JP4367848B2 - Multiple view directional display - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to multiple view directional displays that include parallax optics as parallax barriers or lenticular systems, and in particular to displays that include large area parallax barriers.

  One application of multiple view directional displays is as a dual view display. In a dual view display, one display panel is typically used to provide a two-dimensional image to a user in two separate two-dimensional viewing areas. Images can be displayed using spatial or temporal multiplexing. Since the supplied image can be different, the viewer in the first region sees a different image than the viewer in the second region. Such a display is generally used to provide two separate two-dimensional images in two viewing areas.

  Another application for multiple view directional displays is as an autostereoscopic display for providing a three-dimensional image. In normal vision, the two human eyes perceive surrounding views from different viewpoints because they are separated in the head. These two two-dimensional viewpoints are used by the brain to estimate the distance to various objects in the landscape. In order to create a display that efficiently displays a 3D image, this state is reproduced so that a so-called “stereoscopic pair” of images is supplied to each of the observer's eyes. It is necessary to supply.

  Three dimensions are classified into two types depending on the method used to provide different views to the eye.

  Stereoscopic displays typically display both images over a wide viewing area. However, each of the views is encoded, for example, by color, deflection state, or display time, and the eyeglass filter system worn by the viewer can separate the views, with each eye directed to that eye. See only the view you have.

  -Autostereoscopic display does not require an observation assistance device worn by the observer. Instead, the two views can only be viewed from each defined area of space. The area of space in which an image can be viewed over the entire display active area is called the “viewing area”. If the observer is positioned so that one of the eyes is in the correct viewing area of one image of the stereo pair and the other eye is in the correct viewing area of the other image of the pair, The observer sees an accurate view with each eye and a three-dimensional image is perceived.

  Autostereoscopic displays operate on the same general principles as dual-view displays. However, the two images displayed are a right eye image and a left eye image of a stereoscopic image pair, each image being visible to one observer, ie different eyes of the same observer.

  For flat panel autostereoscopic displays, the formation of the viewing area is typically a combination of the pixel structure of the display device and optical elements commonly referred to as parallax optics. An example of such optics is a parallax barrier. The parallax barrier is a screen having a transmission slit divided by an opaque region. This screen may be placed in front of a spatial light modulator (SLM) having a two-dimensional array of pixel apertures as shown in FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings. The pitch of the parallax barrier slits is selected to be close to an integer multiple of the SLM pixel pitch, and a group of pixel columns is associated with a particular slit of the parallax barrier. FIG. 1 shows an SLM in which two pixel columns are associated with respective slits of a parallax barrier. The parallax optics may include an array of lenticular lenses.

  The display shown in FIG. 1 includes an SLM in the form of a liquid crystal device (LCD) having an active matrix thin film transistor (TFT) substrate 1 and a counter substrate 2. Between the TFT substrate 1 and the counter substrate 2, a liquid crystal layer forming a pixel (pixel) surface 3 having an associated electrode and an alignment layer (not shown) as necessary is disposed. The viewing angle enhancement film 4 and the polarizer 5 are provided on the outer surfaces of the substrates 1 and 2, respectively, and the illumination 6 is supplied from a backlight (not shown). A parallax barrier comprising a substrate 7 having an aperture array 8 formed on the LCD and an adjacent surface and an anti-reflective (AR) coating 9 formed on the other surface cooperates with the SLM to provide a three-dimensional display. provide.

  The pixels of the LCD are arranged as rows and columns with the pixel pitch in the row or horizontal direction being p. The aperture array 8 includes vertical transmission slits 12 having a slit width of 2w and a horizontal pitch b separated by an opaque region 13. The surface of the barrier aperture array 8 is spaced from the pixel surface 3 by a distance s.

When used, the display forms a left observation window 10 and a right observation window 11 at a desired viewing distance from the display in the window plane. Window pane, the distance from the plane of the aperture array 8 by a distance r _o is empty. The windows 10 and 11 are continuous in the window plane and have a width and pitch e corresponding to the average human eye spacing. The center half-angle of each window 10 and 11 from the display normal is denoted θ _t .

  FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings shows the angular zone of light generated from the SLM 20 and the parallax barrier 30 when the parallax barrier has a pitch that is exactly an integer multiple of the pixel column pitch. One or more columns of pixels of the SLM display a slice of image 1. These slices are combined with a similar slice showing image 2. In this case, the angular zones from different positions across the display panel surface are mixed and there is no pure zone of the view of image 1 or image 2. To address this problem, the pitch of the parallax barrier is slightly reduced so that the angular zone converges to a predetermined plane in front of the display (referred to as the “window plane”). This change in parallax barrier pitch is called “viewpoint correction” and the effect is shown in FIG. 3 of the accompanying drawings by the modified parallax barrier 31. When the observation area is generated in this manner, the observation area has a substantially bowl shape in the plan view.

A parallax barrier known in the art has a constant pitch across the optics. This causes a disadvantage in observing a display incorporating such a barrier. The problem arises because the refractive index changes as light moves from the panel's refractive medium to the air. This change in refractive index causes the refraction of light transmitted from the SLM to the observer (obtained by Snell's law, n _i sin θ _i = n _t sin θ _t , where n _i is the refractive index of the glass panel. Yes, θ _i is the angle between the light beam emanating from the SLM and the normal to the screen surface, n _t is the refractive index of air, θ _t is the refracted light beam exiting the parallax barrier, and the normal to the screen surface Is the angle between).

The refractive index is shown in FIG. 4 of the accompanying drawings. The left edge of the multiple view directional display is shown. Here, the parallax barrier 31 constitutes a refraction interface. For an observer 40 located as shown in FIG. 4, the value of θ _i increases toward the left of the figure, and the light is refracted more accordingly.

For small angles θ _i , θ _t is substantially proportional to θ _i . In this case, the display according to the prior art functions efficiently. That is, by using a parallax barrier with a constant pitch, a coherent observation window is formed on the observation window plane regardless of the point on the parallax optics of the light beam forming the observation window. This state is as shown in FIG.

If a constant pitch parallax barrier is large enough, or if the viewer is close enough to the barrier (such as in an immersive display), θ _i is large at the edge of the barrier. For a large value of θ _i , the angle at which light is refracted becomes considerably large, and the relationship between θ _i and θ _t is also nonlinear.

  As a result of the increased refraction at the edge of the barrier, the part of the observation window projected from near the edge of the barrier will not converge to the same point as the corresponding part of the observation area projected from the center of the barrier. This is as shown in FIG. The left and right pixels provide different image portions corresponding to the images viewed with the left and right eyes, respectively, in order to perceive a three-dimensional image. The left and right pixels 22-27 may be spatially alternated with each other through the SLM 20. The arrows indicate the center point between the left and right eye observation windows formed by a pair of left eye and right eye pixels, respectively. All of these arrows need to be focused to the center point between the left eye 41 and the right eye 42 of the viewer 40, but are not focused, as clearly shown in FIG.

There is a further problem with the observation window projected from large values of θ _i . This problem is less important in autostereoscopic displays, but can be important in dual view displays where the angle between different views is large. Since the image of each observation window is provided by a group of pixels that are spatially interleaved, the light that forms the left eye observation window is emitted from the barrier at a different angle than the light that forms the right observation window. As shown in FIG. 12a of the accompanying drawings, the rays forming the view 1 and view 2 viewing windows are refracted differently at the glass-air interface. The view 1 and view 2 windows become more separated as the distance from the panel increases than desired.

  The effects detailed in the above paragraph have two adverse consequences. As the observation window becomes narrower, the area where each view can be observed can become narrower. In addition, the crosstalk between the view 1 image and the view 2 image is increased. Typically, the crosstalk becomes higher as the user moves away from the center of the observation window. As shown in FIG. 4, the position of the boundary between the observation regions depends on the area of the SLM where the corresponding image is generated. Thus, from all points on the display, there is no position where crosstalk is minimal.

  The following table outlines how crosstalk causes problems in observation. A theoretical crosstalk value is provided for different sized displays using a parallax barrier with a constant pitch and a viewing distance of 600 mm. Crosstalk becomes abruptly unacceptable for displays larger than 18 inches (45.7 cm). A high level of crosstalk at the edge of the screen causes significant visual discomfort. For a 25 inch (63.5 cm) screen, at the center of the screen, the user's left eye sees the left eye image, but at the edge of the screen, the user's left eye can see the right eye image (that The reverse is also true). A 25 inch (63.5 cm) display with constant pitch parallax optics does not show the correct image to the correct eye over its entire area.

非特許文献１は、ピッチ、スリット幅、ピクセルアパーチャ比などの視差バリアアパーチャの最適化を詳細に説明する。この文献は、ユーザがスクリーンの中心の前に位置しない場合、斜めからスクリーンを見ることがあると認めている。しかし、一定のパッケージリアピッチのみが考慮され、バリア−空気界面における光線の屈折については触れられていない。

Non-Patent Document 1 describes in detail optimization of parallax barrier apertures such as pitch, slit width, and pixel aperture ratio. This document recognizes that the user may see the screen diagonally if it is not located in front of the center of the screen. However, only a certain package rear pitch is considered and the refraction of light at the barrier-air interface is not mentioned.

  Patent Document 1 discloses a stereoscopic display in which the parallax optics is a lenticular lens array. When large stereoscopic displays with lenticular optics are made, the lenticular lenses at the periphery of the optics do not focus accurately on the image. This document discloses solving this problem by changing the focal length of the lens according to the position on the screen. The focal length can be changed by adjusting the radius of curvature of the lens, the refractive index of the lens, or the thickness of the lens. The position of the lens relative to the pixel is not changed according to the position on the display.

Patent Document 2 discloses a method for making the pitch and / or slit width of the parallax barrier variable. It is unlikely that the pitch and slit width will vary according to the position of the slit on the screen. The parallax barrier of this document has a variable pitch and slit width, but the pitch and slit width are constant at all points on the screen.
Japanese Patent No. 6-82934 US Pat. No. 5,900,972 Yamamoto, H .; Muguruma, S .; Sato, T .; Ono, K .; Hayashi, Y .; Nagai, Y .; Shimizu, Y .; Nishida, N .; , "Optimum parameters and viewing areas of stereoscopic fullcolor LED display using parallel parallar", (IEICE Transactions on Electronics.

  According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is a multiple view directional display comprising an interface between media of different refractive indices, including a display device and parallax optics, compensation of refractive bending in the direction of light propagation at the interface A multiple view directional display is provided.

  Such a display may increase the user's lateral and longitudinal viewing freedom without detrimental effects on crosstalk. The cost and ease of manufacturing such a display is substantially the same as the cost and ease of manufacturing a known display.

  The parallax optics may include a plurality of parallax elements, each of which is aligned with a respective set of pixels of the device. Each parallax element may be aligned with a respective group of the column of pixels. At least one of the lateral pitch of the parallax elements and the lateral pitch of the set of pixels may vary across the display. The at least one lateral pitch may vary monotonically from the center of the display towards the lateral edges of the display and all edges.

  The parallax optics may be disposed between the device and an observation position. A lateral pitch of the parallax elements may spread from the center. The lateral pitch of the set of pixels may narrow from the center.

  Alternatively, the device may be placed between the parallax optics and the viewing position. The lateral pitch of the parallax elements may narrow from the center. The lateral pitch of the set of pixels may extend from the center.

  The lateral pitch of the pixels may vary within the set across the display. The width of the parallax element may vary across the display.

  Each of the parallax elements may include a plurality of sub-elements that allow light from each pixel of the set associated with the set toward the viewing position.

  The parallax optics may be controllable to vary the parallax element lateral pitch.

  The parallax optics may be disabling for a single view mode of operation.

  The display may include a layer whose refractive index varies across the display. The refractive index can be greater at the center of the display than at the lateral edges of the display.

  The spacing between the parallax optics and the image generating surface of the device can vary across the display. The spacing may be greater than the center of the display at the lateral edges of the display.

  The viewing window generated by the horizontal edge of the display can be offset laterally from the viewing window generated by the center of the display.

  One of the media may be air.

  The device may include a liquid crystal device.

  The parallax element may be a parallax barrier.

  A second aspect of the invention provides a parallax optic that includes a plurality of parallax elements, the parallax elements having a lateral pitch (b) that varies across the optic.

  A third aspect of the invention provides a display device comprising a plurality of sets of pixels, the set having a lateral pitch that varies across the device.

The multiple view directional display of the present invention includes a display device (20) including a plurality of pixels (22 to 27) , and a parallax including a plurality of parallax elements (13) arranged to face the display device (20). and a optics (32), different refractive index of a multiple view directional display having an interface between the media, the light propagation path determined and pixel, the relative positions of the parallax element through which light passes from the pixel The lateral pitch of the parallax elements is varied according to the horizontal position and the vertical position in the display device so that the refractive bending at the interface is compensated , thereby achieving the above object.
The multiple view directional display of the present invention includes a display device (20) including a plurality of pixels (22 to 27), and a parallax including a plurality of parallax elements (13) arranged to face the display device (20). A multiple-view directional display including an interface between media having different refractive indexes, the optical propagation path being determined by a relative position between the pixel and a parallax element through which light from the pixel passes. The lateral pitch of the adjacent set of pixels is varied according to at least the horizontal position in the display device so that the refractive bending at the interface is compensated, thereby achieving the above object.

Wherein each of the parallax optic (32) a plurality of parallax elements constituting the (13) may be aligned with respect to each set of adjacent pixels (22, 23) of said device (20).

Wherein each of the plurality of parallax elements (13) may be aligned for each group of said columns of adjacent pixels (22, 23).

Transverse pitch of the set (22-27) of the pixel (p _{c, p e)} may vary monotonically from the center of the display toward the lateral edges of the display.

The lateral pitch ( b ) of the parallax element (13) may vary monotonically from the center of the display toward all edges of the display.

  The parallax optics (32) may be disposed between the device (20) and an observation position (40).

The parallax optics (32) may be disposed between the device (20) and the observation position (40), and a lateral pitch of the parallax elements (13) may spread from the center.

The parallax optics (32) may be disposed between the device (20) and the observation position (40), and the lateral pitch of the set of pixels (22 to 27) may be reduced from the center.

  The device (20) may be disposed between the parallax optics (32) and the observation position (40).

The device (20) may be disposed between the parallax optics (32) and the observation position (40), and the lateral pitch of the parallax elements (13) may be narrowed from the center.

The device (20) may be arranged between the parallax optics (32) and the observation position (40), and the lateral pitch of the set of pixels (22-27) may extend from the center.

The lateral pitch of the set of pixels (22-27) may vary within the set across the display.

  The width of the parallax element (13) may vary across the display.

Each of the plurality of parallax elements (13) passes a plurality of sub-elements (50, 50) that allow light from each pixel (24, 25) of the set associated with the set to the viewing position (41, 42) to pass. 51).

  The parallax optics (32) may be controllable to vary the parallax element lateral pitch.

  The parallax optics (32) may be disabled for a single view mode of operation.

  It may include a layer (60) whose refractive index varies across the display.

  The refractive index may be greater than the refractive index at the lateral edge of the display at the center of the display.

  The spacing between the parallax optics (31) and the image generation surface of the device (20) may vary across the display.

  The spacing may be greater than the center of the display at the lateral edges of the display.

  The viewing window generated by the horizontal edge of the display may be offset laterally from the viewing window generated by the center of the display.

  One of the media may be air.

  Said device (20) may comprise a liquid crystal device.

  The parallax elements (31, 32) may be parallax barriers.

A multiple view directional display according to the present invention includes a display device (20) including a plurality of pixels (22 to 27), and a parallax including a plurality of parallax elements (13) arranged to face the display device (20). A multiple-view directional display including an interface between media having different refractive indexes, the optical propagation path being determined by a relative position between the pixel and a parallax element through which light from the pixel passes. The lateral pitch of the parallax elements is varied according to the horizontal and vertical positions in the display device so that refractive bending at the interface is compensated, and the lateral pitch of the adjacent set of pixels is changes according to at least the horizontal position of the display device, thereby achieving the above object That.

Lateral pitch (p) of the set of pixels (22-27) _c , P _e ) And the lateral pitch (b) of the parallax element (13) may vary monotonically from the center of the display toward the lateral edge of the display.

  When the conventional multiple view display is configured to cover most of the user's field of view, there is a problem in that the degree of freedom of observation in the lateral direction and the longitudinal direction is reduced and crosstalk is increased. Embodiments of the present invention allow for the manufacture of multiple view displays that can cover most of the user's field of view without detrimental effects on crosstalk or lateral viewing freedom. The cost and ease of manufacturing a display embodying an embodiment of the present invention is substantially the same as in the prior art.

  For a better understanding of the present invention and to show how the present invention can be implemented, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings. .

  FIG. 5 is a front view of parallax optics according to the first embodiment of the present invention. Unlike known parallax optics, the pitch of optics values varies across the optics. The pitch increases or decreases away from the center of the optics, and the variation can be monotonic from the center to the edge of the display. Although this embodiment is described with reference to a parallax barrier, the present invention is not limited to this type of parallax optics.

  The parallax barrier 32 includes a series of transparent slits 12 and opaque regions 13, the width of the slits is 2w, and the pitch of the apertures is b. The slit width 2w is constant across the barrier, but the pitch b increases with the distance from the center of the barrier.

  As the distance from the center of the barrier changes, there is a small lateral shift of the slit position along the parallax barrier for the associated column of pixels. The change in barrier pitch at each point along the barrier is substantially sufficient to adjust the path of light refracted at the media interface located relative to the parallax barrier.

  Variation in the barrier pitch at a point on the barrier can depend on the vertical position on the barrier in addition to the horizontal position. For example, the adjustment required at the top of the barrier may differ from the adjustment required at the center. This leads to the curvilinear nature of the slit 12 shown in FIG. The pitch varies horizontally across the display, and the variation in horizontal pitch across the display depends on the vertical position on the display.

  To facilitate manufacturing, it may be convenient to approximate the curved slit of FIG. 5 to a finite number of discrete steps. A parallax optic 32 according to a further embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 6a. The parallax optics 32 of FIG. 6a is also a parallax barrier and corresponds to the parallax barrier 32 of FIG. 5 except that the boundary between the transparent slit 12 and the opaque portion 13 is approximated as a series of separate steps.

  In certain circumstances, it may not be desirable to produce parallax optics having a curved shape as shown in FIG. According to a further embodiment of the present invention, parallax optics in the form of a parallax barrier 37 shown in FIG. 6b is provided. The parallax barrier 37 generally corresponds to the first embodiment, but differs in that the barrier slits are vertical and parallel. The parallax barrier 37 has a pitch that varies in the horizontal direction along the barrier. The pitch of the barrier 37 is not related to the vertical position on the screen, and the variation in pitch is optimized within a range that satisfies the restriction that the parallax optics must be vertical. The slit width can be constant across the barrier 37 of this embodiment.

  A further embodiment of the invention, shown in FIG. 6c of the accompanying drawings, includes a parallax barrier 38 having different slit widths at different locations on the barrier and having a varying pitch. The pitch of the parallax barrier 38 varies in the horizontal direction along the barrier. The pitch also varies vertically along the barrier. The slit width varies across the barrier 38, for example, to reduce crosstalk at the edge of the display or to compensate for luminance variations across the panel.

  The parallax optics described herein is a parallax barrier. However, the same technique can be applied to other parallax optics such as lenticular lens arrays, prism barriers, and the like.

  Such parallax optics may be placed in front of or behind the SLM to form multiple displays that provide more than one view. These techniques may be applied to the types disclosed in pending UK patent applications 0315170.1, 0306516.6, and 0228644.1, or any other suitable type of parallax optics.

  FIG. 7 is a partial plan view of a multiple view directional display with compensation for light refraction at the interface between media of different refractive indices, according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 shows only the pixel structure of the SLM of the display 20 and the parallax barrier aperture array 32. Other components are omitted because they are not related to the following description.

  The display device of FIG. 7 includes an SLM 20 similar to the SLM described with reference to FIG. The left and right pixels 22-27 provide images that the left eye and right eye observe, respectively. The parallax barrier 32 of the device is a parallax barrier according to any of the above embodiments. That is, it is characterized by at least a lateral variable pitch.

The pixels 22 and 23 are arranged at one end of the SLM, and the pitch of the parallax barrier in the portion facing those pixels is different from the pitch of the barrier in the portion facing the pixels 26 and 27 near the center of the SLM. The change in barrier pitch at each of the points along the SLM is substantially sufficient to adjust the path of refracted light and focus the light from each slit of the barrier into the viewing region 40. The pitch b of the parallax barrier increases from the center of the SLM toward the edge of the display, which leads to a decrease in the value of θ _i . According to Snell's law, θ _t also decreases, leading to the image from pixels 22 and 23 being focused at the same position as the image from pixels 26 and 27.

  FIG. 8 a shows the user 40 looking at the center of the large display, indicated by reference numeral 33. The arrows indicate that the image displayed near the edge of the display is correctly directed to the left and right eyes. If the user now looks at different parts of the display towards the edge of the display, it is natural to turn his eyes as shown in FIG. 8b or his head as shown in FIG. 8c. These movements lead to moving the user's eyes from the optimum observation position.

In a further embodiment of the parallax optics of the present invention, the variable pitch of the parallax optics 33 is such that the viewing area emanating from the side of the screen is projected to the appropriate side of the user, as shown for example in FIG. Adjusted. The refraction compensation provided by the above embodiments is modified to shift the viewing area corresponding to the edge of the display to a lateral offset position. To accomplish this, the pitch of the slits at the end of the barrier, it is necessary to significantly greater than the above embodiments in order to greatly reduce the theta _t.

  In this case, when the user looks at the center of the display, the user's eyes are at the optimum position of the observation region emanating from the center of the display. In this position, the user's eyes are diverted from the observation area emanating from the edge of the display. Thus, the user will see higher crosstalk at the edge of the display, but this is less affected because it is in the peripheral field of view where details of the user's image are less perceptible.

  When the user desires to see the periphery of the screen, the eye and / or head naturally moves to the optimal viewing position to see the edge of the screen where the viewing window emanating from the edge of the screen has already been projected. The edge of the screen will be the center of the user's field of view, and the user will see low crosstalk from the edge of the screen.

In certain situations, it may not be desirable to generate parallax optics with variable pitch. The pitch of the parallax optics can still be optimized taking into account considerable refraction of light at the edge of the panel. Known parallax optics only take into account refraction at the glass-air interface for small angles θ _i (ie, small screens).

  The right eye observation region ray path for the user 40 observing a known display is shown in FIG. 9a. FIG. 9 a shows that the observation window is perfectly arranged for the user near the center of the display 31, but when the observation window is emitted from a position away from the center of the display 31, there is a considerable portion that does not reach the user. is there.

  FIG. 9b shows a user 40 viewing the display 31 according to a further embodiment of the invention. Display 31 includes an SLM 20 similar to the SLM provided in the embodiment shown in FIG. The pitch of the parallax barrier of the display is constant in this embodiment and is slightly larger than the pitch that can provide accurate on-axis performance relative to the center of the display. This trades the performance at the center of the screen for the performance at the edge of the screen. In this way, crosstalk can be made more uniform across the screen. In this embodiment, the viewing window emanating from the center of the display 33 has minimal crosstalk and looks accurate to the user. An observation window originating just at the center of the display 33 goes to the right of the user. Furthermore, the observation window emanating from the right also looks accurate if the light refraction increases. The observation window emanating from the screen edge has a further increase in refraction and goes slightly to the left for the user. As a result, the viewing area is focused in a smaller area than if the barrier was optimized only for the center of the screen.

The above embodiments describe how the adjustment of the parallax barrier pitch can compensate for the refraction of light at large angles θ _i . It is also possible to compensate for refraction by adjusting the position of the pixels in the panel.

An SLM according to a further embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. The novelty of the SLM is in the pixel pitch, so only the pixel is shown in FIG. The SLM 20a has pixels arranged with a varying pitch p. Where p is the distance between the center points of successive left eye and right eye pixel pairs. Pitch of the pair of left and right eye pixels 22-25 at the end of the SLM are _{p e,} pitch at the center of the SLM is _{p c. However,} a _p c> p _e.

  FIG. 10 further illustrates a novel SLM 20a that is incorporated into a display that includes parallax optics (parallax barrier 31 in FIG. 10a) having a constant pitch b across the parallax barrier. Although the barrier pitch b is constant, the change in pixel-to-pitch p compensates for the increased light refraction at the edge of the panel so that the viewing area is focused at the same point.

  In a display according to a further embodiment, the pitch of the parallax barrier can be varied in addition to the pixel pitch p. For example, the barrier pitch b may vary according to the embodiment in which the image from the edge of the display is projected on one side of the viewing area.

Dimensions p _e and p _c are the reasons described above with reference to FIG. 5, may need to be varied as a function of the vertical position on the SLM.

  Correction of refraction due to the glass-air interface can also be performed by a combination of pixel position variation and parallax optics pitch variation, eg, the parallax barrier of FIG. 5 or 6a and the SLM of FIG.

FIGS. 11 a and 11 b are schematic plan views of a conventional multiple view display, illustrating the problems of known parallax optics. FIG. 4 shows only the display pixels 22 to 25 and the parallax optics 31. Dimensions _{p 1} is the pitch of the adjacent pair of left and right eye pixels 22-25. The dimension d ₁ is the distance between the left eye pixel 24 and the right eye pixel 25 of the pixel pair. The dimension s ₁ is the distance between the SLM 20 and the constant pitch parallax optics 31. θ _LR is an angle between the center of the left eye observation window and the right eye observation window at the observation position 40. Distance from the parallax barrier to the observation surface is r _n. At the optimal viewing position, the light rays from the pixels 24 and 25 can pass from the center of the slit 12a in the parallax barrier and reach the user's eye.

θ _LR increases due to increased refraction at the glass-air interface at the edge of the display. In FIG. 11a, the user's eye spacing is too narrow to fit in the optimal position for both the left and right viewing windows. The paths of the left and right observation windows are indicated by solid and dashed lines, respectively. FIG. 11b shows the opposite situation that can occur when the user views the display from an angle. The user's eye spacing is too wide to fit into the optimal positions of the left and right eye observation windows.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, θ _LR is adjusted by adjusting the distance d ₁ between the center of the left eye pixel 24 and the right eye pixel 25. FIG. 11 c is a schematic plan view of the directional display showing this. For ease of explanation, only the display pixels 22-25 and the parallax optics 31 are shown. Figure 11c is a distance was shortened to d _2, illustrating the spacing between the pair pixels. However, d ₂ <d ₁ is satisfied. This reduces θ _LR . Adjusting the distance d ₁ continuously for each pair of pixels across the SLM while maintaining a constant pitch p ₁ compensates for an increase in θ _LR due to refraction at the glass-air interface.

According to another embodiment of the present invention (not shown), the pitch p ₁ of the pair of left and right eyes pixels 22-25, to reduce both the pitch of the barrier, not yet between the left and right pixel pairs It can be useful to have no area of use.

FIG. 11d is a schematic plan view of a multiple view display according to another embodiment of the present invention. For ease of explanation, only the display pixels 22-25 and the parallax optics 31 are shown. In this display, the spacing between the pair pixels, a distance d ₃ is lengthened. However, d ₃ > d ₁ is satisfied. This increases θ _LR . Increasing the spacing between pairs of pixels across the SLM while maintaining a constant value of pitch p ₁ may provide the increase in θ _LR required when the user views these pixels from an angle.

Increasing the spacing d ₁ between a pair of pixels and keeping the pitch p ₁ between adjacent pairs of pixels constant can lead to unused areas between the pixels. Therefore, it may be useful to increase the pixel spacing d ₁ and also increase p ₁ and the barrier pitch. This is because larger pixel apertures are used, and unused areas between pixels can be eliminated or reduced.

Further techniques for varying θ _LR are provided by a display according to a further embodiment of the invention as shown in FIG. 12a. For ease of explanation, only the display pixels 22-25 and the parallax optics 31 are shown. The distance s ₂ between the SLM 20 and the parallax optics 31 is varied across the display as opposed to keeping this distance constant in the display of FIG. 11a. In the region of the display of FIG. 12a where the distance from the SLM to the parallax optics is greater than the distance s _{1 of} FIG. 11a, θ _LR is smaller for the observation window emanating from such a region of the display than in FIG. 11a. Similarly, θ _LR is increased by making the distance from the SLM to the parallax optics narrower than the distance s _{1 in} FIG. 11a. By varying the distance between the parallax optics and the SLM, the θ _LR can be different for different regions on the display, thereby compensating for changes in θ _{LR at} the refractive interface.

FIG. 12 b is a further schematic plan view of a display according to this embodiment of the invention, showing the varying spacing between the parallax optics 31 of the display and the SLM 20. At the edge of the SLM 20, the distance between the SLM and the parallax optics is greater than at the center of the SLM to reduce the magnitude of the viewing window θ _LR emitted at the edge of the SLM. The spacing can vary horizontally and / or vertically.

  In typical applications, the three-dimensional display 20 is viewed by an observer 40 from a central position, as shown in FIG. 13a. The display 20 of FIG. 13a may include a parallax barrier 32 as shown in FIG. However, it may be desirable to view such a display off-center, for example, from the left edge 36 of the display as shown in FIG. 13b. In this case, the light forming the observation window emanating from the left edge 35 of the display is more refracted than the light forming the observation window emanating from the left edge. To compensate for this, the parallax barrier 32a of FIG. 13b has a monotonically changing pitch away from a position in front of the viewer 40. The slit width of the parallax 32a is constant at all points of the barrier. To compensate for the viewer 40 closer to the right end 36, the pitch of the barrier 32a extends from a point on the barrier closest to the viewer toward the left end 35.

The above embodiments describe how adjusting the parallax barrier pitch in the display or adjusting the pixel position in the SLM compensates for light refraction at a large angle θ _i . Further, the opposite varying the angle of incidence, by varying the refractive index term n _i Snell's law, it is possible to compensate for the refraction. According to a further embodiment shown in FIG. 16, a refractive medium 60 is used between the SLM 20 having a high refractive index at the center 60b and changing to a low refractive index at the end 60a and the parallax optics 30 with a constant pitch. As shown in FIG. 4, rays from pixels 22 and 23 closer to the edge of SLM 20 are refracted to the extent that they do not converge with rays from pixels 26 and 27 near the center of the SLM. According to this embodiment, the refractive index of the medium in the region of pixels 22 and 23 near the edge of the SLM is lower than the refractive index of the medium in the region of pixels 26 and 27 near the center of the SLM. The change in the refractive index of the medium between the two regions may be continuous or may be a separate step. The lower the index of refraction at the edge of the display, the less the refraction of light emitted from that area. That is, the light θ _i is smaller than the corresponding value of the light θ _i shown in FIG. 4, and as a result, the light from each region on the display is all focused on an accurate point on the observer 40. To do.

  A multiple view display according to a further embodiment of the invention is shown in plan view in FIG. Only display pixels 22-25 and parallax optics 34 are shown in FIG. The new parallax barrier 34 has two types of apertures. The first type of aperture 50 (indicated by a square dotted line) passes only light from the left eye pixels 23 and 25, and the second type of aperture 51 (indicated by a circular dotted line) is the right eye. Only light from pixels 22 and 24 is allowed to pass. The first type aperture and the second type aperture are arranged at different positions relative to each other on the barrier, and the left eye image direction and the right eye image direction can be controlled separately. This allows the left eye image and the right eye image to be accurately directed to the left eye 41 and the right eye 42, respectively, without being associated with different amounts of refraction at the glass-air interface.

  A third type of aperture may be provided that passes light from both the left eye pixel and the right eye pixel at the point of overlap between the two types of apertures.

  The structure of the parallax barrier 34 of the above embodiments can be achieved in various ways. The first technique includes representing the image from the left eye pixel and the image from the right eye pixel in an orthogonally polarized state. The two aperture types 50 and 51 are manufactured from orthogonal polarizers. There is no polarizer provided in the third aperture type, and light from the left and right eye pixels can pass through. The second technique includes representing the images from the left eye pixel and the right eye pixel in different colors. The first aperture type 50 is a color filter that passes only the colors of the left eye pixels 23 and 25. The second aperture type 51 is a color filter that passes only the colors of the right eye pixels 22 and 24. The third aperture type is an area where there is no color filter or there is a color filter that allows light from the left eye pixel and the right eye pixel to pass through.

  According to a further embodiment of the invention, the parallax optics can be manufactured switchably. This is illustrated in FIGS. 15 (a) -15 (c). FIG. 15A shows a constant pitch parallax barrier in which the transparent stripes 12 are substantially linear. This is suitable for users who are far away from the screen with minimal refraction effects at the edges of the display. As the user approaches the display, the pitch of the transparent stripes 12 away from the center of the barrier needs to be increased in stages to match the user's new position. The barrier stripe may be more curvilinear, as shown in FIG. 15 (b), shown by the above embodiment of the present invention, and disclosed in FIG. 5 and the corresponding description.

  This embodiment may be combined with a known observer tracking system for determining the position of a known user. The display can be controlled based on the output from the observer tracking system. Alternatively, the barrier may be completely turned off to make the barrier transparent as shown in FIG. In this case, the LCD can function as a conventional LCD panel without a barrier. Such a switchable barrier may be configured separately from a conventional black and white LCD.

  Accordingly, it is possible to provide a multiple view directional display that includes an interface between media of different refractive index that includes a display device and parallax optics and that has compensation for refractive curvature in the direction of light propagation at the interface.

  As mentioned above, although this invention has been illustrated using preferable embodiment of this invention, this invention should not be limited and limited to this embodiment. It is understood that the scope of the present invention should be construed only by the claims. It is understood that those skilled in the art can implement an equivalent range from the description of specific preferred embodiments of the present invention based on the description of the present invention and common general technical knowledge. Patents, patent applications, and documents cited herein should be incorporated by reference in their entirety, as if the contents themselves were specifically described herein. Understood.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a conventional multiple view display having a spatial light modulator having a two-dimensional array of pixel apertures. FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an angular zone of light generated from the spatial light modulator and the parallax barrier when the parallax barrier has a pitch that is exactly an integer multiple of the pixel column pitch. FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating formation of an observation window through viewpoint correction of the parallax barrier pitch. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing refractive distortion in a constant pitch parallax field area having a known spatial light modulator. FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a parallax barrier having a variable pitch according to the first embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 6a shows the parallax barrier of Fig. 5 manufactured from separate pixels. FIG. 6b is a diagram illustrating a parallax barrier having a pitch that can vary only in the horizontal direction, according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6c illustrates a suggestion barrier according to an embodiment of the present invention in which both pitch and slit width vary. FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a multiple view display according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8a shows the position of the user's eye when observing different parts of the display. FIG. 8b is a diagram showing the position of the user's eye when observing different parts of the display. FIG. 8c is a diagram showing the position of the user's eye when observing different parts of the display. FIG. 8d is a diagram showing the position of the user's eye when observing different parts of the display. FIG. 9a is a diagram showing the position of the user's eye when observing a spatial light modulator having variable pitch pixels and a constant pitch parallax barrier. FIG. 9b is a diagram showing the position of the user's eye when viewing a spatial light modulator having variable pitch pixels and a constant pitch parallax barrier. FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a multiple view display according to a further embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11a is a diagram illustrating the variation in pitch and distance between pixels in a multiple view display according to a further embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11b is a diagram illustrating the variation in pitch and distance between pixels in a multiple view display according to a further embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11c is a diagram illustrating variation in pitch and distance between pixels in a multiple view display according to a further embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11d is a diagram illustrating variation in pitch and distance between pixels in a multiple view display according to a further embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12a shows a multiple view display according to a further embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12b shows a multiple view display according to a further embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 13a shows an autostereoscopic display according to a further embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 13b shows an autostereoscopic display according to a further embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating a display including a parallax barrier according to a further embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a switchable parallax barrier according to a further embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 16 illustrates a multiple view display according to a further embodiment of the present invention.

Explanation of symbols

20 display device 22-27 pixel 32 parallax optics 40 user

Claims (27)

A display device comprising a plurality of pixels (22-27) (20), arranged to face the display device (20), and a parallax optic (32) comprising a plurality of parallax elements (13), different refractive A multiple-view directional display having an interface between the rate media,
And pixel, the light propagation path determined by the relative position of the parallax element through which light passes from the pixel, so that bending refraction properties that put in the interface is compensated, the transverse pitch of the parallax element, the Multiple view directional display changed according to horizontal position and vertical position in display device . Different refractions comprising a display device (20) comprising a plurality of pixels (22-27) and a parallax optic (32) arranged opposite the display device (20) and comprising a plurality of parallax elements (13) A multiple-view directional display having an interface between the rate media,
The lateral pitch of the set of adjacent pixels is set so that the refractive bending at the interface of the light propagation path determined by the relative position between the pixel and the parallax element through which light from the pixel passes is compensated. Multiple view directional display changed according to at least horizontal position in display device. Wherein each parallax optic (32) a plurality of parallax elements constituting the (13) are aligned to each set of adjacent pixels (22, 23) of said device (20), according to claim 1 or 2 Display as described in. Wherein each of the plurality of parallax elements (13), wherein the alignment for each group of columns of adjacent pixels (22, 23), display of claim 1 or 2. Transverse pitch (p _{c, p e)} varies monotonically toward the lateral edges of the display from the center of the display, display of claim 2 sets (22-27) of the pixel. Said lateral pitch of the parallax element (13) (b) varies monotonically toward all edges of the display from the center of the display, display of claim 1.   The display according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the parallax optic (32) is arranged between the device (20) and an observation position (40). The parallax optics (32) is disposed between the device (20) and an observation position (40);
The display according to claim 6 , wherein a lateral pitch of the parallax elements (13) extends from the center. The parallax optics (32) is disposed between the device (20) and an observation position (40);
The display according to claim 5 , wherein the lateral pitch of the set of pixels (22-27) narrows from the center.   The display according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the device (20) is arranged between the parallax optics (32) and an observation position (40). The device (20) is disposed between the parallax optics (32) and an observation position (40),
The display according to claim 6 , wherein the lateral pitch of the parallax elements (13) narrows from the center. The device (20) is disposed between the parallax optics (32) and an observation position (40),
The display according to claim 5 , wherein the lateral pitch of the set of pixels (22-27) extends from the center. The display according to claim 2 , wherein the lateral pitch of the set of pixels (22-27) varies within the set across the display. A display according to any of claims 1, 6, 8, and 11 , wherein the width of the parallax element (13) varies across the display. Each of the plurality of parallax elements (13) passes a plurality of sub-elements (50, 50) that allow light from each pixel (24, 25) of the set associated with the set to the viewing position (41, 42) to pass. 51. A display according to any of claims 1, 6, 8, 11 and 14, comprising 51). 15. A display according to any of claims 1, 6, 8, 11 , and 14, wherein the parallax optics (32) is controllable to vary the lateral pitch of the parallax elements. The parallax optic (32) can be disabled for a single view mode of operation, the display according to any one of claims 1 to 16. 18. Display according to any of the preceding claims , comprising a layer (60) whose refractive index varies across the display.   19. A display according to claim 18, wherein the refractive index is greater at the center of the display than at the lateral edges of the display. 20. A display according to any one of the preceding claims , wherein the spacing between the parallax optics (31) and the image generating surface of the device (20) varies across the display.   21. A display according to claim 20, wherein the spacing is greater at the lateral edges of the display than the center of the display. 22. A display according to any preceding claim , wherein the viewing window generated by the lateral edge of the display is laterally offset from the viewing window generated by the center of the display. 23. A display as claimed in any preceding claim , wherein one of the media is air. 24. A display according to any preceding claim , wherein the device (20) comprises a liquid crystal device. The parallax element (31, 32) is a parallax barrier display as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 24. Different refractions comprising a display device (20) comprising a plurality of pixels (22-27) and a parallax optic (32) arranged opposite the display device (20) and comprising a plurality of parallax elements (13) A multiple-view directional display having an interface between the rate media,
The lateral pitch of the parallax elements in the display device is adjusted so that refractive bending at the interface of the light propagation path determined by the relative position of the pixels and the parallax elements through which light from the pixels passes is compensated. A multiple-view directional display that changes according to a horizontal position and a vertical position, and changes a lateral pitch of the set of adjacent pixels according to at least a horizontal position in the display device. Lateral pitch (p) of the set of pixels (22-27) _c , P _e 27) and at least one of the lateral pitches (b) of the parallax elements (13) varies monotonically from the center of the display towards the lateral edges of the display.

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