的なDNAプローブもしくはペプチド核酸(PNA)タイプのプローブでハイブリダイゼーションすることによって同定される、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記特異的なDNAプローブが、DNAマイクロアレイまたはマクロアレイを形成する支持体に固定される、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つの前記多型マーカーが、マイクロサテライトマーカー、可変数のタンデムリピート(VNTR)マーカー、単一ヌクレオチド多型(SNP)マーカー、または短いタンデムリピート(STR)マーカーである、請求項1から10のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記胎児起源が、母体細胞のDNAに特異的な、マーカーもしくはマーカーの組合せ、その存在、またはその対立形質を同定することにより示される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 染色体異常が、前記単一の細胞であって胎児起源が示されたもののゲノムに由来する予め増幅されたDNA標品と、母体起源の細胞または非胎児の対照細胞の予め増幅されたDNA標品との、比較ゲノムハイブリダイゼーション(CGH)方法によって同定される、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記濾過した母体血が妊娠の第5週以後に作製された血液試料に由来する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 母体血の前記濾過が、1〜10mLの母体血の濾過である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記母体の血液試料が濾過溶液で10〜100倍に希釈される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記純粋のまたは希釈された母体血液試料は、8μmの直径の細孔を有するフィルターを使用して濾過される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記フィルターが8μmの直径および5×104〜5×105細孔/cm2の細孔密度の細孔を有する、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記フィルターはポリカーボネートフィルターであり、および前記ポリカーボネートフィルターの全ての細孔が同一の直径を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
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WO2002088736A3 (fr) | 2003-09-25 |
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US7651838B2 (en) | 2010-01-26 |
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