JP4212897B2 - ウイルスおよび治療法におけるそれらの使用 - Google Patents
ウイルスおよび治療法におけるそれらの使用 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、ウイルスおよび治療法におけるそれらの使用に関する。
単純ヘルペスウイルス1型(HSV-1)ベクターのような、複製能を有するウイルスベクターの使用は、腫瘍療法のための魅力的な戦略であるが、それは、そのようなウイルスが、インサイチューで複製し蔓延し、直接的な細胞変性効果によって腫瘍退縮活性を示すことができるためである(Kirn,J.Clin.Invest.105:837-839,2000)。形質転換細胞にベクターの複製を制限し、疾患を引き起こさないようにするため、神経毒性および/またはウイルスDNA合成に関連した遺伝子の変異を有する腫瘍退縮性HSV-1ベクターが、多数、開発されている(Martuza,J.Clin.Invest.105:841-846,2000)。
本発明は、ウイルスのBamHI x断片のBstEII-EcoNI断片内の変異を含んでいる単純ヘルペスウイルス(例えば、HSV-1ウイルス)を提供する。これらのウイルスは、例えば、ウイルスのγ34.5神経毒性遺伝子座の不活化変異および/またはウイルスのICP6遺伝子座の不活化変異を含んでいてもよい。
本発明は、例えば癌の治療のような治療法において使用され得るウイルスを提供する。これらのウイルスは、分裂細胞(例えば、癌細胞)において複製し、従ってそれらを破壊するが、非分裂細胞においては実質的に複製せず、従って無毒であるため、この目的にとって特に好適である。本発明のウイルスは、例えば感染性疾患、癌、または自己免疫疾患の治療または予防のための免疫感作法においても使用され得る。本発明のウイルスの多くの有利な特色は、腫瘍細胞の溶解を直接的に引き起こすことに加え、腫瘍に対する全身免疫応答を誘導するという点である。従って、これらのウイルスは、それらが直接投与され得る特定の腫瘍を治療するために使用され得るのみならず、癌転移を予防または治療するためにも使用されうる。
G47Δの構築および複製
G47Δは、TRSに隣接しているUS領域の312塩基対をG207から欠失させることにより構築された(図2)。G47Δ DNAのサザンブロット分析によって、α47遺伝子の中の0.3kbの欠失およびγ34.5遺伝子の中の1kbの欠失の存在が確認された。α47遺伝子座中の同じ欠失を有するR47Δは、活性リボヌクレオチドレダクターゼを有するG207の親ウイルスR3616(Chouら、Science 250:1262-1266,1990)より作製された。
インビトロのG47Δの細胞溶解活性を、様々な神経冠由来腫瘍細胞系統において、G207と比較した。ヒト細胞系統U87MG、ならびに黒色腫624および888において、G47Δは、0.01という低いMOIで、G207より有意に迅速に腫瘍細胞を死滅させた(図4)。0.1のMOIでは、G207およびG47Δの両方が、感染から1〜3日以内に全ての細胞を死滅させた。マウス神経芽細胞腫細胞系統Neuro2aは、0.01のMOIでは、G207およびG47Δの両方による死滅に対して抵抗性であった。0.1のMOIでは、G47Δは、腫瘍細胞を破壊する効果がG207より有意に高く(図4)、その効果はN18マウス神経芽細胞腫細胞でも見られた。本発明者らは、マウス腫瘍細胞が、一般に、ヒト腫瘍細胞よりG207複製に対して抵抗性であることを見出している(Todoら、Hum.Gene Ther.10:2741-2755,1999;Todaら、Hum.Gene Ther.10:385-393,1999;Todoら、Cancer Res.61:153-161,2001)。
ICP47は、ヒト細胞において小胞体を横切るペプチドの移動におけるTAPの機能を阻害するが、マウスまたはラットの細胞においては阻害しない(Ahnら、EMBO J.15:3247-3255,1996;Tomazinら、J.Virol.72:2560-2563,1998)。G47ΔはICP47を欠いているため、感染細胞は、未感染細胞に典型的なMHCクラスI発現のレベルを有するはずである。本発明者らは、ヒトリンパ球抗原クラスI(HLA-1)に関するフローサイトメトリー分析を使用して、Detroit 551ヒト二倍体繊維芽細胞におけるMHCクラスI下方制御について検討した。感染後48時間には、完全α47遺伝子を含有しているHSV-1(株F、G207、およびR3616)を感染させた細胞は、全て、細胞表面MHCクラスIの減少を示し、偽感染対照細胞と比較しておよそ40%のピークレベルをもたらした(図5Aおよび5B)。対照的に、G47Δ感染細胞においては下方制御は存在しなかった(図5A)。R47Δ感染細胞におけるMHCクラスI発現は、株FまたはR3616を感染させた細胞より高く維持されていたが、G47Δと比較すると減少していた(偽感染ピークレベルのおよそ75%)。異なる時点(感染後6時間、24時間、および48時間)における研究では、ICP47発現感染細胞(G207およびR3616)と非発現感染細胞(G47ΔおよびR47Δ)との間のMHCクラスI下方制御の差が、感染後6時間までは明白にならないことが明らかにされた(図5B)。
3個のヒト黒色腫細胞系統を、G47Δ感染後に対応するTIL系統を刺激する能力に関して試験した(888および1102とTIL888とで(Robbinsら、Cancer Res.54:3124-3126,1994)、938とTIL1413とで(Kangら、J.Immunol.155:1343-1348,1995))。最も高いレベルのMHCクラスI発現を有するG47Δ感染1102黒色腫細胞は、G207感染細胞と比較して、より優れたTIL細胞の刺激を引き起こし、41%多いIFN-γ分泌をもたらした(図6)。極めて低いレベルのMHCクラスI発現を有し、G47ΔまたはG207を感染させた888黒色腫細胞による、この同じTIL系統の刺激は、本質的に存在しなかった。G47Δ感染938黒色腫細胞は、TIL1413細胞を刺激し、統計的に有意ではないIFN-γ分泌の増加を引き起こした。結果は、G47Δ感染細胞において起こり得る、G207感染細胞よりも高いMHCクラスI発現が、T細胞刺激を増強し得ることを証明している。
ヒト異種移植片モデル、確立された皮下U87MG神経膠腫腫瘍(直径およそ6mm)を保有している無胸腺マウスにおいて、G207またはG47Δ(106pfu)を新生物内接種し、その3日後に第二の接種を行ったところ、U87MG腫瘍増殖の有意な減少が引き起こされた(それぞれ、対照に対してp<0.05およびp<0.001、24日目;独立t検定;図7)。G47Δ処理は、G207より有意に効力が高く、平均腫瘍体積が減少した(図7)。これは、動物の生存が延長したことと、および「治癒」(3ヶ月の追跡中に腫瘍が再増殖しなかった完全な腫瘍退行)の数とに反映された(表1)。試験された用量において、G207処理群では有意に生存が延長し(偽に対してp<0.05、ウィルコクソン検定)、G47Δ処理動物では、生存はさらに大きく延長した(G207に対してp<0.05、ウィルコクソン検定)。
脳におけるG47Δの毒性を評価するために、A/Jマウスに、偽、株F(2×103pfu)、G207(2×106pfu)、またはG47(2×106pfu)を脳内接種した。この用量は、注射された体積においてG207に関して入手可能な最も高い用量であった。各マウスを、3週間、臨床的症候に関して毎日モニタリングした。8匹の偽接種マウスは、全て、異常な症候なしに生存していたが、10匹の株F接種マウスは、全て、急速に衰弱し、接種から7日以内に瀕死の状態となった。8匹のG207接種マウスおよび10匹のG47Δ接種マウスは、全て、生存していた。G207接種マウスのうちの2匹、および1匹のG47Δ接種マウスは、わずかに背を丸める現象(slight hunching)または外部刺激に対するわずかに鈍い応答を一時的に示した(接種後3〜6日目)。これは、この用量でA/Jマウスの脳に接種された場合、G47ΔがG207と同じくらい安全であることを示している。
細胞
ベロ(アフリカミドリザル腎臓)、SK-N-SH(ヒト神経芽細胞腫)、U87MG(ヒト神経膠腫)、U373MG(ヒト神経膠腫)、Neuro2a(マウス神経芽細胞腫)、およびDetroit 551(二倍体ヒト繊維芽細胞)細胞系統は、アメリカン・タイプ・カルチャー・コレクション(Rockville,MD)より購入した。SQ20B(頭頸部扁平上皮癌)細胞は、R.Weichselbaum博士(University of Chicago,Chicago,IL)より提供された。N18マウス神経芽細胞腫細胞は、K.Ikeda博士(Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry,Tokyo,Japan)より提供された。ヒト黒色腫細胞系統624、888、938、1102、および1383、ならびにヒトT細胞系統TIL888およびTIL1413は、J.Wunderlich博士(NIH,Bethesda,MD)より提供された。全ての腫瘍細胞を、10%ウシ胎仔血清(FCS)、2mMグルタミン、ペニシリン(100U/ml)、ストレプトマイシン(100μg/ml)、および2.5μg/mlファンギゾンが補足されたダルベッコ改変イーグル培地において維持した。ヒトT細胞は、10%ヒト血清(AB,Rh+型;Valley Biomedical Products,Winchester,VA)、インターロイキン2(600国際単位(IU)/ml、Chiron Corporation,Emeryville,CA)、ペニシリン(50U/ml)、および1.25μg/mlファンギゾンが補足されたAIM-V培地(Gibco BRL,Life Technologies,Rockville,MD)において維持した。
プラスミドpIE12は、ICP47コーディング領域を包含しているHSV-1 BamHI x断片に由来する1818塩基対のBamHI-EcoRI断片を含有している(Johnsonら、J.Virol.68:6347-6362,1994)。BstEII部位とEcoNI部位との間のICP47コーディング領域を含有している312塩基対の断片を、pIE12より欠失させ、pIE12Δを作出した(図2C)。ベロ細胞を、1ウェル当たり1〜2×105個の密度で、6穴ディッシュに播いた。製造業者の指示に従い、lipofectAMINE(商標)(Life Technologies)8μlを用い、G207 DNA(Minetaら、Nat.Med.1:938-943,1995)とpIE12(完全)とBamHIおよびXhoIで切断したpIE12Δとの1:1:1混合物を含む1〜3μgのDNA濃度範囲を使用して、トランスフェクションを実施した。次いで、トランスフェクションからのウイルス子孫を、SK-N-SH細胞において2回継代し、以下のように、ICP47中の欠失を含有する組換え体に関して濃縮した。SK-N-SH細胞を、10cmディッシュ1枚当たり5×106個の密度で播き、翌日、細胞1個当たり0.01〜1pfuのMOIの範囲で感染させ、感染後時48間で採集した。次いで、この過程を繰り返した。pIE12Δ中の欠失は、ウイルス内にγ34.5の第二部位サプレッサー変異を作製し、それによりSK-N-SH細胞における組換え体の増殖を成功させるために設計された(Mohrら、EMBO J.15:4759-4766,1996)。SK-N-SH濃縮ストックからの個々のプラークを、アガロース・オーバーレイの下のベロ細胞上でプラーク精製し、サザンブロッティングによってICP47中の欠失の存在に関してスクリーニングした。ICP47欠失に関して均質である1個のプラークよりストックを調製し、G47Δと名付けた。G207 DNAの代わりにR3616(Chouら、Science 250:1262-1266,1990)DNAを使用したこと以外は、同様にしてR47Δを構築した(R3616は、B.Roizman博士(University of Chicago,Chicago,IL)より提供された)。以前に記載されたようにして(Miyatakeら、J.Virol.71:5124-5132,1997)、ウイルス力価決定を実施した。
細胞を、1ウェル当たり5×105個、8×105個、または1.6×106個、6穴プレートに播いた。播種後6〜8時間目に、3連または2連のウェルに、0.01のMOIでウイルスを感染させた。感染後24時間または48時間で細胞を培地中へと剥離し、3回の凍結−解凍サイクルによって溶解させた。以前に記載されたもの(Miyatakeら、J.Virol.71:5124-5132,1997)を修飾し、子孫ウイルスを力価測定した。簡単に説明すると、ベロ細胞を、8×105細胞/ウェルで6穴プレートに播いた。37℃における4〜8時間のインキュベーションの後、37℃で一晩、1mlの増殖培地中で細胞に感染させ、その後、0.4%ヒトIgG(ICN Pharmaceuticals)を含有する1mlの培地を添加した。ウェルを、さらに2日間、37℃でインキュベートし、メチレンブルー(70%メタノール中0.5%w/v)による染色の後にプラークの数を計数した。
以前に記載されたもの(Todoら、Hum.Gene Ther.10:2741-2755,1999)に、10%FCSを含有する培地において増殖させられたヒト黒色腫細胞のための修飾を加え、インビトロ細胞毒性試験を実施した。コールター(Coulter)カウンター(Beckman Coulter,Fullerton,CA)を用いて生存細胞の数を毎日計数し、偽感染対照に対する割合として表した。
細胞を1×106個/ウェルで6穴プレートに播き、播種後24時間目にウイルスを感染させた(MOI=3)。細胞を、6時間、24時間、または48時間、39.5℃で、ガンシクロビル(200ng/ml)の存在下でインキュベートし、トリプシン処理によって採集し、2mlのPBSにより1回洗浄した。G207およびG47Δは、ICP4の中に温度感受性変異を含有しており、従って、37℃では複製することができるが、39.5℃では複製することができない(Minetaら、Nat.Med.1:938-943,1995)。次いで、およそ5×105個の細胞を、FITC結合抗ヒトHLAクラスI抗原(クローンW6/32、Sigma,St.Louis,MO)を使用したフローサイトメトリー分析に使用し、以前に記載されたようにして実施した。
ヒト黒色腫細胞(888、938、または1102)を5×105個/ウェルで6穴プレートに播き、播種後24時間目にG207もしくはG47Δ(MOI=3)を感染させるか、またはウイルスなし(偽)で処理した。細胞を、3時間(888)または6時間(938および1102)、39.5℃で、10%FCSおよびガンシクロビル(200ng/ml)を含有する増殖培地の中でインキュベートした。次いで、細胞を剥離により採集し、一部を細胞計数に使用した。次いで、平底96穴プレートにおいて、ガンシクロビル(200ng/ml)を含有するAIM-V培地200μlの中で、感染黒色腫細胞(1×105)を、同数の応答性ヒトT細胞と共培養した。黒色腫888および1102はTIL888細胞と共培養し、黒色腫938はTIL1413細胞と共に培養した。TIL系統888および1413は、いずれも、HLA-A24拘束的に黒色腫抗原チロシナーゼを認識する(Robbinsら、Cancer Res.54:3124-3126,1994;Kangら、J.Immunol.155:1343-1348,1995)。37℃における18時間のインキュベーションの後、プレートを10分間800gで遠心分離し、条件培地を収集した。IFN-γ濃度を、ヒトIFN-γELISAキット(Endogen,Woburn,MA)を使用した酵素結合免疫吸着アッセイ法によって測定した。刺激細胞がない場合のTIL細胞におけるIFN-γ測定値を基底放出レベルとみなし、刺激されたTIL細胞におけるIFN-γ分泌の増加を計算するために使用した。
6週齢雌A/Jマウスおよび無胸腺ヌードマウス(BALB/c nu/nu)は、国立がん研究所(National Cancer Institute)(Frederick、MD)より購入し、4匹以下の群で収容した。皮下腫瘍療法は、以前に記載されたようにして実施した(Todoら、Hum.Gene Ther.10:2741-2755,1999;Todoら、Cancer Res.61:153-161,2001)。
5μlの容量の偽(10%グリセロールを含有するPBS)、株F(2×103pfu)、G207(2×106pfu)、またはG47Δ(2×106pfu)を、KOPF定位フレームを使用して、5分かけて、6週齢雌A/Jマウス(それぞれ、n=8、10、8、および10)の脳の右半球へと注射した。次いで、ケージを盲検化し、マウスを、3週間、臨床的症候に関して毎日モニタリングした。
Claims (17)
- ウイルスのBamHI x断片のBstEII-EcoNI断片内の欠失を含む、単純ヘルペスウイルス。
- ウイルスのγ34.5神経毒性遺伝子座の不活化変異をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の単純ヘルペスウイルス。
- ウイルスのICP6遺伝子座の不活化変異をさらに含む、請求項1または2に記載の単純ヘルペスウイルス。
- 異種遺伝子産物をコードする配列をさらに含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の単純ヘルペスウイルス。
- 前記異種遺伝子産物が、ワクチン抗原または免疫調整タンパク質を含む、請求項4に記載の単純ヘルペスウイルス。
- 前記単純ヘルペスウイルスが単純ヘルペスウイルス1型である、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の単純ヘルペスウイルス。
- 請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の単純ヘルペスウイルスと、薬学的に許容される担体、アジュバント、または希釈剤とを含む薬学的組成物。
- 治療的または予防的に有効な量の請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の単純ヘルペスウイルスを含む、抗腫瘍免疫誘導剤。
- ヒトを除く哺乳動物において癌に対する全身免疫応答を誘導する方法であって、BamHI x 断片の BstEII-EcoNI 断片内の欠失を含む単純ヘルペスウイルスを該哺乳動物へ投与することを含む方法。
- 前記単純ヘルペスウイルスが前記哺乳動物の腫瘍へ投与される、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記哺乳動物が、転移性癌を有しているか、または転移性癌を発症するリスクを有している、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記単純ヘルペスウイルスが、該ヘルペスウイルスのγ34.5神経毒性遺伝子座の不活化変異をさらに含む、請求項9〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記単純ヘルペスウイルスが、該ヘルペスウイルスのICP6遺伝子座の不活化変異をさらに含む、請求項9〜12のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- ヒトを除く哺乳動物において癌を治療する方法であって、請求項7に記載の薬学的組成物を該哺乳動物へ投与することを含む方法。
- ヒトを除く哺乳動物において癌を治療する方法であって、請求項8に記載の抗腫瘍免疫誘導剤を該哺乳動物へ投与することを含む方法。
- 感染症、癌、または自己免疫疾患に対してヒトを除く哺乳動物を免疫感作する方法であって、請求項7に記載の薬学的組成物を該哺乳動物へ投与することを含む方法。
- 感染症、癌、または自己免疫疾患に対してヒトを除く哺乳動物を免疫感作する方法であって、請求項8に記載の抗腫瘍免疫誘導剤を該哺乳動物へ投与することを含む方法。
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WO2024038857A1 (ja) | 2022-08-16 | 2024-02-22 | 具紀 藤堂 | 単純ヘルペスウイルスベクターを含む医薬組成物 |
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WO2019189643A1 (ja) | 2018-03-30 | 2019-10-03 | 国立大学法人東京大学 | 腫脹発生抑制型腫瘍溶解性ウイルス |
KR20200136972A (ko) | 2018-03-30 | 2020-12-08 | 도모키 도도 | 종창 발생 억제형 종양 용해성 바이러스 |
WO2024038857A1 (ja) | 2022-08-16 | 2024-02-22 | 具紀 藤堂 | 単純ヘルペスウイルスベクターを含む医薬組成物 |
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ATE508635T1 (de) | 2011-05-15 |
US8470577B2 (en) | 2013-06-25 |
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