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JP4184081B2 - Non-aqueous electrolyte and secondary battery using the same - Google Patents

Non-aqueous electrolyte and secondary battery using the same Download PDF

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JP4184081B2
JP4184081B2 JP2002548808A JP2002548808A JP4184081B2 JP 4184081 B2 JP4184081 B2 JP 4184081B2 JP 2002548808 A JP2002548808 A JP 2002548808A JP 2002548808 A JP2002548808 A JP 2002548808A JP 4184081 B2 JP4184081 B2 JP 4184081B2
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battery
electrolyte
group
lithium
compound
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JPWO2002047192A1 (en
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健博 清水
格 倉富
哲男 境
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National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
Nippon Steel Chemical and Materials Co Ltd
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Nippon Steel Chemical Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【技術分野】
本発明は非水電解液を用いた充放電可能なリチウム電池の過充電防止のために、電解液に添加する芳香族添加剤及びこれを添加使用したリチウム二次電池に関する。
【0002】
【背景技術】
リチウムは極めて卑な電位を有し、重量あたりの電荷が極めて大きいので、高電圧、高容量の再充電可能な電池材料として適している。一方で、リチウムは極めて反応性に富む不安定な物質であることから火災などの危険性も大きく、また高容量を可能とする電池においては蓄積されたエネルギーが大きいため、電気化学反応が暴走した場合の危険性も更に大きいものとなる。携帯機器や電気自動車用の電池として充放電可能なリチウム電池(リチウム二次電池)を使用するためには、安全性の確保が重要な課題となっており、研究開発が盛んに行われている。
そこで、負極活物質としてリチウムイオンを吸蔵放出し得るカーボン系材料等を用い、正極活物質としてリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を用い、電解液としてリチウム塩を溶解した非水溶媒を用いた充放電可能なリチウムイオン電池が開発されているが、この様な電池では過充電状態時に電極においてリチウムの過剰な抽出・挿入が生じ、その結果有機溶媒電解質が分解され、ついには電池が異常に発熱し、電池が発火、爆発するという問題が生じる。
【0003】
充放電可能なリチウム電池の安全性を確保するため、盛んに研究開発が行われており、安全弁、電流遮断弁、保護回路等の過充電対策を施したものが提案されているが、更に安全性を確かなものとするためには、確実で、且つ電池特性を犠牲にしない簡便な二重三重の安全対策を施すことが求められている。この様な方策の一つとして、例えば特開2000−58116号公報では、アルキル基で置換されていてもよいo−ターフェニル等のターフェニル化合物を含む電解液を用いることにより、該電解液を備えた非水二次電池が過充電状態に置かれた場合であっても安全性が確保できると共に、低温特性や保存特性などの電池特性に及ぼす悪影響が少ないことが開示されている。これによると確かにターフェニル化合物はそれ以前に提案されていた添加剤と比較して、過充電保護効果を有し、且つ低温特性や保存特性への悪影響が低減されているのが認められる。なお、上記公報では、従来の技術についても次のように触れている。
特開平7−302614号公報、US特許5709968号公報において提案されたものにあっては、アニソール誘導体は過充電に対しては有効に作用するのに対して、サイクル特性や保存特性などに悪影響を及ぼすほか、4.5V程度の電位で酸化分解されて、ガスを発生するとともに、重合物を形成することにより、過充電を消費して電池を保護する反面、電解液組成によっては、その重合物が溶解して過充電を消費できない場合も生じる。結局、π電子軌道をもつアニソール誘導体などの芳香族化合物は必ずしも過充電を抑制するとはいえない。US特許5879834号公報において提案されたものにあっては、電解液の添加剤として使用するビフェニルは、極性が低く、かつ電解液に対する溶解性が低いため、低温作動時に添加剤が一部析出して電池特性の低下を惹起する。また、3−クロロ−チオフェンは刺激性があり、しかも悪臭が強くて取り扱いが難しく、さらに酸化分解されやすいという問題点があり、フランも酸化分解されやすく、いずれの化合物も電池特性に悪影響を及ぼすという問題点がある。
その他、特開10−74537号公報では、充放電特性を改良するため、多様な化合物を添加することを提案しており、その中には芳香族化合物や部分水素化芳香族化合物が含まれている。
【0004】
一方で、近年、電解液の高電圧領域での安定性が改良されてきたことなどに伴い、最大作動電圧を高くすることが要求されている。最大作動電圧が高くなれば、各部材の集合体としての電池システムが本来有する電気容量をより有効に利用することができ、実質的に電池の充放電容量を向上することができる。
しかしながら、このように最大作動電圧が高くなってくると、先に述べたターフェニル化合物を電解液添加剤として使用した場合、電池特性、特に充放電を繰り返すなかでの電気容量について顕著な劣化が認められるようになる。これはおそらく、ターフェニル化合物が高電圧領域において、徐々に酸化分解や重合等の好ましくない反応を起こすためであると考えられる。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の課題は、充放電可能なリチウム電池において、従来の電解液添加剤と同等、あるいはそれ以上の過充電防止効果を有し、且つ従来の電解液添加剤と比較して高電圧領域において安定な添加剤を提供しようとすることである。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
発明の開示
本発明者らは、これらの問題点を解決すべく鋭意検討を行なった結果、特定の3環の部分水素化芳香族化合物がより優れた性能を示すことを見出し、本発明を完成した。
【0007】
すなわち、本発明は、有機溶媒に電解質としてリチウム塩を溶解してなる非水系電解液において、過充電防止のために、前記非水系電解液に、3環の芳香族化合物の部分核水素化物であって、核水素化率が10〜65%であり、ターフェニル類、ベンジルビフェニル類、ジベンジルベンゼン類及びこれらの芳香族化合物の置換可能な水素を有する炭素に炭素数1〜4のアルキル基のみが置換した3環の芳香族化合物の群れから選択される1種又は2種以上の3環の芳香族化合物の部分核水素化物が0.1〜20重量%含有されていることを特徴とする非水系電解液である。
3環の芳香族化合物の部分核水素化物としては、好ましくはターフェニル又はベンジルビフェニルの部分核水素化物が挙げられる。また、上記部分核水素化物の核水素化率は10〜65%であることが好ましい。
更に、本発明は、前記のいずれかに記載の非水系電解液を用いた非水系リチウム二次電池である。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
3環の芳香族化合物には下記一般式(1)で表される化合物がある。
Ar 1 - - Ar 2 (1)
上記一般式(1)において、Ar1はフェニル基又は炭素数1〜4のアルキル基(以下、低級アルキル基という)が1又は2以上置換した置換フェニル基である。Rは単結合又は−C(R34)−で表されるメチレン基又は1又は2個の低級アルキル基が置換したメチレン基である。Ar2は低級アルキル基で置換されていてもよい2環の縮合芳香族基又は−Ar3−R2−Ar4(但し、Ar3とAr4は独立に、低級アルキル基で置換されていてもよい単環の芳香族基であり、R2は単結合又は−C(R34)−で表されるメチレン基又は1又は2個の低級アルキル基が置換したメチレン基でを示す)で表される2環の芳香族基である。ここで、R3とR4は独立に、水素又は低級アルキル基を示す。低級アルキル基としてはメチル基が好ましく、R及びR2としては単結合、メチレン基又はエチリデン基が好ましく、2環の縮合芳香族基としてはナフチル基又はメチルナフチル基が好ましく、Ar1、Ar4で表される芳香族基としてはフェニル基又はメチルフェニル基が好ましく、Ar3で表される芳香族基としてはフェニレン基又はメチルフェニレン基が好ましく、−Ar3−R2−Ar4で表される2環の芳香族基としては、R2が単結合であるビフェニリル基又はメチルビフェニリル基や、R2がメチレン基又はエチリデン基である芳香族基が好ましく、後者の例としては、フェニルメチルフェニル基、トリルメチルフェニル基、1,1−トリルエチルフェニル基、1,1−トリルエチルトリル基が挙げられる。なお、Ar1ないしAr2における置換アルキル基について、個数はAr1においては2個以下、Ar2においては6個以下が好ましく、またアルキル基はメチル基又はエチル基が好ましい。また、Rが直結合の場合はAr1−Ar2となり、メチレン基の場合はAr1−CH2−Ar2となり、アルキル置換メチレン基の場合はAr1−C(R34)−Ar2となる。ここで、R3、R4としてはH、メチル基又はエチル基(但し、R3、R4のいずれか一つはH以外である)が好ましく挙げられる。
【0009】
好ましい一般式(1)で表される3環の芳香族化合物を例示すれば、下記式2で表される化合物群がある。
【化1】

Figure 0004184081
【0010】
本発明で使用される3環の芳香族化合物であって、好ましい3環の芳香族化合物を例示すると、ターフェニル類(類は異性体を含む意味である。以下、同じ)、ベンジルビフェニル類、ジベンジルベンゼン類、又はこれらの芳香族化合物類の置換可能な水素を有する炭素に低級アルキル基が置換した3環の芳香族化合物がある。より好ましくは、ターフェニル類又はベンジルビフェニル類である。
【0011】
3環の芳香族化合物の部分核水素化物は、前記芳香族化合物の芳香環の一部が核水素化された構造の部分核水素化物が挙げられる。この部分核水素化物は、3環の芳香族化合物を水素化して得られるものであっても、シクロヘキサン環等の核水素化された環とベンゼン環等の芳香環の両者を最初から有する化合物であっても差し支えないが、前者の方が入手容易である。
3環の芳香族化合物を部分核水素化して得られるものは、通常、核水素化の程度が異なる混合物として得られるが、本発明で使用する部分核水素化物は、核水素化の程度が異なる混合物であっても、これを蒸留等で分離して得られる核水素化の程度が揃った化合物であってもよい。また、未水素化物及び完全核水素化物を蒸留等で分離して得られる部分核水素化物の含有率が70wt%以上としたものも好ましい。このようにして得られる部分水素化物は、上記一般式(1)で表される芳香族化合物の芳香環の1つ以上がシクロヘキサン環、シクロヘキセン環となったものなどがある。なお、シクロヘキセン環等の不飽和脂肪族環は少ない方が望ましい場合もあるが、その場合は水素化条件等をそのように制御する。
これらの部分水素化物は、前出のような方法により単離した1種類を単独で用いても、過充電時の電池保護効果と最大作動電圧を高くした場合における電池特性向上の効果を両立しうるが、部分水素化物の混合物を用いることにより、添加剤の粘度をさらに下げ、部分水素化物1種類のみを添加剤として用いる場合よりも電解液の粘度を上昇させにくく、その結果大電流にて充放電する場合の電池特性を良好にすると考えられ好ましい。
【0012】
ここで、芳香族化合物を部分核水素化する場合の核水素化率は、完全核水素化された場合を100%としたとき、10〜65%、好ましくは15〜40%である。65%を上回ると安全性の付与が困難になり、10%を下回ると、安全性と電気容量保持が両立する効果が薄くなる。
好ましい部分核水素化物を例示すると、芳香族化合物を部分核水素化する場合は、前記で好ましいとした芳香族化合物の部分核水素化物が挙げられる。例えば、ターフェニルの部分核水素化物、ベンジルビフェニルの部分核水素化物、ジベンジルベンゼンの部分核水素化物、ジベンジルトルエンの部分核水素化物、ジ(α−メチルベンジル)キシレンの部分核水素化物、ベンジルナフタレンの部分核水素化物及びフェニルナフタレンの部分核水素化物等を挙げることができる。
【0013】
好ましい部分核水素化物の化合物を例示すると下記式(3)で表される化合物の群れが挙げられる。
【化2】
Figure 0004184081
【0014】
上記化合物を化合物名で例示すれば、2−シクロヘキシルビフェニル、(2'−フェニル)−シクロヘキシルベンゼン、2−フェニルビシクロヘキシル、1,2−ジシクロヘキシルベンゼン、3−シクロヘキシルビフェニル、(3'−フェニル)−シクロヘキシルベンゼン、3−フェニルビシクロヘキシル、1,3−ジシクロヘキシルベンゼン、2−(シクロヘキシルメチル)ビフェニル、(2'−ベンジル)−シクロヘキシルベンゼン、2−ベンジルシクロヘキシルベンゼン、(2'−シクロヘキシルメチル)−シクロヘキシルベンゼン、2−ベンジルビシクロヘキシル、1−シクロヘキシルメチル−2−シクロヘキシルベンゼン、4−(シクロヘキシルメチル)ビフェニル、(4'−ベンジル)−シクロヘキシルベンゼン、4−ベンジルシクロヘキシルベンゼン、(4'−シクロヘキシルメチル)−シクロヘキシルベンゼン、4−ベンジルビシクロヘキシル、1−シクロヘキシルメチル−4−シクロヘキシルベンゼンなどが挙げられる。これらの化合物は単独で用いてもよく、また二種類以上の化合物を混合して用いてもよい。
【0015】
以下に、本発明の再充電可能なリチウム電池の実施形態について説明する。
本発明で非水系電解液に含有させる化合物は、過充電の初期領域で酸化反応を起こし、その作用で過充電から電池を保護し、安全性を付与する。また、作動電圧を高くして充放電を繰り返した場合でも電池特性に悪影響を及ぼさないという特徴を有し、高い電気容量の保持を可能にできる過充電防止剤として作用する。これについて、詳しい機構は現在判っていないが、リチウム電池電解液に添加して酸化電位を測定した結果より、o−ターフェニルとほぼ同じ電位で酸化が開始されることと、それより若干低い電位の領域で、o−ターフェニルを添加した電解液には微小な酸化を示す電流が流れているのに対し、本発明の化合物を添加した電解液にはそれが殆どないためと考えられる。
【0016】
また、非水系電解液に含有させる前記芳香族化合物の部分水素化物の量(二種類以上の化合物を混合して使用する場合はその合計)は、電解液溶媒として用いる有機溶媒に対し0.1〜20重量%とするが、好ましくは1〜10重量%、更に好ましくは2〜5重量%とするのがよい。
また、本発明における前記芳香族化合物の部分水素化物は、本発明の効果を阻害しない範囲であれば、既知の過充電防止効果を持つ添加剤との併用を妨げるものではないが、前記芳香族化合物の部分水素化物は上記範囲の含有量が必要である。
本発明の化合物を使用して調製した電解液を用いて作成する二次電池を構成する部材は特に限定されず、従来使用されている種々の構成部材を使用できる。例えば、前記公報に記載されたような構成や部材が使用できる。
例えば正極の材料としては、リチウムを含むもので充放電可能なリチウム電池用に一般的に使用可能なものであれば何れも使用できるがLiMn24、LiCoO2やLiNiO2等の複合金属酸化物及びリチウムを含む層間化合物等が例示される。これらのリチウム化合物粉末、導電性粉末及び結合剤とを混合したスラリーをアルミニウム箔に塗布後、乾燥し、適宜加工することにより正極箔を作製することができる。
負極の材料としては、リチウムを吸蔵放出可能なものであり充放電可能なリチウム電池用に一般的に使用可能なものであれば何れも使用できるが、炭素の六角網目の層間にリチウムをインターカレートした炭素質系挿入化合物が例示される。炭素質系挿入化合物は炭素材料に電池を組んだ後に電気化学的に電解質のリチウムを挿入することで調製してもよいし、最初から炭素粉と電解質とを予備混合して調製してもよい。このような炭素質系挿入化合物又は炭素と結合剤とを混合したスラリーを銅箔に塗布後、乾燥し、適宜加工することにより負極箔を作製することができる。
セパレーターとしては、充放電可能なリチウム電池用に一般的に使用可能なものであれば何れも使用できるが、微孔性のポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン膜等が例示できる。
【0017】
非水系電解液は有機溶媒と溶質を適宜組み合わせて使用され、充放電可能なリチウム電池用に一般的に使用可能なものであれば何れも使用できるが、有機溶媒としては、エチレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート等を含有する溶剤が例示され、液体電解質溶質としては、ヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウム(LiPF6)、テトラフルオロ硼酸リチウム(LiBF4)、トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸リチウム(LiCF3SO3)等が例示される。
【0018】
以上の構成材料を、正極(アルミニウム箔)/セパレーター(非水系電解液含浸)/負極(銅箔)/セパレーター(非水系電解液含浸)と積層して、電池を構成するが、各々の材料の組み合わせについては、例えば黒鉛系の炭素材料を用いた場合は電解液にはプロピレンカーボネートは適さないなどの相性があるので、適宜選択する必要がある。電池の形状としては、充放電可能なリチウム電池用に一般的に製造されている形状であれば、何れにも適用できるが、角柱状電池や小形のコイン形電池等が例示できる。
本発明で電解液中に含有させる化合物は、過充電防止効果と高電圧領域における安定性とを併せ持つという特異的な作用を有する。また、本発明の化合物を添加後であっても電解液の粘度を上昇させにくいので、大電流にて充放電した場合の電池特性も良好になると考えられる。
【0019】
【実施例】
発明を実施するための最良の形態
次に、実施例及び比較例を挙げて、本発明を具体的に説明するが、これらは、本発明を何ら限定するものではない。
本発明評価方法により評価特性を測定する実験を行った。基本電解液には、エチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートが容量比1:1で構成された有機溶媒に、電解質として六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を1モル/L溶解したものを使用した。
【0020】
実施例1
上記の基本電解液100gに、部分水素化芳香族化合物として2−シクロヘキシルビフェニルを2.0g添加し、電解液Aを調製した
また、上記と同様の方法で、基本電解液100gに、部分水素化芳香族化合物として、2'−フェニルシクロヘキシルベンゼン約1.0g、2−シクロヘキシルビフェニル約0.6g、2−フェニルビシクロヘキシル約0.3g、1,2−ジシクロヘキシルベンゼン約0.1gで構成される混合物2.0gを添加し、電解液Bを調製した
更に、上記と同様の方法で、基本電解液100gに、部分水素化芳香族化合物として、2'−フェニルシクロヘキシルベンゼン約0.9g、2−シクロヘキシルビフェニル約0.5g、2−フェニルビシクロヘキシル約0.2g、1,2−ジシクロヘキシルベンゼン約0.1gで構成される混合物1.7gと、o−ターフェニル0.3gを添加し、電解液Cを調製した
上記と同様の方法で、基本電解液100gに、部分水素化芳香族化合物として、3'−フェニルシクロヘキシルベンゼン約0.5g、3−シクロヘキシルビフェニル約0.4g、3−フェニルビシクロヘキシル約0.6g、1,3−ジシクロヘキシルベンゼン約0.5gで構成される混合物2.0gを添加し、電解液Dを調製した
また、上記と同様の方法で、基本電解液100gに、部分水素化芳香族化合物として、2−(シクロヘキシルメチル)ビフェニル約0.1g、2'−(シクロヘキシルメチル)シクロヘキシルベンゼン約0.1g、2−ベンジルシクロヘキシルベンゼン約0.2g、2'−ベンジルシクロヘキシルベンゼン約1.1gで構成される混合物1.7gと、o−ベンジルビフェニル0.3gを添加し、電解液Eを調製した
比較のため、上記と同様の方法で、基本電解液100gにo−ターフェニルを2.0g添加し、電解液Fを調製した
【0021】
実施例2
天然黒鉛を平均粒径0.8μmに粉砕したもの80重量%、LiPF6を平均粒径5μmに粉砕したもの10重量%に、結合剤としてポリフッ化ビニリデンを10重量%混合し、N−メチル−2−ピロリドンでペースト状にしたものを銅箔に塗布し、乾燥した後、ロールプレス機で圧縮成型にて加工し、負極を調製した。
LiCoO2粉末85重量%とポリフッ化ビニリデン7重量%、アセチレンブラック8重量%を混合し、N−メチル−2−ピロリドンでペースト状にしたものをアルミニウム箔に塗布し、乾燥した後、ロールプレス機で圧縮成型にて加工し、正極を調製した。
所定の大きさに加工した正極と負極の間に、前記の方法で調整した電解液Aを注入し、同じく電解液Aを多孔質ポリプロピレンに含浸させたものを挟持して直径20mm、厚み5mmのコイン電池を作製した。
【0022】
実施例3〜6
電解液として前記の方法で調整した電解液B、C、D又はEを使用した以外は実施例2と同様にコイン電池を作製した。
【0023】
比較例1
電解液として電解液Fを使用した以外は実施例2と同様にコイン電池を作製した。
比較例2
前記基本電解液をそのまま使用した以外は実施例2と同様にコイン電池を作製した。
【0024】
このようにして作製した電池のサイクル性能を比較するために、上限電圧4.1Vとして1Cの定電流充電を行い、その後4.1Vで3時間充電し満充電状態とした。その後下限電圧を3.0Vとして1Cで放電を行い、この様な充放電を20サイクル迄繰り返した。
1サイクル目と20サイクル目の放電容量を計測して、芳香族炭化水素の部分核水素化物の添加が容量に及ぼす影響を調べた。それぞれ3回試験を行い、表1に試験前(1サイクル目)と試験後(20サイクル目)の放電容量の比率の平均値を示した。
次いで上限電圧4.2Vとして同様の充放電評価を行い、先の場合と同様に1サイクル目と20サイクル目の放電容量を計測した。同様にそれぞれ3回試験を行い、表1に試験前(1サイクル目)と試験後(20サイクル目)の放電容量の比率の平均値を示した。
【0025】
【表1】
Figure 0004184081
【0026】
試験前と試験後の放電容量の比率(3.0〜4.1V)について、本発明の化合物を添加した電解液A、B、C、D、E及びo−ターフェニルを添加した電解液Fを使用したセルは、無添加の電解液を使用したセルより若干低下しているが、どれも大差ないレベルである。
また、試験前と試験後の放電容量の比率(3.0〜4.2V)については、本発明の化合物を添加した電解液A、B、C、D、Eを配合したセルは、90%以上のレベルを維持しているのに対し、o−ターフェニルを添加した電解液Fを配合したセルでは87%と低下している。
これは、動作電圧4.1Vと4.2Vの間でo−ターフェニルがわずかながら反応し、その結果最大作動電圧を高くした際の電池特性に影響を与えるのに対し、本発明の添加剤はその反応がなく、その結果電池特性に影響を与えないからだと考えられる。この推定を補足するため、酸化電位を測定し、電位と添加剤の酸化反応の度合いを調べた。
【0027】
実施例7
作用極にSUS304(直径 16.0mm、厚み 6.0mm)、対極にリチウム(直径 20mm、厚み 0.55mm)、ポリプロピレン製セパレータを使用し、各実施例、比較例記載の電解液0.5mlを入れて、評価用のセルを作製した。
このセルに、3.0Vから5.0Vの電圧(対Li/Li+)を毎秒5mVの速度で印加し、その間に通電した電流を測定すると共に、電流密度値を測定した。測定された最大通電流密度(μA/cm2)を表2に示す。
【0028】
【表2】
Figure 0004184081
【0029】
これらの結果から、いずれの化合物も4.5〜4.7Vの比較的高い電圧領域では酸化反応を起こしているが、4.0〜4.2Vの比較的低い電圧領域ではo−ターフェニルを配合した電解液Fを使用すると、本発明の化合物を配合した電解液A、B、C、D、Eを使用した場合に比べ酸化電流の値が大きいことが判る。
【0030】
実施例8
更に、このようにして作製した電池の安全性を比較するために、充放電評価で20サイクル終了後の電池を再び4.2Vで満充電状態とし、その後1Cで充電を継続して過充電を起こさしめ、電池が破裂又は発火する前に過充電防止機能が働くかどうか確認した。その結果を表3に示す。本発明の化合物を用いた電解液A〜Eの何れも過充電防止機能を有し、安全性を向上する効果があることが示された。
【0031】
【表3】
Figure 0004184081
【0032】
【発明の効果】
産業上の利用可能性
本発明によれば、充放電可能なリチウム電池において、過充電から電池が保護され、発火、破裂等の危険が回避できる。また、最大作動電圧を高くした場合でも充放電サイクルに伴う電池容量低下が少ないので、有効に電気容量をとりだし、且つ長期の使用を可能とする。[0001]
【Technical field】
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an aromatic additive added to an electrolyte and a lithium secondary battery using the same in order to prevent overcharge of a chargeable / dischargeable lithium battery using a non-aqueous electrolyte.
[0002]
[Background]
Lithium has a very low potential and has a very large charge per weight, so it is suitable as a rechargeable battery material with a high voltage and a high capacity. On the other hand, since lithium is an extremely reactive and unstable substance, there is a great risk of fire and the like, and in the battery that enables high capacity, the accumulated energy is large, so the electrochemical reaction runs away. The danger of the case is even greater. In order to use rechargeable lithium batteries (lithium secondary batteries) as batteries for portable devices and electric vehicles, ensuring safety is an important issue, and research and development are actively underway. .
Therefore, it is possible to charge and discharge using a carbon-based material that can occlude and release lithium ions as the negative electrode active material, a lithium-containing transition metal oxide as the positive electrode active material, and a non-aqueous solvent in which a lithium salt is dissolved as the electrolyte. Lithium ion batteries have been developed, but in such batteries, excessive extraction and insertion of lithium occurs in the electrode during overcharging, resulting in decomposition of the organic solvent electrolyte, and eventually the battery generates abnormal heat. The problem is that the battery ignites and explodes.
[0003]
In order to ensure the safety of chargeable / dischargeable lithium batteries, research and development has been actively conducted, and overcharge countermeasures such as safety valves, current cutoff valves, and protection circuits have been proposed. In order to ensure the reliability, it is required to take a simple and triple safety measure that is reliable and does not sacrifice the battery characteristics. As one of such measures, for example, in JP 2000-58116 A, an electrolytic solution containing a terphenyl compound such as o-terphenyl which may be substituted with an alkyl group is used. It is disclosed that safety can be ensured even when the provided nonaqueous secondary battery is placed in an overcharged state, and there are few adverse effects on battery characteristics such as low temperature characteristics and storage characteristics. According to this, it is confirmed that the terphenyl compound has an overcharge protection effect and has reduced adverse effects on the low-temperature characteristics and the storage characteristics as compared with the additive previously proposed. In the above publication, the conventional technique is also touched as follows.
In those proposed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-302614 and US Pat. No. 5,709,968, anisole derivatives effectively act on overcharge, but adversely affect cycle characteristics and storage characteristics. In addition to being oxidized and decomposed at a potential of about 4.5 V to generate gas and forming a polymer, it consumes overcharge to protect the battery, but depending on the electrolyte composition, the polymer May be dissolved and overcharge cannot be consumed. In the end, aromatic compounds such as anisole derivatives having π electron orbitals do not necessarily suppress overcharge. In what has been proposed in US Pat. No. 5,889,834, biphenyl used as an additive for an electrolytic solution has a low polarity and a low solubility in the electrolytic solution. This causes a decrease in battery characteristics. In addition, 3-chloro-thiophene is irritating, has a strong odor, is difficult to handle, and is susceptible to oxidative degradation. Furan is also susceptible to oxidative degradation, and any compound adversely affects battery characteristics. There is a problem.
In addition, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-74537 proposes to add various compounds in order to improve charge / discharge characteristics, including aromatic compounds and partially hydrogenated aromatic compounds. Yes.
[0004]
On the other hand, in recent years, it has been required to increase the maximum operating voltage due to improvements in the stability of the electrolyte in the high voltage region. If the maximum operating voltage is increased, the electric capacity inherent in the battery system as an assembly of the members can be used more effectively, and the charge / discharge capacity of the battery can be substantially improved.
However, when the maximum operating voltage is increased in this way, when the above-mentioned terphenyl compound is used as an electrolyte additive, battery characteristics, particularly electric capacity during repeated charge / discharge, are significantly deteriorated. It will be recognized. This is probably because the terphenyl compound gradually causes undesirable reactions such as oxidative decomposition and polymerization in the high voltage region.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a chargeable / dischargeable lithium battery having an overcharge prevention effect equivalent to or higher than that of a conventional electrolyte additive, and in a higher voltage region than that of a conventional electrolyte additive. It is to provide a stable additive.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION As a result of intensive studies to solve these problems, the present inventors have found that a specific tricyclic partially hydrogenated aromatic compound exhibits superior performance, and completed the present invention. did.
[0007]
That is, the present invention provides a non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as an electrolyte in an organic solvent, and a non- nuclear hydride of a tricyclic aromatic compound is added to the non-aqueous electrolyte to prevent overcharge. A nuclear hydrogenation rate of 10 to 65%, and terphenyls, benzylbiphenyls, dibenzylbenzenes, and alkyls having 1 to 4 carbon atoms on carbons having substitutable hydrogens of these aromatic compounds. Characterized in that it contains 0.1 to 20% by weight of a partial nuclear hydride of one or more tricyclic aromatic compounds selected from the group of tricyclic aromatic compounds substituted only by It is a non-aqueous electrolyte solution .
The partial nuclear hydride of the tricyclic aromatic compound is preferably a partial nuclear hydride of terphenyl or benzylbiphenyl. The nuclear hydrogenation rate of the partial nuclear hydride is preferably 10 to 65%.
Furthermore, the present invention is a non-aqueous lithium secondary battery using any of the non-aqueous electrolytes described above.
[0008]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The tricyclic aromatic compound includes a compound represented by the following general formula (1).
Ar 1 - R - Ar 2 ( 1)
In the general formula (1), Ar 1 is a phenyl group or a substituted phenyl group substituted with one or more alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (hereinafter referred to as lower alkyl groups). R is a single bond or -C (R 3 R 4) - is a methylene group represented by or one or two methylene groups lower alkyl group substituted. Ar 2 is a bicyclic condensed aromatic group which may be substituted with a lower alkyl group or —Ar 3 —R 2 —Ar 4 (wherein Ar 3 and Ar 4 are independently substituted with a lower alkyl group, And R 2 is a single bond or a methylene group represented by —C (R 3 R 4 ) — or a methylene group substituted with one or two lower alkyl groups. The bicyclic aromatic group represented by these. Here, R 3 and R 4 independently represent hydrogen or a lower alkyl group. The lower alkyl group is preferably a methyl group, R and R 2 are preferably a single bond, a methylene group or an ethylidene group, and the bicyclic fused aromatic group is preferably a naphthyl group or a methylnaphthyl group, Ar 1 , Ar 4 Is preferably a phenyl group or a methylphenyl group, and the aromatic group represented by Ar 3 is preferably a phenylene group or a methylphenylene group, represented by —Ar 3 —R 2 —Ar 4. The bicyclic aromatic group is preferably a biphenylyl group or methylbiphenylyl group in which R 2 is a single bond, or an aromatic group in which R 2 is a methylene group or an ethylidene group. Examples include a phenyl group, a tolylmethylphenyl group, a 1,1-tolylethylphenyl group, and a 1,1-tolylethyltolyl group. The number of substituted alkyl groups in Ar 1 to Ar 2 is preferably 2 or less in Ar 1 and 6 or less in Ar 2 , and the alkyl group is preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group. Further, when R is a direct bond, Ar 1 -Ar 2 is obtained, when it is a methylene group, Ar 1 -CH 2 -Ar 2 is obtained , and when it is an alkyl-substituted methylene group, Ar 1 -C (R 3 R 4 ) -Ar is obtained. 2 Here, as R 3, R 4 H, methyl or ethyl group (provided that one of R 3, R 4 is other than H) are preferably mentioned.
[0009]
As an example of a preferred tricyclic aromatic compound represented by the general formula (1), there is a compound group represented by the following formula 2.
[Chemical 1]
Figure 0004184081
[0010]
Examples of preferred tricyclic aromatic compounds used in the present invention include terphenyls (meaning includes isomers, the same shall apply hereinafter), benzylbiphenyls, There are dibenzylbenzenes or tricyclic aromatic compounds in which a lower alkyl group is substituted on a carbon having a substitutable hydrogen of these aromatic compounds. More preferred are terphenyls or benzylbiphenyls.
[0011]
Examples of the partial nuclear hydride of a tricyclic aromatic compound include a partial nuclear hydride having a structure in which a part of the aromatic ring of the aromatic compound is nuclear hydrogenated. This partial nuclear hydride is a compound having both a nuclear hydrogenated ring such as a cyclohexane ring and an aromatic ring such as a benzene ring from the beginning even if it is obtained by hydrogenating a tricyclic aromatic compound. There is no problem, but the former is easier to obtain.
Those obtained by partial nuclear hydrogenation of tricyclic aromatic compounds are usually obtained as mixtures having different degrees of nuclear hydrogenation, but the partial nuclear hydrides used in the present invention have different degrees of nuclear hydrogenation. Even a mixture may be a compound having a uniform degree of nuclear hydrogenation obtained by separating it by distillation or the like. In addition, it is preferable that the content of the partial nuclear hydride obtained by separating the unhydrogenated product and the complete nuclear hydride by distillation or the like is 70 wt% or more. Examples of the partially hydride thus obtained include one in which one or more aromatic rings of the aromatic compound represented by the general formula (1) are a cyclohexane ring or a cyclohexene ring. In some cases, it is desirable that the number of unsaturated aliphatic rings such as a cyclohexene ring is small. In that case, the hydrogenation conditions and the like are controlled as such.
Even if these partial hydrides are used alone as one type isolated by the method as described above, the battery protection effect at the time of overcharging and the effect of improving the battery characteristics when the maximum operating voltage is increased are compatible. However, by using a mixture of partially hydrides, the viscosity of the additive is further reduced, and the viscosity of the electrolyte is less likely to increase than when only one kind of partially hydride is used as an additive, resulting in a large current. It is considered preferable to improve battery characteristics when charging and discharging.
[0012]
Here, the nuclear hydrogenation rate in the case of partial nuclear hydrogenation of an aromatic compound is 10 to 65%, preferably 15 to 40%, assuming that complete nuclear hydrogenation is 100%. When it exceeds 65%, it becomes difficult to impart safety, and when it is less than 10%, the effect of achieving both safety and capacity retention becomes thin.
When the preferable partial nuclear hydride is illustrated, the partial nuclear hydride of the aromatic compound mentioned above is preferable when carrying out the partial nuclear hydrogenation of the aromatic compound. For example, partial nuclear hydride of terphenyl, partial nuclear hydride of benzylbiphenyl, partial nuclear hydride of dibenzylbenzene, partial nuclear hydride of dibenzyltoluene, partial nuclear hydride of di (α-methylbenzyl) xylene, Examples thereof include a partial nuclear hydride of benzylnaphthalene and a partial nuclear hydride of phenylnaphthalene.
[0013]
When the compound of a preferable partial nucleus hydride is illustrated, the group of the compound represented by following formula (3) will be mentioned.
[Chemical 2]
Figure 0004184081
[0014]
The above compounds are exemplified by the compound names: 2-cyclohexylbiphenyl, (2′-phenyl) -cyclohexylbenzene, 2-phenylbicyclohexyl, 1,2-dicyclohexylbenzene, 3-cyclohexylbiphenyl, (3′-phenyl)- Cyclohexylbenzene, 3-phenylbicyclohexyl, 1,3-dicyclohexylbenzene, 2- (cyclohexylmethyl) biphenyl, (2'-benzyl) -cyclohexylbenzene, 2-benzylcyclohexylbenzene, (2'-cyclohexylmethyl) -cyclohexylbenzene 2-benzylbicyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexylmethyl-2-cyclohexylbenzene, 4- (cyclohexylmethyl) biphenyl, (4′-benzyl) -cyclohexylbenzene, 4-benzylcyclo Hexyl benzene, (4'-cyclohexylmethyl) - cyclohexyl benzene, 4-benzyl bicyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexylmethyl-4-cyclohexyl benzene. These compounds may be used alone, or two or more kinds of compounds may be mixed and used.
[0015]
Hereinafter, embodiments of the rechargeable lithium battery of the present invention will be described.
The compound contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte in the present invention causes an oxidation reaction in the initial region of overcharge, and protects the battery from overcharge by its action and imparts safety. Further, even when charging / discharging is repeated by increasing the operating voltage, the battery characteristics are not adversely affected, and it acts as an overcharge preventing agent capable of maintaining a high electric capacity. Although the detailed mechanism is not known at present, the result of the measurement of the oxidation potential added to the lithium battery electrolyte shows that the oxidation starts at about the same potential as that of o-terphenyl and a slightly lower potential than that. In this region, it can be considered that a current indicating minute oxidation flows in the electrolytic solution to which o-terphenyl is added, whereas the electrolytic solution to which the compound of the present invention is added has almost no current.
[0016]
Further, the amount of the partial hydride of the aromatic compound to be contained in the non-aqueous electrolytic solution (the total when two or more compounds are mixed) is 0.1% with respect to the organic solvent used as the electrolytic solution solvent. -20% by weight, preferably 1-10% by weight, more preferably 2-5% by weight.
Further, the partial hydride of the aromatic compound in the present invention does not prevent the combined use with an additive having a known overcharge preventing effect as long as it does not inhibit the effect of the present invention. The content of the above range is necessary for the partial hydride of the compound.
The member which comprises the secondary battery created using the electrolyte solution prepared using the compound of this invention is not specifically limited, The conventionally used various structural member can be used. For example, configurations and members as described in the above publication can be used.
For example, as the material of the positive electrode, any material that contains lithium and can be used generally for lithium batteries that can be charged and discharged can be used, but composite metal oxides such as LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCoO 2, and LiNiO 2 can be used. And intercalation compounds containing lithium and lithium. A slurry obtained by mixing these lithium compound powder, conductive powder and binder is applied to an aluminum foil, dried, and appropriately processed to produce a positive foil.
Any material can be used for the negative electrode as long as it can occlude and release lithium and can be generally used for chargeable / dischargeable lithium batteries, but intercalates lithium between the layers of carbon hexagonal mesh. Exemplified carbonaceous insertion compounds. The carbonaceous insertion compound may be prepared by electrochemically inserting lithium in the electrolyte after assembling the battery into the carbon material, or by premixing the carbon powder and the electrolyte from the beginning. . A slurry obtained by mixing such a carbonaceous insertion compound or carbon and a binder is applied to a copper foil, dried, and appropriately processed to produce a negative electrode foil.
Any separator can be used as long as it is generally usable for a chargeable / dischargeable lithium battery. Examples of the separator include microporous polypropylene and polyethylene films.
[0017]
The non-aqueous electrolyte is used by appropriately combining an organic solvent and a solute, and any organic solvent can be used as long as it is generally usable for a chargeable / dischargeable lithium battery. Examples of the organic solvent include ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. , diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, is exemplified solvents containing methyl ethyl carbonate, and examples of the liquid electrolyte solute, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate ( LiCF 3 SO 3 ) and the like are exemplified.
[0018]
The above constituent materials are laminated with a positive electrode (aluminum foil) / separator (non-aqueous electrolyte impregnation) / negative electrode (copper foil) / separator (non-aqueous electrolyte impregnation) to constitute a battery. For the combination, for example, when a graphite-based carbon material is used, the electrolyte solution has compatibility such as that propylene carbonate is not suitable. The shape of the battery can be applied to any shape as long as it is generally manufactured for a chargeable / dischargeable lithium battery, and examples thereof include a prismatic battery and a small coin-shaped battery.
The compound contained in the electrolytic solution in the present invention has a specific action of having both an overcharge prevention effect and stability in a high voltage region. In addition, since it is difficult to increase the viscosity of the electrolyte even after the compound of the present invention is added, it is considered that the battery characteristics when charged and discharged with a large current are also improved.
[0019]
【Example】
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Next, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples and comparative examples, but these do not limit the present invention in any way.
An experiment was conducted to measure evaluation characteristics by the evaluation method of the present invention. As the basic electrolyte, a solution obtained by dissolving 1 mol / L of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) as an electrolyte in an organic solvent composed of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate at a volume ratio of 1: 1 was used.
[0020]
Example 1
To 100 g of the basic electrolyte solution, 2.0 g of 2-cyclohexylbiphenyl was added as a partially hydrogenated aromatic compound to prepare an electrolyte solution A.
Further, in the same manner as described above, 100 g of the basic electrolyte was mixed with about 1.0 g of 2′-phenylcyclohexylbenzene, about 0.6 g of 2-cyclohexylbiphenyl, about 0 g of 2-phenylbicyclohexyl as a partially hydrogenated aromatic compound. Electrolyte solution B was prepared by adding 2.0 g of a mixture composed of .3 g and about 0.1 g of 1,2-dicyclohexylbenzene.
Further, in the same manner as described above, about 100 g of basic electrolyte solution, about 0.9 g of 2′-phenylcyclohexylbenzene, about 0.5 g of 2-cyclohexylbiphenyl, about 0 of 2-phenylbicyclohexyl as a partially hydrogenated aromatic compound. Electrolyte C was prepared by adding 1.7 g of a mixture composed of .2 g and about 0.1 g of 1,2-dicyclohexylbenzene and 0.3 g of o-terphenyl.
In the same manner as above, 100 g of the basic electrolyte was mixed with about 0.5 g of 3′-phenylcyclohexylbenzene, about 0.4 g of 3-cyclohexylbiphenyl, and about 0.6 g of 3-phenylbicyclohexyl as a partially hydrogenated aromatic compound. Then, 2.0 g of a mixture composed of about 0.5 g of 1,3-dicyclohexylbenzene was added to prepare an electrolytic solution D.
Further, in the same manner as described above, 100 g of the basic electrolyte was mixed with about 0.1 g of 2- (cyclohexylmethyl) biphenyl as a partially hydrogenated aromatic compound, about 0.1 g of 2 ′-(cyclohexylmethyl) cyclohexylbenzene, 2 -1.7 g of a mixture composed of about 0.2 g of benzylcyclohexylbenzene and about 1.1 g of 2'-benzylcyclohexylbenzene and 0.3 g of o-benzylbiphenyl were added to prepare an electrolytic solution E.
For comparison, an electrolytic solution F was prepared by adding 2.0 g of o-terphenyl to 100 g of the basic electrolytic solution in the same manner as described above.
[0021]
Example 2
N-methyl- is blended with 80% by weight of natural graphite ground to an average particle size of 0.8 μm, 10% by weight of LiPF 6 ground to an average particle size of 5 μm, and 10% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder. A paste made of 2-pyrrolidone was applied to a copper foil, dried, and then processed by compression molding with a roll press to prepare a negative electrode.
LiCoO 2 powder 85 weight% of polyvinylidene fluoride 7 wt%, were mixed 8 wt% of acetylene black, a material obtained by a paste was applied to an aluminum foil with N- methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dried, roll press And processed by compression molding to prepare a positive electrode.
Between the positive electrode and the negative electrode processed to a predetermined size, the electrolyte solution A prepared by the above method is injected, and the one in which the electrolyte solution A is impregnated with porous polypropylene is sandwiched, and the diameter is 20 mm and the thickness is 5 mm. A coin battery was produced.
[0022]
Examples 3-6
A coin battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the electrolytic solution B, C, D, or E prepared by the above method was used as the electrolytic solution.
[0023]
Comparative Example 1
A coin battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the electrolytic solution F was used as the electrolytic solution.
Comparative Example 2
A coin battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the basic electrolyte was used as it was.
[0024]
In order to compare the cycle performance of the batteries thus produced, 1 C constant current charging was performed with an upper limit voltage of 4.1 V, and then charging was performed at 4.1 V for 3 hours to obtain a fully charged state. Thereafter, the lower limit voltage was set to 3.0 V, and discharging was performed at 1 C. Such charging and discharging was repeated up to 20 cycles.
The discharge capacities of the first cycle and the 20th cycle were measured, and the influence of the addition of aromatic hydrocarbon partial nuclear hydride on the capacity was examined. Each test was conducted three times, and Table 1 shows the average value of the ratio of the discharge capacity before the test (first cycle) and after the test (20th cycle).
Next, the same charge / discharge evaluation was performed with an upper limit voltage of 4.2 V, and the discharge capacities of the first cycle and the 20th cycle were measured as in the previous case. Similarly, the test was performed three times, and Table 1 shows the average value of the ratio of the discharge capacity before the test (first cycle) and after the test (20th cycle).
[0025]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004184081
[0026]
Regarding the ratio of the discharge capacity before and after the test (3.0 to 4.1 V), the electrolytes A, B, C, D, E to which the compound of the present invention was added and the electrolyte F to which o-terphenyl was added Although the cell using the electrolyte is slightly lower than the cell using the additive-free electrolyte, the levels are not much different.
Moreover, about the ratio (3.0-4.2V) of the discharge capacity before a test and after a test, the cell which mix | blended electrolyte solution A, B, C, D, and E which added the compound of this invention is 90%. While maintaining the above level, the cell containing the electrolytic solution F to which o-terphenyl was added decreased to 87%.
This is because the o-terphenyl reacts slightly between the operating voltages of 4.1 V and 4.2 V, and as a result, the battery characteristics when the maximum operating voltage is increased is affected. Is considered to be because there is no reaction and as a result, it does not affect the battery characteristics. To supplement this estimation, the oxidation potential was measured, and the potential and the degree of oxidation reaction of the additive were examined.
[0027]
Example 7
SUS304 (diameter 16.0 mm, thickness 6.0 mm) is used for the working electrode, lithium (diameter 20 mm, thickness 0.55 mm) and a polypropylene separator are used for the counter electrode, and 0.5 ml of the electrolyte solution described in each example and comparative example is used. A cell for evaluation was prepared.
A voltage of 3.0 V to 5.0 V (vs. Li / Li + ) was applied to the cell at a rate of 5 mV per second, the current supplied during that time was measured, and the current density value was measured. Table 2 shows the measured maximum current density (μA / cm 2 ).
[0028]
[Table 2]
Figure 0004184081
[0029]
From these results, all of the compounds cause an oxidation reaction in a relatively high voltage range of 4.5 to 4.7 V, but o-terphenyl is added in a relatively low voltage range of 4.0 to 4.2 V. It can be seen that when the blended electrolytic solution F is used, the value of the oxidation current is larger than when the electrolytic solutions A, B, C, D, and E blended with the compound of the present invention are used.
[0030]
Example 8
Furthermore, in order to compare the safety of the batteries produced in this way, the battery after the end of 20 cycles in the charge / discharge evaluation was again fully charged at 4.2 V, and then charged at 1 C and continued to be overcharged. Wake up and check if the overcharge prevention function works before the battery bursts or ignites. The results are shown in Table 3. It was shown that any of the electrolytes A to E using the compound of the present invention has an overcharge prevention function and has an effect of improving safety.
[0031]
[Table 3]
Figure 0004184081
[0032]
【The invention's effect】
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY According to the present invention, in a chargeable / dischargeable lithium battery, the battery is protected from overcharging, and dangers such as ignition and explosion can be avoided. In addition, even when the maximum operating voltage is increased, there is little decrease in the battery capacity associated with the charge / discharge cycle, so that the electric capacity can be taken out effectively and used for a long time.

Claims (2)

有機溶媒に電解質としてリチウム塩を溶解してなる非水系電解液において、過充電防止のために、前記非水系電解液に、3環の芳香族化合物の部分核水素化物であって、核水素化率が10〜65%であり、ターフェニル類、ベンジルビフェニル類、ジベンジルベンゼン類及びこれらの芳香族化合物の置換可能な水素を有する炭素に炭素数1〜4のアルキル基のみが置換した3環の芳香族化合物の群れから選択される1種又は2種以上の3環の芳香族化合物の部分核水素化物が0.1〜20重量%含有されていることを特徴とする非水系電解液。In a non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as an electrolyte in an organic solvent, in order to prevent overcharge, the non-aqueous electrolyte includes a partial nuclear hydride of a tricyclic aromatic compound, and a nuclear hydrogenation A 3-ring in which the rate is 10 to 65%, and the carbon having a substitutable hydrogen of terphenyls, benzylbiphenyls , dibenzylbenzenes, and aromatic compounds thereof is substituted only by an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms A non-aqueous electrolyte containing 0.1 to 20% by weight of a partial nuclear hydride of one or two or more tricyclic aromatic compounds selected from the group of aromatic compounds. 請求項1に記載の非水系電解液を用いたことを特徴とする非水系リチウム二次電池。A non-aqueous lithium secondary battery using the non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 1.
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