JP4044970B2 - TNF ligand - Google Patents

Abstract

Ligands to a member of the TNF/NGF receptor family are provided. The ligands bind to the region of the C-terminal cysteine loop of such a receptor. A process for the preparation of the ligands is also provided, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the ligands.

Description

[0001]
[Industrial application fields]
The present invention relates to ligands for tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNF-Rs). Such ligands inhibit the action of TNF but not the binding to TNF-Rs. The present invention also relates to ligands that interact with other receptors in the TNF / NGF system.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine and is produced by many cell types, primarily activated macrophages. TNF is one of the major mediators of immune and inflammatory responses. Since there is evidence that TNF is involved in the pathogenesis of a wide range of conditions such as endotoxin shock, cerebral malaria, and graft-versus-host reaction, there has been considerable interest in its function in recent years. It is of considerable interest to find a way to block the action of TNF on host cells, since many actions of TNF are detrimental to the body. The target of such intervention is clearly the molecule that TNF binds to express its action, ie TNF-Rs. These molecules are not only present in cell-bound form, but also in a soluble state consisting of a truncated extracellular domain of the receptor itself (Nofare et al. EMBO Journal,9(10): 3269-78, 1990). This soluble receptor maintains the ability to bind to TNF and thus has the ability to antagonize cell surface receptors and block the action of TNF. Another method of blocking TNF action based on the principle of antagonizing cell binding molecules is to use an antibody that recognizes the TNF receptor and prevents binding of the ligand.
[0003]
Cell surface TNF-Rs are expressed in almost all cells in the body. Various actions of TNF, namely cytotoxicity, growth promotion and other actions, are transmitted from the TNF receptor by binding of TNF to the receptor. There are two types of these receptors having different molecular weights, which are described as 55 kilodalton and 75 kilodalton, and are referred to as P55TNF-R and P75TNF-R, respectively. However, it should be noted that there are reports that call these receptors also P60 and P80.
[0004]
TNF-Rs belong to a family of receptors that are involved in other important biological processes. An example of these receptors is the low affinity NGF receptor. This plays an important role in controlling proliferation and differentiation of nerve cells. Several other receptors are involved in controlling proliferation of CDW40 and several other lymphocytes. Another receptor in this family is the FAS receptor, also called APO, which is involved in the transmission of cell annihilation, and studies with mice lacking this function have led to the pathogenesis of lupus-like diseases. It seems to play an important role.
Here, this family of receptors is referred to as "TNF / NGF receptor group".
[0005]
Compared to other cytokines that are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of some diseases, one of the most prominent features of TNF is its ability to induce cell death. This cytotoxic activity of TNF is thought to be induced by the P55 receptor. However, this P55 receptor activity is facilitated by the P75 receptor, but the mechanism is unknown.
[0006]
European Patent Publication Nos. 0,398,327 and 0,412,486 disclose antibodies against soluble TNF-Rs. These antibodies were found to recognize soluble TNF-Rs and block TNF from binding to TNF-Rs on the cell surface. The monovalent F (ab) fragment blocked TNF action while the intact antibody was observed to resemble the cytotoxic effect of TNF.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention provides one ligand for one member of the TNF / NGF receptor family, which binds to the region of the C-terminal cysteine loop of such receptors.
[0008]
Preferably, this region includes the corresponding region in the amino acid sequence cys-163 to thr-179 in P75TNF-R or other receptors of the TNF / NGF family.
[0009]
Preferably the receptor is TNF-R, in particular P75 TNF-R.
[0010]
One such ligand is the monoclonal antibody No. 1 shown in FIG. The amino acid sequence of the CDR region of 32 heavy chains and / or the amino acid sequence of the light chain CDR region of this antibody shown in FIG.
[0011]
Another such ligand is monoclonal antibody No. 1 shown in FIG. Contains the amino acid sequence of the CDR region of 70 heavy chains.
[0012]
Yet another such ligand is the monoclonal antibody No. 1 shown in FIG. Contains the amino acid sequence of the CDR region of 57 heavy chains.
[0013]
The antibody is referred to herein as a “Group 32” antibody for simplicity.
[0014]
In another embodiment of the invention, the ligand comprises a group 32 antibody scFv.
[0015]
Ligands include, for example, proteins, peptides, immunoadhesins, antibodies or other organic compounds.
[0016]
Proteins include, for example, fusion proteins in which other proteins and ligands are optionally linked by peptide linkers. Such fusion proteins increase the residence time of the ligand in the body, and thus the ligand-protein complex is used as a latent factor or vaccine.
[0017]
The term protein includes mutant proteins, fusion proteins, their salts, functional derivatives and active fractions.
[0018]
This peptide includes peptide bond substitutes and / or peptidomimetics, i.e. pseudopeptides known in the art (e.g. edited by G, Jung, E. Baye: Proceedings of the 20th European Peptide Symposium, P 289-336, and references thereof), and biologically active peptides suitable for oral, topical, nasal distribution, pulmonary, intravenous, or subcutaneous administration according to salts and specific indications Preparations and / or pharmaceutical formulations for the purpose. Such salts, formulations, amino acid substitutions and pseudopeptide structures may be used to increase stability, formulation, administration (eg, sustained release formulations, prodrugs), or to improve production economics. It is necessary and desirable as long as it does not impair the biological activity.
[0019]
Peptidomimetics and / or analog structures with specific associations in addition to substitutions when designing biologically active peptides that bind to receptors at risk of degradation by proteinases and peptidases present in blood, tissues, etc. The three specific types are described and illustrated by the following example: First, the conversion of the backbone chiral center to a D-amino acid residue structure, particularly at the N-terminus, impairs activity. Without increasing the stability to proteolysis. One example is “Tritriated D-ala′-Peptidl T Binding”, Smith C. S. Et al., Drug Development Res. 15, pp 371-379 (1988). The second is a cyclic structure having stability such as an interchain imide or lactam from N to C (Ede et al. In Smith and Rivier (Eds.) “Peptides: Chemistry and Biology”, Escom, Leiden ( 1991), p268-270), and receptor binding may be enhanced by forming cyclic analogs. One example is “Structurally Limited Thymopentine-Like Compounds”, US Pat. No. 4,457,489 (1985), Goldstein, G., et al. et al. Is shown in The third is to introduce ketomethylene, methyl sulfide or retro-inverse bonds to replace peptide bonds. That is, the exchange of CO and NH moieties appears to increase both stability and efficacy. One example of this type is “biologically active retro-inverse analogues of thymopenti”, Sisto A. et al. Rivier, J. et al. E. , Marshall, G .; R. (Edit) “Peptides, Chemistry, Structure and Biology”, Escom, Leiden (1990) p. 722-773.
[0020]
The peptide of the present invention can be synthesized by various methods known in theory. That is, chemical coupling methods (see; Wunsch, E: “Methodden der organischen Chemie”, Volume 15, Band 1 + 2, Synthese von Peptider, thyme Verlag, Stuttgart (1974), and Barran. “The Peptides”, eds.E.Gross, J. Meienhofer, Volume 2, Chapter 1, p.1-284, Academic Press (1980)), or enzymatic coupling methods (see; Widmer, F. Johansen, J. et al. T., Carlsberg Res. Commun., Vol.44, p.37-46 (1979), and Kullma. nn, W .: Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis "CRC Press Inc. Boca Raton, Fl. (1987), and Widmer, F., Johansen, J. T. in" Synthetic Peptides in Biologics. , Partanen, P., Vatieri, A., p. 79-86, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1985)), or this method if the combination of chemical and enzymatic methods is advantageous in terms of process design and economy. Can be synthesized.
[0021]
Cysteine residues are added to both the amino terminus and the carboxy terminus of the peptide, which forms a disulfide bond, thereby causing peptide cyclization.
[0022]
All methods of modifying a peptide of the invention without diminishing biological activity are within the scope of the invention.
[0023]
There are many examples that illustrate the ability of anti-idiotype antibodies (anti-Id Abs) to an antigen to function like that antigen in interaction with animal cells and cellular components. Thus, anti-Id Abs against peptide hormone antigens have hormone-like activity and interact specifically with mediators in the same manner as receptors. (For a review of these properties see: Gaulton, GN, Greane, MI 1986. Idiotype mimics of biological receptors, Ann. Rev. Immunol. Vol. 4, p. 253-280; Sege K., Peterson, PA, 1978, Use of anti-idiotype antibodies as cell surface receptor probes, Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. USA, Vol. p. 2443-2447).
[0024]
From the functional similarity between an anti-Id Ab and an antigen, it is expected that anti-Id Abs having an internal image of the antigen can induce immunity against such an antigen. (See review by Hiernux, JR, 1988, Idiotype vaccines and infectious diseases, Infect. Immun., Vol. 56, p. 1407-1413).
[0025]
It is therefore possible to produce anti-idiotype antibodies with similar biological activity with antibodies against the peptides of the invention.
[0026]
Therefore, the present invention also provides an anti-idiotype antibody against the peptide of the present invention, which can inhibit the toxicity of TNF but not its receptor binding.
[0027]
The individual specificity of an antibody resides in the structure of the peptide loop that constitutes the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of the variable domain of the antibody. In general, the amino acid sequence of the CDR peptide of anti-Id Ab is not identical or similar to the amino acid sequence of the peptide antigen from which it was originally derived. A very similar three-dimensional structure can be taken in a certain environment. The concept of this type of peptide, named “functionally equivalent sequence” or mimotope by Geyson, is known. (Geyson, HM et al., 1987, Strategies for epitope analysis utilizing peptide synthesis, J. Immun. Methods, Vol. 102, p. 259-274).
[0028]
Furthermore, the three-dimensional structure and function of biologically active peptides can be mimicked by other compounds. Some of these compounds are quite peptidic in nature but mimic the activity of such peptides. This field is described by Goodman, M .; (1990). (Synthesis in peptide research, spectroscopy and computer simulation, 11th American Peptide Symposium, Peptides-Chemistry, Structure and Biology, p. 3-29; Eds. Rivier, J. E. and Marshall, G. R. Publisher Escom ).
[0029]
It is possible to make peptide and non-peptide compounds having the same three-dimensional structure as the peptides of the present invention. These “functionally equivalent structures” or “peptidomimetics” can react with antibodies to the peptides of the present invention and also inhibit TNF toxicity.
[0030]
Therefore, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a compound having a three-dimensional structure similar to the three-dimensional structure of the peptide of the present invention as a pharmacophore, characterized by reacting with an antibody against the peptide of the present invention. And to be able to block the toxicity of TNF.
[0031]
For further details on the pharmacophore, see Bolin et al., P., Edited by Smith and Rivier, “Peptides: Chemistry and Biology”, Escom, Leiden (1991). 150, Polinsky et al., P. 287, Smith et al., P485.
[0032]
All molecules (proteins, peptides, etc.) can be produced by the conventional chemical methods described herein or by recombinant DNA.
[0033]
The invention also provides DNA molecules encoding the ligands according to the invention, vectors containing them and host cells containing the vectors and capable of expressing the ligands according to the invention.
[0034]
The host cell may be a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell.
[0035]
Furthermore, the present invention provides a DNA molecule that pairs with the above DNA molecule and encodes a ligand having the same activity.
[0036]
The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition containing the above-mentioned ligand and effective in treating a disease induced or caused by the action of endogenously generated or exogenously administered TNF.
[0037]
As mentioned above, TNF is a type of cytokine that initiates effects on cell function by binding to two specific receptors on the cell surface: P55 and P75 receptors. Binding of the antibody to the extracellular domain of these receptors can prevent its action. However, as shown in many studies, the binding of antibodies to the extracellular domain of the receptor can also induce the action of TNF by inducing aggregation of the P55 and P75 receptors. (Engelmann. Et al., J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 265, No, 24, p. 14497-14504, 1990; and unpublished data).
[0038]
We have found that certain antibodies that bind to one specific region in the P75 receptor are not mimicking but rather inhibitory of the transmission of cell killing by this receptor. Despite the fact that when bound to this region, these antibodies do not block TNF binding but rather increase it to some extent.
[0039]
The present invention extends this region, recognized by these antibodies, which we call 32 groups, to the extent of the addition of two C-terminal cysteines plus one amino acid, threonine 179, in the extracellular domain of the P75 receptor. It is an area. In this specification, this region is referred to as a “cysteine loop” for simplicity.
[0040]
The present invention also provides nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences in the heavy chain CDRs of the three antibodies belonging to this group, namely antibodies 32, 57 and 70. Significant similarity was found between the amino acid sequences in the heavy chain CDRs of antibodies 32 and 70, indicating that they are close to what is most necessary for binding to the antigen. Furthermore, the present invention also provides the light chain nucleotide sequence and deduced amino sequence of antibody 32. Based on these sequences, low molecular weight compounds, peptides or mimetic compounds that inhibit the function of the P75 receptor are limited.
[0041]
From evidence that such low molecular weight compounds can actually achieve this, and that antibodies are capable of aggregating the receptor, there is no need for aggregation, so the monovalent F of 32 groups of antibodies. The (ab) fragment was also found to inhibit toxicity transmission by the P75 receptor when toxicity is induced by TNF.
[0042]
In view of these findings as well as the close similarity of receptors belonging to this particular family, the present invention also binds to the C-terminal cysteine loop of the extracellular domain of various other receptors belonging to the TNF / NGF receptor family. It also relates to factors that regulate the function of other receptors, as well as the regulation of TNF function. In this receptor family, the localization and space of cysteine in the extracellular domain is highly maintained. Certain receptors in this family, such as CDw40, show particularly high similarity to the P75 receptor. Particularly in such receptors, factors that bind to these regions are expected to have an action similar to that of the 32 antibody on the P75 receptor.
[0043]
As mentioned above, the ligands according to the invention include proteins, peptides, immunoadhesins, antibodies or other organic compounds.
[0044]
The protein is isolated from the cell extract by ligand affinity purification using, for example, a molecule having an amino acid sequence substantially corresponding to the stretch as a ligand.
[0045]
Peptides are prepared by first synthesizing a peptide of interest corresponding to an amino acid stretch of TNF-R that has been found to bind a ligand that inhibits the action of TNF according to the present invention. Thereafter, other ligands that bind to it are selected from the peptide library. Peptides that bind to these regions are further screened to select those that also bind to TNF-R. Finally, a peptide capable of exerting the expected biological activity is selected by screening a peptide that strongly binds to both the target peptide and TNF-R.
[0046]
Similarly, whether various organic molecules, including drugs with other indications, have the ability to bind to amino acid stretches that have been found to be extremely important in inhibiting the action of TNF Screen for.
[0047]
In addition to organic molecules, broths of biological materials such as bacterial culture products, fungal culture products, eukaryotic culture products, and crude cytokine preparations are also screened with the amino acid target peptides described above. Screening is performed for the ability of the molecule obtained by this screening to perform further biological functions as expected.
[0048]
Alternatively, a molecule is designed that spatially matches the quaternary structure of the amino acid stretch in the receptor.
[0049]
The active molecules obtained by the above methods can also be prepared by biotechnological methods as long as they are biological materials. In this way, mass production of these molecules would be possible. Peptides can also be produced using known peptide synthesis methods or expression vectors containing DNA sequences encoding them. Other molecules can also be made by producing the enzyme contained in suitable cultured cells if it is produced by enzymatic methods.
[0050]
The pharmaceutical composition comprising the ligand of the present invention is used as an antagonist of TNF action in mammals.
[0051]
Such compositions comprise the ligand according to the invention as an active ingredient. This pharmaceutical composition is applied to symptoms such as septic shock, cachexia, graft-versus-host reaction, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and other similar diseases. It is also prescribed to neutralize overdose of TNF.
[0052]
The pharmaceutical composition according to the invention is administered in a manner that can be administered according to the condition to be treated. For example, intravenous administration is preferred in the case of septic shock. The drug composition may be administered continuously, i.e. by infusion, or orally. The formulation and dosage will depend on the condition being treated, the route of administration, and the condition of the patient to be treated, the body weight. The exact dose will be determined by the attending physician.
[0053]
The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention are prepared in the usual manner, for example by mixing the active ingredient with optionally pharmaceutically and physiologically available carriers and / or stabilizers and / or additives, e.g. Prepare by lyophilization in a dosage form.
[0054]
As used herein, the term “mutant protein” refers to one or more amino acid residues in a protein known to be bound, either substituted or removed with a different amino acid residue. Or one or more amino acid residues added to the original sequence, and the resulting product, the activity of the resulting product is not significantly altered, and refers to analogs of the same type. These muteins are prepared by known synthetic and / or site-directed mutagenesis methods, or any other known method suitable therefor.
[0055]
The term “fusion protein” refers to a polypeptide containing a ligand or a mutant protein of a ligand fused to another protein that has a long residence time in body fluids. Thus, the ligand may be fused to other proteins, polypeptides or other similar species, such as immunoglobulins or fragments thereof.
[0056]
As used herein, the term “salt” refers to a salt of a carboxyl group and an acid addition salt of an amino group of a ligand, a mutant protein and a fusion protein thereof. Salts of carboxyl groups are made by methods well known in the art, for example, Na, Ca, NH₄Inorganic salts such as Fe (III) or Zn salts, and salts with organic bases such as those formed with amines such as triethanolamine, arginine or lysine, piperidine, procaine. Acid addition salts include, for example, salts with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, and salts with organic acids such as acetic acid or succinic acid.
[0057]
As used herein, “functional derivative” means a functional group present as a side chain of a residue, or a ligand prepared by a method well known in the art from the N-terminal or C-terminal group, and fusion proteins and mutations thereof. Functional derivatives are included in the present invention as long as they contain derivatives of proteins and they are pharmaceutically usable, i.e., they do not destroy the activity of the ligand and do not confer toxicity on the compositions containing it. It is. These derivatives may include, for example, side chains of polyethylene glycol that mask the antigenic sites and are likely to increase the retention of the ligand in body fluids. Other derivatives include carboxylic acid amides, acyl moieties (eg, alkanoyl groups or carbocyclic aroyl groups) produced by reaction with aliphatic esters of carboxyl groups, ammonia or primary or secondary amines. N-acyl derivatives of the free amino group of the group, or O-acyl derivatives of free hydroxyl groups generated at the acyl moiety (eg, free hydroxyl groups of serine or threonine residues).
[0058]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described by way of examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
[0059]
The invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting examples:
Example 1: Determination of the region of the P75 receptor recognized by group 32 antibodies
In example 5 of the main application, several constructs were prepared by expression in E. coli and antibody no. It was concluded that the epitope was recognized by 32 maps.
[0060]
We now prepare additional constructs to review their complete list, and at the same time their correlation to the structure of soluble P75R is shown in FIG. The constructs recognized by group 32 antibodies are shown in bold numbers and shown as solid lines.
Constructs that do not react with these antibodies are indicated by thin numbers and indicated by broken lines. All constructs were identified with their N- and C-terminal amino acid residues.
[0061]
FIG. 1 shows the amino acid sequence portion of P75TNF-R above the graphical representation of the construct, these regions corresponding to the soluble form of the receptor and the biboxed transmembrane region. . Amino acid residues conserved in humans and mice are underlined.
[0062]
Western blot analysis of the binding of the group 32 antibody shown in FIG. 2 to some of the constructs shown in FIG. 1 was performed as in Example 5 of the main application.
[0063]
Example 2: Competition for binding of P75TNF-R to the extracellular domain between group 32 antibodies and synthetic peptides
Several synthetic peptides were synthesized whose sequences corresponded to different parts of the region on TNF-R suspecting a group 32 epitope (residues 160-179, 162-179, 163-179). 165-179 and 167-179). The peptides were examined in an ELISA test for the ability to compete for binding to group 32 antibodies.
[0064]
A construct produced by bacteria corresponding to amino acids 3 to 180 of P75TNF-R (P75 construct in FIG. 3) was applied to the PVC plates precoated with antibody 32 at the indicated concentrations, followed by TBP-II (P75 soluble TNF-R). ) Rabbit antiserum was applied. The amount of rabbit antiserum bound to the plate was measured by applying goat antiserum against rabbit immunoglobulin and combined with an evaluation of horseradish peroxidase and the amount of goat immunoglobulin bound to the plate. FIG. 3 shows data from experiments where synthetic peptides corresponding to amino acid residues 163 to 179 were found to compete for binding.
[0065]
FIG. 4 shows data from one experiment in which a PVC plate was coated at a concentration of 10 μg / ml using a fusion protein of maltose binding protein (MBP) and the amino acid sequence extending from 125 to 192 of the P75 receptor. No. 2 is then used. 32McAb was applied at a concentration of 2 μg / ml with the indicated concentrations of various peptides shown below:
DW16-amino acids 165-179
DW18-amino acids 163-179
DW19-amino acids 162-179
DW21-amino acids 160-179
[0066]
Therefore, the reaction was developed by adding goat anti-mouse conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. As shown in FIG. Significant inhibition of fusion protein recognition by 32 was observed only for three peptides covering all epitopes.
[0067]
Example 3: Mutational study of 32 epitopes
When cysteine 178 in the recombinant peptide having a sequence corresponding to amino acids 3 to 181 is replaced with alanine, this protein is no longer recognized by the group 32 antibody. This finding suggests that in order to be recognized by these antibodies, the two cysteines in the group 32 epitope region must be able to interact freely with each other; It is that. In support of this notion, we found the following: reduction of peptides with dithiothreitol prior to SDS PAGE and Western blot analysis somewhat reduced the efficiency of peptide recognition by group 32 antibodies, Alkylation with iodoacetamide after reduction with dithiothreitol results in complete loss of antibody recognition.
[0068]
Example 4: Effect of various antibodies and fragments thereof on TNF toxicity
(A) To compare the function of group 32 antibodies, not only antibodies that bind to receptors upstream to the 32 epitope region (as most anti-TBP-II antibodies are expected), but also downstream to that epitope region We also immunized mice with chimeric constructs corresponding to a region extending downstream to 32 epitopes (amino acids 181 to 235; “Stark” region) linked to MBP. Rabbits produce antibodies that bind to the chimera and are immunized with the chimera in the same way as against the intact P55TNF receptor. These antibodies were purified by affinity column method by binding to a chimeric protein and linked to an Affi-gel 10 column and tested for effects on TNF function and binding (“318” antibody preparation purified on affinity column). Named).
[0069]
(B) Effects on TNF toxicity in clones of epithelial-like HeLa cells made to overexpress the P75 receptor with all monoclonal anti-TBP-II antibodies as well as affinity column purified anti-Starc antibodies. (By transfecting them with the cDNA of the P75 receptor. The specially overexpressed clone used in the experiments presented here will be referred to as HeLa P75.3). The only anti-leaves that were found to inhibit TNF function were group 32 epitope antibodies; despite the fact that they did not inhibit, some increase in TNF binding to the receptor (FIGS. 8 and 9). Two of the other anti-TBP-II antibodies (No. 67 and No. 81 in FIGS. 6 and 9) had negligible effects on TNF binding to the receptor or TNF toxicity. All other monoclonal anti-TBP-II antibodies somewhat enhanced the cell killing effect of TNF despite competing with TNF binding (eg, antibody 36 in FIGS. 6 and 9). “Anti-Starc” antibodies had negligible effects on TNF binding or function (FIGS. 6 and 9). Anti-Starc antibody, when applied to cells along with 32 groups of antibodies, did not interfere with the latter inhibitory effect on TNF function.
[0070]
(C) Antibodies in the same registry were tested for the killing effect of TNF by myeloid U937. As opposed to the mimic effect of anti-TNF receptor antibodies in HeLa cells, under the experimental conditions performed, both anti-P55 and anti-75 receptor antibodies mimic the effect of TNF on the lethal action of U937 cells. Not shown. Although it does not have the ability to act similarly to that of TNF, it does not respond to TNF binding to the P75 receptor (eg, antibodies 14, 31 and 36 of FIG. 9) or P55 receptor (eg, antibody number 18 of FIG. 7) All monoclonal antibodies competing with TNF are inhibitory to TNF action. Antibodies that have no effect on TNF binding to a receptor (eg, number 67 in FIG. 9) have no effect on TNF function (FIG. 6). Group 32 antibodies were unique in that they had the ability to inhibit TNF function in this cell, although they did not have any inhibitory effect on TNF binding. Indeed, these antibodies enhanced TNF binding in these cells much more than in HeLa P75.3 cells (FIG. 8). The inhibitory effect of group 32 antibodies was additive to that of antibodies that block TNF binding to the P55 receptor (eg, combination 18/32 in FIG. 7).
[0071]
Example 5: Effect of group 32 antibodies and their monovalent fragments on the separation of TNF from TNF-Rs
To explore the mechanism by which group 32 antibodies cause an increase in TNF binding, the separation rates of TNF from HeLa 75.3 cells in the presence and absence of these antibodies were compared.
[0072]
Radiolabeled TNF was added to HeLa P75.3 confluent cells and the cells were incubated on ice for 2 hours. Unbound ligand was washed away and 1 ml of binding buffer containing 500 ng / ml of cold TNF was added in quadruple wells for the specified time on ice. The wells were then washed once more with cold PBS and the amount of residual ligand was determined by measuring the radioactivity of cells detached from the plate by incubation with PBS / EDTA solution. The antibody was supplied at a concentration of 10 μg / ml throughout the quantification.
[0073]
As shown in FIG. 10, both these antibodies and their F (ab) monovalent fragments reduce the rate of TNF separation from the receptor. In addition to providing a possible interpretation of how these antibodies affect the binding of TNF to its receptor, this finding suggests another application for this action. Soluble forms of P75TNF-Rs or any other member of the TNF / BGF receptor family, such that conformational changes similar to those caused by group 32 antibodies, occur within each agonist. It will work as a better inhibitor.
[0074]
Example 6: Determination of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences in the heavy chain CDRs of monoclonal antibodies 32, 57 and 70 (group 32 antibody) and in the CDR of the light (Kappa) chain of antibody 32
To determine the nucleotide sequence of the heavy chain CDRs of antibodies 32, 57 and 70, total RNA was isolated from each hybridoma cell using guanidinium thioisocyanate by the Promega protocol. First strand cDNA synthesis on this RNA was performed using AMV reverse transcription and oligonucleotides complementary to the constant region of oligo (dT) 15-18 or murine IgG heavy chain as primers. The cDNA was used as a template for PCR and a partially degenerate 5'-primer was applied. 40 cycles of PCR were performed. A PCR product approximately 350 bp in size was purified using electrophoresis and cloned in a Bluescript vector. The clones having the correct insert size were sequenced. Antibody no. Double-stranded cDNAs of 32 light chain CDR regions were synthesized in the same manner.
[0075]
The nucleotide sequence obtained by the dideoxy chain termination method and the amino acid sequence deduced therefrom are shown in FIGS. The CDR1, 2 and 3 regions are underlined.
[0076]
Example 7: Preparation of scFv for group 32 antibody
The various cloned regions of heavy and light chains of group 32 monoclonal antibodies were ligated with a 15 amino acid long linker and introduced into a commercially available expression vector. The vector includes, for example, a promoter such as lac, a leader sequence such as pel-B, and a sequence encoding a small peptide ("tag" peptide), for which monoclonal antibodies are commercially available. It is out. Currently, the plasmid is introduced into E. coli and the bacterium is O.D. D. Grow to 0.5-1.0. scFv expression is induced by the addition of IPTG and proliferation is continued for an additional 6-24 hours. The soluble scFv-tag complex was then separated from the culture medium by immunoaffinity purification using a monoclonal antibody against tag and then purified on a metal affinity column.
[0077]
Any scFv accumulated in the bacteria is purified by separating the inclusion bodies and washing repeatedly, followed by solubilization with, for example, urea or guanidinium, followed by regeneration.
[0078]
An alternative possibility is to use oligohistidine as a tag and use a stronger promoter instead of lac, ie T7, to construct a vector without a leader sequence, or a sequence that encodes an irrelevant sequence “tail”. It is to be introduced into the vector at the 5 ′ end position of scFv. This “tail” must not be biologically active, its sole purpose is to create a molecule that is longer than the natural scFv, thereby increasing the retention time in the body. Because you can.
[0079]
Example 8: FIG. 13 shows internal cysteine-rich repeats in the extracellular domain of two TNF-Rs and their homologous human FAS, nerve growth factor (NGF) and CDW40, and also repeats in the extracellular domain of rat Ox40 Are shown side by side. Amino acid sequences (single letter symbols) are arranged for highest homology.
The position of the amino acid in the receptor is indicated on the left edge.
[0080]
Example 9: Creation of recombinant DNA molecules containing nucleotide sequences encoding active peptides and other molecules and their expression
Peptides and other molecules can also be prepared by genetic engineering methods, and all tools used in genetic engineering methods are used for their preparation. Thus, DNA molecules comprising nucleotide sequences encoding for these peptides and other biological molecules are provided. These DNA molecules can be genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic DNA, and combinations thereof.
[0081]
For the creation of DNA molecules encoding such peptides and molecules, ordinary methods are carried out once the amino acid sequences of these peptides and other molecules are determined.
[0082]
Expression of the recombinant protein can be achieved in eukaryotic cells, bacteria or yeast using an appropriate expression vector. Any method known in the art may be used.
[0083]
For example, DNA molecules encoding peptides or other molecules obtained by the methods described above can be obtained by methods well known in the art (Maniatis, T. et al.,Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor (1982)). Double stranded cDNA is ligated to the plasmid vector by restriction ligation, including the use of homopolymeric tailing or synthetic DNA linkers or blunt end ligation techniques. DNA ligase is used to ligand the DNA molecule, and undesirable ligation is avoided by treatment with alkaline phosphatase.
[0084]
In order to allow the expression of the desired biological substance, ie a peptide or protein (hereinafter referred to as “protein” for simplicity), the expression vector must contain the desired protein so that gene expression and protein production are possible. It must contain a specific nucleotide sequence containing transcriptional and translational regulatory information linked to the encoding DNA. First, before a gene can be transcribed, there must be a promoter that can be recognized by a DNA polymerase, which binds to it and initiates the transcription process. There are a variety of such promoters in use, with different working efficiencies (strong and weak promoters). They are different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
[0085]
Promoters that can be used in the present invention are constitutive, such as bacteriophage λ.intPromoter, β-lactamase of pBR322, and CAT promoter of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene of pPR325, or may be inducible as shown below: bacteriophage λ (P_LAnd P_R) Of E. colitrp,recA,lacZ,lacI,ompFandgalPromoters etc. (Glick, BR (1987) J. Ind. Microbiol.,1: 277-282).
[0086]
In order to achieve high levels of gene expression in prokaryotes, in addition to the use of a strong promoter that produces large amounts of mRNA, ribosome-binding sites are used to ensure that the mRNA is translated efficiently It is also necessary. One example is the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence, which is in the appropriate position from the start codon and is complementary to the 3'-terminal sequence of 16S RNA.
[0087]
For eukaryotic hosts, different transcriptional and translational regulatory sequences are used depending on the nature of the host. They are of viral origin and include adenovirus, bovine papilloma virus, simian virus, or the like, where the regulatory signal is associated with a specific gene having a high level of expression. Examples include the herpesvirus TK promoter, the SV40 early promoter, the yeast gal 4 gene promoter, and the like. Transcription initiation regulatory signals are selected that can be repressed and activated, thereby regulating gene expression.
[0088]
A DNA comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a peptide or other molecule of the invention and operably linked transcriptional and translational signals is inserted into a vector that can incorporate the desired gene into the host cell chromosome. Cells stably incorporating the introduced DNA into the chromosome can also be selected by introducing one or more markers that can select for host cells containing the expression vector. For prototrophy, the marker will provide the auxotrophic host with a biocide, such as an antibiotic or a heavy metal such as copper or its analog. The selectable marker gene can be directly linked to the DNA gene sequence to be expressed, or introduced into the same cell by cotransfection. Additional elements are also required for optimal synthesis of single chain binding protein mRNA. These elements will include splice signals as well as transcription promoters, enhancers and termination signals. CDNA expression vectors incorporating such elements are described in Okayama, H .; , (1983) Mol. Cell Biol. ,3: As described by 280.
[0089]
In a preferred embodiment, the introduced DNA molecule will be incorporated into a plasmid or viral vector capable of autonomous replication in the recipient host. Important factors in selecting a particular plasmid or viral vector include the following: Recognizing recipient cells containing the vector and facilitating selection from cells that do not contain the vector; Such as the required copy number of the vector; and whether it is desirable to be able to “shuttle” between different species of host cells.
[0090]
Preferred prokaryotic vectors include: plasmids that can replicate in E. coli, such as pBR322, ColE1, pSC101, pACYC184, etc. (Maniatis et al., (1982) op. Cit.); PC194, pC221, pT127, etc. (Gryczan, T.,The Molecular Biology of the Bacilli, Academic Press, NY (1982); Streptomyces plasmid containing pIJ101 (Kendall, KJ et al., (1987) J. Bacteriol.169: 4177-83); Streptomyces bacteriophage such as φC31 (Chater, KF et al., In:Sixth International Symposium on Actinomycetes Biology(1986), and Pseudomonas plasmids (John, J. F. et al. (1986) Rev. Infect. Dis.8: 693-704; and IZaki, K .; (1978) Jpn. J. et al. Bacteriol. ,33: 729-742).
[0091]
Preferred eukaryotic plasmids include BPV, vaccinia, SV40, 2-micron circle, etc., or derivatives thereof. Such plasmids are well known in the art (Botstein, D. et al. (1982) Miami Wint. Symp.19, Pp. 265-274; Broach, J. et al. R. in:The Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces: Life cycle and Inheritance, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 445-470 (1981); Broach, J. et al. R. (1982) Cell,28: 203-204; Bollon, D .; P. Et al. (1980) J. Org. Clin. Hematol. Oncol. ,10: 39-48; Maniatis, T .; in:Cell Biology: A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 3: Gene Expression, Academic Press, NY, pp. 563-608 (1980)).
[0092]
Once the vector or DNA sequence containing the construct is prepared for expression, the DNA construct is introduced into a suitable host cell by any of a variety of suitable methods: transformation, transfection, conjugation, protoplasts Body fusion, electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, direct microinjection, etc.
[0093]
The host cell to be used in the present invention will be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Preferred prokaryotic hosts include bacteria such as E. coli, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Salmonella and Serratia. The most preferred prokaryotic host is E. coli. Bacterial hosts of particular interest include E. coli K12 strain 294 (ATCC 31446), E. coli X1776 (ATCC 31537), E. coli W3110 (F⁻, Λ⁻, Protropic (ATCC 27325)), and enterobacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium or spirits and various Pseudomonas species. Under these conditions the protein will not be glycated. Prokaryotic hosts must be compatible with the replicon and control sequences in the expression plasmid.
[0094]
Preferred eukaryotic hosts are mammalian cells such as, for example, human, monkey, mouse and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells because they are post-translationally modified into protein molecules that include correct folding or glycation at the correct site. Because it gives. Yeast cells can also undergo post-translational peptide modifications including glycation. There are several recombinant DNA strategies, which use strong promoter sequences and plasmids that can be used for the production of the desired protein in yeast. Yeast recognizes leader sequences on cloned mammalian gene products and secretes peptides with leader sequences (ie, pre-peptides).
[0095]
Following vector introduction, the host cells are grown in selective media, which selects for the growth of vector-containing cells. Expression of the cloned gene sequence results in the production of the desired protein.
[0096]
Purification of the recombinant protein is performed by any one of the methods known for this purpose.
[0097]
About deposit
Hybridoma TBP-II 70-2 was deposited with the Collection National de Cultures de Microorganisms, Institute Pasteur (NCCM) on March 12, 1990, and under the accession no. I-928 was given.
Hybridoma TBP-II 32-5 was deposited with the CNCM on September 1, 1993, and has accession no. I-1358 was assigned.
[Brief description of the drawings]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a bacterial construct to which group 32 antibodies are bound and used for sequencing.
FIG. 2 shows an example of a Western blotting analysis method for determining antibody binding to the construct shown in FIG.
FIG. 3 shows antagonism of binding of a synthetic peptide containing a region of an epitope recognized by a monoclonal antibody of 32 groups or a part thereof to a construct of this group of antibodies. This construct contains a portion of TBP-II where the epitope is present.
FIG. 4 shows antagonism of binding of a synthetic peptide containing a region of epitose recognized by a monoclonal antibody of 32 groups or a part thereof to a construct of this group of antibodies. This construct contains a portion of TBP-II where the epitope is present.
FIG. 5 shows the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the P75 receptor. TBP-II and Transmembrane Brand Main are surrounded by a line and shaded. Areas recognized by group 32 are underlined.
FIG. 6 shows the protection pattern from TNF cytotoxicity of HeLa p75.3 cells (defined below) by various monoclonal antibodies against P75TNF-R and fragments thereof.
FIG. 7 shows the effect of monoclonal antibodies against TBP-I and several monoclonal antibodies against TBP-II on the killing degree of U937 cells by TNF.
FIG. 8 shows the effect of monoclonal antibody 70 and its Fab fragment on TNF binding, where A is for binding to P75.3 cells and B is for binding to U937 cells.
FIG. 9 compares the effect of antibody 32 on the binding of TNF to HeLa P75.3 cells with other antibodies to P75TNF-R.
FIG. 10 shows antibody no. 2 shows the dissociation of TNF from HeLa P75.3 cells in the presence and absence of 70 and its monovalent Fab fragment.
FIG. 11 shows the nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence for the CDR region of the heavy chain of 32 groups of 3 monoclonal antibodies.
FIG. 12 shows monoclonal antibody no. The nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence for the CDR regions of 32 light chains are shown.
FIG. 13 shows sequence homology between several members of the TNF / NGF receptor family.

Claims (9)

A C- terminal cysteine loop of the p75 TNF-R has an antigen binding portion of an antibody that binds to a region of the loop consisting of Thr-179 of the amino acid sequence Cys-163 of the p75 TNF-R according to FIG. 5, for p75 TNF-R an antibody, the binding of TNF to inhibit signaling for effective kill cells of the receptors can but against TNF-R comprises an antibody that does not interfere as active ingredient, septic shock, cachexia, graft versus A pharmaceutical composition for treating a disease selected from the group consisting of a host disease and an autoimmune disease . The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 , wherein the autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis . The antibody is monoclonal antibody No. shown below. 32.5 contains the amino acid sequence for the CDR region of the heavy chain of 32.5 , and maintains binding to the loop region consisting of the amino acid sequence Cys-163 to Thr-179 of p75TNF-R described in FIG. although it is possible to inhibit signaling for effective killing it remains to inhibit the binding of TNF on TNF-R, pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 or 2.

The antibody is monoclonal antibody No. shown below. 32.5 , which contains the amino acid sequence for the CDR region of the light chain of 32.5 , and maintains binding to the loop region consisting of the amino acid sequence Cys-163 to Thr-179 of p75TNF-R described in FIG. although it is possible to inhibit signaling for effective killing it remains to inhibit the binding of TNF on TNF-R, pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 or 2.

The antibody is monoclonal antibody no. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 or 2 , which is 32.5. The antibody is monoclonal antibody No. shown below. 70.2 , which contains the amino acid sequence for the CDR region of the heavy chain of 70.2 and maintains binding to the loop region consisting of the amino acid sequence Cys-163 to Thr-179 of p75TNF-R described in FIG. although it is possible to inhibit signaling for effective killing it remains to inhibit the binding of TNF on TNF-R, pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 or 2.

The antibody is monoclonal antibody no. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 or 2 , which is 70.2. The antibody is monoclonal antibody no. 32.5 or monoclonal antibody no. Including scFv 70.2, claim 1 or a pharmaceutical composition according to 2. Antibody is a fusion protein comprising an antibody as defined in any one of claims 2-8, The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1.

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